industrial revolution part 2 – Flashcards
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person: wrote a description of the coal mine in 1885?
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emile zola
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where is the industrev origin
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britain
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what countries adopted new methods of production? 5
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france; belgium; germany; usa; japan
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when had industrialization spread to latamer?
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1900
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who provided the capital in industrial nations?
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gov't; foreign loans
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what contributed to ways of traveling and communicating?
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steam power
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what revolutionized passenger travel adn freight haulage?
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steam locomotive
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person: created the first practical locomotive
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george stephenson
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what did george stephenson create?
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rocket
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what was the first practical locomotive? when was it created? how many mi/hr?
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rocket; 1830; 12
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person: created a paddle-wheel steamboat
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robert fulton
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what did robert fulton create?
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clermont
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what was a paddle-wheel steamboat?
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clermont
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where did the clermont first sail? when
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hudson river; 1807
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when were transatlantic voyages a possibility?
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1850
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when were iron and steel steamships created?
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1900
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what were the manufacturing traditions going back to in belgium?
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medieval times
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what does belgium have large deposits of?
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coal
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the continents first industrialized nation
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belgium
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what textiles were created in belgium?
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iron; cotton
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who created the first complete railroad network on the europe continent?
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belgium
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when did france begin industrializing?
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french revolution
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what country standardized weights and measures?
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france
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what was the world's best engineering school? where
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polytechnic; paris
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what hampered industrial growth in germany?
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separate states
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why were separate states a problem for germany industrialization?
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products had to cross tariff barriers
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when was the zollverein created? what id dit establish for german states?
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1818; common market
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zollverein =
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customs union
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german customs union
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zollverein
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when was the german states unified under prussian leadership?
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1871
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what made germany a leading industrial nation? when
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political unification under prussian leadership; 1871
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when did germany overtake britain as the most productive industrial pwoer?
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1900
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what did south europe lack that limited industrialization? 2
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capital; natural resources
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what did east europe lack that limited industrialization? 3
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money; technology; middle class
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what country had the biggest probs industrializing?
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russia
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did russia have a middle class?
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no
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who was the finance minister for alex iii and nicholas ii?
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serge witte
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who created the trans-siberian railroad? across how many time zones?
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serge witte; 9
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how did serge witte encourage industry? 3
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gov't subsidies; protective tariffs; dividends for stockholders
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gov't pays for all or part of the cost to start businesses
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subsidies
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what did serge witte put prtoective tariffs on?
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imports from russia
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what did serge witte put russia on to show that russia had money to other countries?
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gold standard
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what attracted foreign capital for serge witte?
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putting on gold standard
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when did russia's index of industrial production triple?
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1885-1900
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in 1900 how was russia ranked in world's iron producers? petroleum production?
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4; 2
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3 things USA benefitted from
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natural resources; immigrants; foreign investment
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what role did gov't play in US industrialization?
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secondary
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2 things congress did to help american industrialization
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tariff laws; land grants to railroads
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person: created US steel comany
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andrew carnegie
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person: 2 american railroad entrepreneurs
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john d. rockefeller; harriman
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when was USA the largest industrial producer in the world?
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1900
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who did USA export their food to? why
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europe; big populations, no land
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2 things that fueled industrialization in Latamer
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natural resources; foreign capital
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who mostly gave foreign capital to USA?
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britain
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does latamer have a strong middle class?
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no
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big natural resource in chile
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nitrates
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big natural resource in bolivia
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tin
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big natural resource in mexico
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petroleum
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big natural resource in argentina
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wool; beef; wheat
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what did latamer become that stopped them from industrializing themselves?
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exporter of raw materials
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4 reasons industrialization proceeded at slower pace in latamer than north american/europe
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poverty; no domestic capital; no middle class; imported manufactured goods
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who was ruling japan under industrialization?
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tokugawa
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describe event that makes japan start to industrialize
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Perry sails in; forces japanese to trade; japan realizes they need to industrialize if they want to become strong again
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what helps japan industrialize?
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strong middle class
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did japan have natural resourcs?
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no
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who had the most rapid industrial revolutions in history?
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japan
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the first nonwestern power to industrialize
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japan
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3 new industries in the 19th century
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steel; chemicals; hydroelectric power
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why was steel better than iron?
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stronger; more flexible
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an alloy with iron and carbon
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steel
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alloys that are used to produce steel
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tungsten; manganese
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4 things steel is used in in 19th century
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sewing machines; ocean steamers; skyscrapers; elevators
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france showing off its industrialization by making it out of steel
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eiffel tower
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what were created with the new chemicals in 19th century?3
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soap; rayon/polyester; synthetic soap
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what major industry appeared because of new chemicals in 19th century?
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photography
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how does photography change art?
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more abstract
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2 industries new chemicals in 19th century produce
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cheap paper; photography
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what did the production of cheap paper produce a boom in?
