Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System – Flashcards
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| What are symptoms of bacterial meningitis? |
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| headache, painful neck, fever, and usually increased number of WBC in CSF |
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| What are causative agents of bacterial meningitis? |
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| Neisseria meningitides. Causes most serious form of acute bacterial meningitis. |
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| Why is N. Meningtides feared? |
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| Causes shock and death within 24 hours after infection |
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| How is N. Meningitides transmitted? |
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| Salivary droplets |
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| What happens within the nervous system when NM is detected? |
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| Huge inflammatory response which obstructs normal flow of fluids causing infarcts. The bacteria and leukocytes metabolize the glucose normally found in CSF depriving brain of all nutrients. Also produces endotoxin caused drop in BP leading to shock. |
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| What is the most frequent cause of community-acquired bacterial meningitis? |
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| Streptococcus pneumonia. Very severe |
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| What does Haemophilus influenza cause? |
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| Severe meningitis. |
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| Where is listeria monocytogenes found? |
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| Foodborne disease from mexican cheese, soft cheese, non-pasteurized milk, hot dogs, cole slaw. |
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| What does LM bacteria do? |
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| penetrate the intestinal linings and enter the blood stream and then crosses over to CSF where it can then infect the meninges. |
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| What does LM cause in normal adults? |
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| Mild infection, nonspecific symtoms. |
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| What does LM cause in old people? |
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| Affects brain, meninges, and septicemia |
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| What is a causative agent of fungal meningitis? |
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| Cryptococcus neoformans |
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| How is c. neoformans tranmissed? |
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| Person inhales spores from pigeon droppings. |
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| Is fungal chronic or acute? |
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| Chronic. Usually is not a problem unless you are immunosuppressed. |
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| What is the most common symptom of fungal meningitis? |
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| Headache. |
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| Can fungal meningitis be shared between peopel? |
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| no |
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| Why is viral meningitis called aeseptic meningitis? |
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| no bacteria in csf |
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| What are 90% of viral meningtis cases caused by? |
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| enteroviruses. but can also be caused by herpres viruses. |
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| How is viral meningitis transmitted between people? |
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| Fecal-oral, respiratory secretions or saliva. |
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| What is neonatal meningitis a result of? |
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| Infection transferred by mother in utero or during birth |
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| What are the three common causative agents of neonatal meningitis? |
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| Strep agalactiae - GROUP B STREP E. Coli Listeria Monocytogenes |
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| What are acute cases of encephalitis always caused by? |
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| viral infection/arboviruses |
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| How is acute encephalitis spread? |
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| mosquitos |
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| what is the common symptoms of acute encephalitis? |
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| Fever accompanied by a rash but can result in permanent disability or death |
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| What are the types of acute encephalitis? |
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| Western Equine Eastern Equine California Encephalitis St. Louis Encephalitis West nile virus |
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| Can HSV virus cause encephalitis in newborns? What must be? |
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| yes. HSV positive mother. |
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| What is the JC virus cause? |
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| Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy which is uncommon but generally fatal in immunocompromised people |
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| What is the causative agent of Subacute encephalitis? |
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| Toxoplasma gondii which is a flagellated parasite. |
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| Subacute encephalitis is fatal in infants and immunosupressed people. T of F |
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| T |
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| What are cats asymptomatic carriers of? |
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| Subacute encephalitis so preggy ladies cant be around cat poop. |
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| What is rabies characterized by> |
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| Fatal meningoencephalitis. |
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| What causes rabies? |
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| Rhabidovirus |
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| Is rabies a DNA or RNA infection? |
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| RNA w/ distinctive bullet shape |
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| How is rabies spread to humans? |
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| Bites, scratches, and inhalation of respiratory droplets |
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| The virus initially stays at the _____ __ ______ and multiplies before moving along ______ _______ to CNS |
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| site of entry/sensory nerves |
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| Viral replication in the CNS is followed by what? |
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| Migration to structures such as the eye, heart, skin and salviary glands which completes the cycle. |
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| What is the incubation stage? |
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| 20-90 days. Occurs at wound site. Pain, burning, itching, |
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| What is the prodromal stage? |
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| 2-10 days. Fever, anorexia, headache, fatigue. |
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| What is the neurological phase? |
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| 2-7 days. 2 forms. |
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| What is the furious form of rabies? |
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| Agitation, disorientation, seizures, twitching. hydrophobia bc of pain associated with swallowing. |
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| What is the dumb form of rabies? |
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| Patient is paralyzed and disoriented. |
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| When can a coma ensue from rabies? |
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| 0-14 days. Death follows. |
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| When does diagnosis of rabies usually occur> |
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| Postmortem. |
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| Is there treatment for rabies? |
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| Once symptoms develop,no. |
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| What are pre-symptom individuals given? |
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| Immune globin immediately and a series of 5 vacciations over 28 days. |
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| What is polio? |
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| Acute enteroviral infection of the spinal cord. |
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| What causes polio? |
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| Poliovirus 1, 2, 3 all members of the picornavirus family |
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| How is polio picked up? |
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| Fecal-oral |
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| What does polio infect? |
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| Throat, intestinal tract, invades blood stream and then crosses blood brain barrier. Selectively destroys motor nerve cells of the brain and spinal cord leading to paralysis, shitty bone developemtn and death. |
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| what is non paralytic polio? |
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| Invasion but not destruction of nervous tissue. |
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| What is paralytic polio |
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| Various degrees of flaccid paralysis. |
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| What is post polio syndrome? |
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| Occurs 15-50 years after acute poliomyelitis and affects 25-50% of patients. caused by death of nerve cells that took over for those initally killed. Fatigue, slowly progessive muscle weakness |
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| Is there a vaccine for polio? |
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| Yes. Salk's inactivated injectable vaccine or Sabin's live oral vaccine in areas of epidemic diseases. |
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| What is the causative agent of tetanus? |
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| Clostridium tetani |
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| How does tetanus effect the body? |
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| Release of powerfule neurotoxin called tetanospasmin that binds to target sites on peripheral motor neurons, spinal cord and brain and in sympathetic nervous system. |
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| What does tetanospasmin do? |
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| Blocks the inhibition of muscle contraction resulting in involuntary skeletal muscle contractions that are intermittent and very painful. Lockjaw is first. |
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| How does tetanus cause death? |
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| Spasms of the respiratory muscles |
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| What is the treatement of tetanus? |
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| Antibiotics for the infection and administration of tetanus immune globulin antitoxin |
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| What is a common type of food poisioning that leads to paralysis and can be fatal? |
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| Botulism |
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| What is the causative agent of botulism? |
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| Clostridium botulinum |
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| What is food-borne botulism? |
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| Occurs in adults and kids. ingested of preformed toxin. |
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| What is infant botulism? |
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| Ingestion of bacteria or spores is followed by an infection releasing botulism toxin into the blood stream. Linked to raw honey |
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| What is wound botulism? |
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| Bacteria/spores colonize on a dirty wound especially those containing dead tissue and release botulinum toxin into the bloodstream |
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| Where do botulism symptoms come from? |
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| Neurotoxins that black the release of neurotransmitters that causes blurry vision, difficulty swallowing, dizziness, descending muscular paralysis, respiratory compromise which can lead to death. |
