Inorganic Chemistry Vocabulary – Flashcards
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Periodic Table
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a table of the chemical elements arranged in order of atomic number, usually in rows, so that elements with similar atomic structure (and hence similar chemical properties) appear in vertical columns.
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Atom
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the basic unit of a chemical element
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Molecule
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a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.
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Element
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a part or aspect of something abstract, especially one that is essential or characteristic
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Organic
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relating to or derived from living matter.
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Cellular Respiration
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is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
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Ionization
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is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.
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synthesis
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the production of chemical compounds by reaction from simpler materials.
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Ionic Bond
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A chemical bond formed between two ions with opposite charges. Ionic bonds form when one atom gives up one or more electrons to another atom. These bonds can form between a pair of atoms or between molecules and are the type of bond found in salts.
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Produtucts
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a cellular product is something "manufactured" by an organelle (such as the Golgi apparatus
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Sulfuric acid
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a clear, colorless to brownish, dense, oily, corrosive, water-miscible liquid, H 2 SO 4, usually produced from sulfur dioxide: used chiefly in the manufacture of fertilizers, chemicals, explosives, and dyestuffs and in petroleum refining. Expand. Also called oil of vitriol. Origin of sulfuric acid.
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oxygen
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A colorless, tasteless, oderless, gaseous element that abounds in the atmosphere. Supplement. In chemistry, oxygen is an element with an atomic weight of 15.96. It is capable of combining with all elements, with the exception of fluorine, to form oxides, bases, oxyacid anhydrides, etc
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sodium
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Sodium is a soft, silvery, highly reactive alkali metal which has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic weight of 22.990. It is most commonly found in the form of salt, sodium chloride (NaCl)
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potassium
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Potassium is an essential mineral micronutrient and is the main intracellular ion for all types of cells. It is important in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance in the bodies of humans and animals. Potassium is necessary for the function of all living cells, and is thus present in all plant and animal tissues.
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Iodine
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Iodine is an essential component of the human diet and in fact appears to be the heaviest required element in the diet. Iodine compounds are useful in medicine.
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Sodium Hydroxide
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A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralise acids and make sodium salts.
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Oxygen Gas
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In chemistry, oxygen is an element with an atomic weight of 15.96. It is capable of combining with all elements, with the exception of fluorine, to form oxides, bases, oxyacid anhydrides, etc.
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Molecular Formula
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a chemical formula for a compound existing as discrete molecules that gives the total number of atoms of each element in a molecule. the molecular formula for water is H2O — see structural formula — compare empirical formula.
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Hydrogen Peroxide
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heavy, strongly oxidizing liquid capable of reacting explosively with combustibles and used principally in aqueous solution as a mild antiseptic, a bleaching agent, an oxidizing agent, and a laboratory reagent. Also called hydroperoxide.
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Inorganic
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unrelated to organic matter or organic life, not animal or vegetable, or a chemical compound that does not contain carbon. An example of something inorganic is plastic.
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Proton
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A proton is a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge. Protons are found in the nucleus of every atom. In fact, the number of protons in each atom is it's atomic number.
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Electron
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an elementary particle that is a fundamental constituent of matter, having a negative charge of 1.602 × 10 −19coulombs, a mass of 9.108 × 10 −31kilograms, and spin of ½, and existing independently or as the component outside the nucleus of an atom. ... a unit of charge equal to the charge on one electron
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Atomic Weight
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The total mass of protons and neutrons in an atom. (chemistry) the ratio of the atomic mass of an element to half the atomic mass of carbon-12.A way of measuring atoms and molecules at the atomic level, where hydrogen, the lightest element in the periodic table has an atomic weight of 1.
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Photosynthesis
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the complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll. Origin of photosynthesis.
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Buffer
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buffer system is a solution that resists a change in pH when acids or bases are added. Acidic solution contain high concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) and have pH values less than seven
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Ion
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:an atom or group of atoms that carries a positive or negative electric charge as a result of having lost or gained one or more electrons — see anion, cation. 2 :a charged subatomic particle (as a free electron)
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Electron dot structure
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Lewis structures (also known as Lewis dot diagrams, Lewis dot formulas, Lewis dot structures, and electron dot structures) are diagrams that show the bonding between atoms of a molecule and the lone pairs of electrons that may exist in the molecule.
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bond
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A force of attraction that holds atoms or ions together in a molecule or crystal. Bonds are usually created by a transfer or sharing of one or more electrons. There are single, double, and triple bonds. See also coordinate bond, covalent bond, ionic bond, metallic bond, polar bond.
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metal
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metal is an element that readily forms positive ions (cations) and has metallic bonds. ... Most elements on this line are metalloids, sometimes called semi-metals; elements to the lower left are metals; elements to the upper right are nonmetals.
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noble gas
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:any of a group of rare gases that include helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and sometimes radon and that exhibit great stability and extremely low reaction rates — called also inert gas.
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cardon
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The chemical element with an atomic number of 6, and is widely distributed forming organic compounds when combined with hydrogen, oxygen, etc. Supplement. Carbon is a polyatomic nonmetal, sometimes considered a metalloid element.