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magazines; newspapers
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lies in the newspapers
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yellow journalism
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person: said that spain is treating cuba terribly in a newspaper, so USA declares war on spain; liberates Cuba in doing so, but all lies
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randolph hurst
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2 new drugs that form in 19th century
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morphine; heroine
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do they regulate the new drugs?
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no
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how were drugs injected in 19th century/
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hypodermic needles
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what did they use morphine for?
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surgeries
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person: used electricity as a power source
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thomas edison
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what generated large quantities of electrical power in 19th century?
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water/steam turbines
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2 new things created from electricity
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trolley cars; incandescent lamps
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person: created first telegraph message
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samuel morse
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the first telegraph message from washington to baltimore; when
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morse code; 1844
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what replaced coal in 19th century?
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petroleum
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where are rubber trees found?
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congo
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who goes into the congo to get the rubber trees?
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king leopold
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what was created with petroleuM?
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internal combustion engine
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what was used for manufacture of clothing?
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rayon fabrics
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when was canning of food perfected?
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1850
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what replaces ice boxes in chemical industry?
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fridges
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food/clothing becomes cheaper/expensive in indsutrail revolution
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cheaper
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what was big business regulated under at first?
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mercantilism
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person: founder of modern economics
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adam smith
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person: said free competition at home and free trade abroad would lead to great increase in wealth of nations
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adam smith
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what was the first country to adopt free trade?
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britain
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what dominated european economy in 1870s?
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free competition
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what did competition of industries lead to?
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bankruptcies
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what countries did the gov't own railraods?
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japan; central/east europe
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what countries were railraods created by private people?
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USA; england
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what began to appear when tehre was competition with industries?
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monopolies
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formed by merger of several smaller industrial firms into single gigantic company
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corporation
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includes a number of firms in the same line of business
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horizontal combination
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3 example of horizontal corporation
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nobel dynamite trust company; US steel corporation; at&t
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companies n related businesses; you buy up everything that makes and buys your product
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vertical corporation
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example of a vertical corporation person
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albert krupp
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person: began as steelmaker, then brought up iron and coal mines
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albert krupp
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companies form a loose alliance based on an agreement
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cartel
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an agreement that can fix the prices, set the max output, etc
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cartel
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countries that considered cartels illegal
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britain; USA
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countries taht enforced cartels
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germany
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give example of a cartel
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drug cartels
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give major example of a still-living cartel
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organization of petroleum exporting countries
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3 things that intensified in 19th century for social class
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population growth; urbanization; class conflict
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what was the most striking feature of social class in industrial age?
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population growth
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how many people lived in britian in 1710? 1900?
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5 million; 32 million
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wester hemisphere populations growed more/less rapidly than europe
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more
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how many people lived in USA in 1790? 1900?
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4 million; 100 million
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what allows young people to marry earlier and have more kids?
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new jobs
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what new crop supported more people?
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potato
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2 diseases that lessened because of modern medicine
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smallpox; tuberculosis
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were cities overcrowded?
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yes
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where did workers live in overcrowded cities?
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slum tenements
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were north america's industrial working class' hardships easier than europe?
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no
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soup kitchen in NY slums
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hells kitchen
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4 capitals of industrial civilizations
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london; paris; new york; buenos aires
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4 things social divisions were based on pre-industrev
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race; religion; lineage; legal ranking
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what did social division become based on in industrev?
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position in economic structure
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what was euro society dominated by?
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small, wealthy elite
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did aristocracy still enjoy status and financial stability?
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yes
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did aristocracy still have the same pwoer as past?
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no
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what maintained high value for the aristocracy?
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land
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aristocracy's income from land increased/declined
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declined
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what do aristocracy do to keep their money?
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marry rich merchants
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where did the entrepreneurs come from?
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upper-middle class
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2 ways that aristocracy and entrepreneurs bonded
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marriage; schools
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who wnat tehir kids to have the best education for the future
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upper-middle class
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what class were the lawyers, physicials, and prosperous businessmen? who joined htem during industrev?
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mid-level middle class; scientists, engineers, accountants
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what class were the shopkeepers, teachers, nurses, and white-collar employees?
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lower-middle class
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what are the clerks, secretaries, lower bureaucrats, and salespeople called?
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white-collar employees
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4 similarities with mid-level and lower middle class
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churchgoers; followed christian morals; strove for income; understood importance of science
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what percent of lower middle clsas earned living through physical labor?
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80%
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where were lower-middle clsas have prosperity? where were they in poverty?
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west europe; east europe
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who remained loyal to regional customs and social/religious authorities?
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lower-middle class
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who resented gov't exactions (high taxes)?
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lower-middle class
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who wast he largest single social group in most west/central europe nations?
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urban workers
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hierarchy of urban workers top to bottom
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highly skilled; semiskilled; unskilled
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3 semiskilled urban worker jobs
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masonry; carpentry; bricklaying
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how much money did semiskilled urban workers get in relation to highly skilled ones?