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sulfur
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a nonmetallic element that occurs either free or combined especially in sulfides and sulfates, is a constituent of proteins, exists in several allotropic forms including yellow orthorhombic crystals, resembles oxygen chemically but is less active and more acidic, and is used especially in the chemical and paper
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calcium
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A mineral found mainly in the hard part of bones, where it is stored. Calcium is added to bone by cells called osteoblasts and removed from bone by cells called osteoclasts. Calcium is essential for healthy bones and is also important for muscle contraction, heart action, and normal blood clotting.
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sodium chloride
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Structure & Formula. Sodium chloride is a compound formed from the ionic bonding of sodium and chloride. The result is a salt that is very important biologically and commercially
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hydrochloric acid
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, fuming, poisonous, highly acidic aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride, HCl, used as a chemical intermediate and in petroleum production, ore reduction, food processing, pickling, and metal cleaning. It is found in the stomach. Also called muriatic acid.
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nitrogen gas
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A nonmetallic element that makes up about 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume, occurring as a colorless, odorless gas. It is a component of all proteins, making it essential for life, and it is also found in various minerals. Nitrogen is used to make ammonia, nitric acid, TNT, and fertilizers.
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structural formula
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structural formula. A chemical formula that shows the number and kinds of atoms in a molecule and how the atoms and bonds in the molecule are arranged. A chemical formula that shows how the atoms making up a compound are arranged within the molecule. ... Compare empirical formula, molecular formula.
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compond
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A material made up of two or more parts or elements. (chemistry) A substance consisting of atoms or ions of two or more elements that are chemically bonded together, e.g. carbon dioxide, a substance consisting of carbon and two oxygen atoms.
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isotope
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One of several nuclides having the same number of protons in their nuclei and hence having the same atomic number, but differing in the number of neutrons and therefore, in the mass number. Almost identical chemical properties exist between isotopes of a particular element.
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atomic number
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The number of protons or electrons normally found in an atom of a given chemical element. The higher the atomic number, the heavier the atom is. In a neutral atom, the number of protons and electrons is the same. (See atomic weight and periodic table of the elements.)
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acid
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ny of a class of compounds that form hydrogen ions when dissolved in water, and whose aqueous solutions react with bases and certain metals to form salts. Acids turn blue litmus paper red and have a pH of less than 7. Their aqueous solutions have a sour taste.
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base
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e nucleobase of a nucleotide involved in base pairing, as of a DNA or RNA polymer.
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decomposition
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Decomposition can be brought about by exposure to heat, light, or chemical or biological activity. The process of breaking down organic material, such as dead plant or animal tissue, into smaller molecules that are available for use by the organisms of an ecosystem
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covlant bond
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A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electrons, especially pairs of electrons, between atoms. covalent bond. In a water molecule, each hydrogen atom (H) shares an electron (yellow) with the oxygen atom (O).
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reactants
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The terms reactant and product can be used to describe constituents of individual enzymatic reactions or entire metabolic pathways. Reactants (or 'substrates') are the starting materials for a reaction, In the generic reaction shown below, A and B are the reactants. C and D are the products.
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nonmetal
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Any one of the set of elements which, as contrasted with the metals, possess, produce, or receive, acid rather than basic properties; a metalloid; as, oxygen, sulphur, and chlorine are nonmetals.
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hydrogen
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The lightest chemical element; its symbol is H. Hydrogen normally consists of a single electron in orbit around a nucleus made up of a single proton. It is usually found as a gas and has several uses as a fuel.
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nitrogen
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A nonmetallic element that makes up about 78 percent of the atmosphere by volume, occurring as a colorless, odorless gas. It is a component of all proteins, making it essential for life, and it is also found in various minerals. Nitrogen is used to make ammonia, nitric acid, TNT, and fertilizers.
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phosphorus
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A poisonous nonmetallic element of the nitrogen group, obtained as a white, or yellowish, translucent waxy substance, having a characteristic disagreeable smell. ... (Science: chemistry) Hence, any substance which shines in the dark like phosphorus, as certain phosphorescent bodies.
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chlorine
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A greenish-yellow, diatomic gas that is a member of the halogen family of elements. It has the atomic symbol cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 70.906. It is a powerful irritant that can cause fatal pulmonary oedema
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carbon dioxide
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odorless gas found in our atmosphere. Its chemical formula is CO2, which means it is one carbon atom bonded to two oxygen atoms. It is a waste product in our bodies and is also produced by burning fossil fuels.
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glucose
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A simple monosaccharide sugar that serves as the main source of energy and as an important metabolic substrate for most living things. Its chemical formula is: C6H12O6. Supplement.
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methane
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flammable gas that is the simplest hydrocarbon. It is the major constituent of natural gas and is released during the decomposition of plant or other organic compounds, as in marshes and coal mines.
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valence
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a property of atoms or radicals; their combining power given in terms of the number of hydrogen atoms (or the equivalent) 2. n. (biology) a relative capacity to unite or react or interact as with antigens or a biological substrate. Full Definitions of valence.