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1/3 less
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2 jobs for unskilled urban workers
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domestic servants; day laborers
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when did standard of living for urban workers advance?
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1870
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what % did wages rise in 1870 for urban workers
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37
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life expectancy among lower class increased/decreased
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increased
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did aristocrats in latamer remain powerful?
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yes
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3 groups of peasants in latamer
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amerindians; blacks; mestizos
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people bound to owners of landed estates
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peons
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urban middle class that emerged in latamer
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business bourgeoisie
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where did the new urban working class in latamer come from
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immigrants from europe
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the wealthy middle class in south USA/ west USA
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landed gentry; cattle barons
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what idd post-civil war slaves become after war in USA/
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tenants; sharecroppers
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what became ruling elite in USA in 19th century?
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middle class
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nickname for some of the wealthiest business leaders post-civil war in USA
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robber barons
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nickname for wealthy business leaders given by people that liked them in USA
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captains of industry
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3 jobs for single women before industrev
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seamstress; weavers; domestics
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when did mercantilism end
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second half of 19th century
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what opened employment for women?
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free market and free trade
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did women ahve lower wages than males?
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yes
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were women allowed to join labor unions
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no
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where were laws passed to limit exploitation of women/kids in factories and mines
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germany; britain
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what became identified as female occupations?
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white-collar positions
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what was bad about white-collar positions for women?
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work boring; wages low; employers assumed women had other sources of income
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where were young/single women coming from? why?
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rural areas; escaping parental supervision
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what resulted from absent supervision of parents?
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sex; illegit kids; common-law marriages
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what increased when women couldn't find employment?
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prostitution for food
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did most women marry?
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yes
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jobs that women did while with children
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animal husbandry; sewing; daycare; helping husband at his job
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what did women have to give part oft their wage to before industrev?
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parents
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when women married did they still have to give part of their wage to their parents?
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no
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were women inferior under the law?
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yes
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how did women keep power in their families?
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made financial decisions
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what developed as political theory in reaction to abuses of industrev?
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socialism
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political theory that wanted to abolish private ownership of means of production
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socialism
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who was attracted to socialism?
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educated middle class
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central concern of socialism
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factory workers
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person: the most influential social theorist
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karl marx
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person: believed economic forces shaped the course of history
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karl marx
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what did marx believe was a product of the economics?
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religion
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describe cycle that karl marx produced
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group in power will irritate another group, they will rise up and take power; new group will est. system good for them; anothe group will rise up and gain control
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marx believes lives will get worse/better with industrev
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worse
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what is the opiate of the masses for marx?
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religion; nationalism
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who were the people owning the means of production for marx
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the haves
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the people forced to sell their labor to the other people in order to survive for marx
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the have nots
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according to marx, what was the most important factor in human history?
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class conflict
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what did marx believe about religion and nationalism?
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created as opiates by ruling class to keep poor people busy
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socialist that disagreed with marx from britain
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rober owens and the fabians
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person: pointed out the living standard of workers was steadily improving and borgeois state was gaining strength and became more democratic
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robert owens
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workers formed what to try and improve lives
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labor unions
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what did workers use as weapons for political action
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collective bargaining; strikes
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belief taht lal gov'ts were evil and should be abolished through violence
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narchists
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what ushered in era of gov't commissions to study abuses in britain?
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great reform act of 1832
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4 things the great reform act of 1832 did
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abolished slavery; free trade introduced; improved working conditions; gov't inspections
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3 things that other laws did in 1832 in britain
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free education; unions legal; improved public health
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when did the era of reform in britain reach its climax?
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1905
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what happened in britain in 1905?
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new liberals win election
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believed in using the pweor of the state to aid the underprivileged
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new liberals
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what did the new liberals enact?
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workers' compensation act; old age pension act; national insurance act
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who laid groundwork for welfare state?
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new liberals
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person: equated socialism with anarchy in germany
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bismarck
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person: outlawed socialist democratic party in germany
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bismarck
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person: sponsored paternalistic social reform program in germany
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bismarck
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who did france have to pay indemnities to? why/
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germany; franco-prussian war
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working class of france was smaller/bigger than britain/germany
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smaller
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what was the result of a small working class in france?
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political authorities slow to come to grips with economic problems of age
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when did gov't enact laws/reforms in france? give 4
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1871; legal labor unions; protected workers; workers can strike; social/accident insurance
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what was the worker reaction when the ruling class drew line at advanced legislation taht workers called for?
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syndicalism
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goal to make trade unions the most powerful institutions in society, replacing the state as the owner and operator of the means of production
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syndicalism
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how did syndicalism intend to make itself powerful?
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strikes and violence
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what group formed in france from syndicalism? when
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united socialist party; 1905
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did the united socialist party control block of seats in national assembly immediately?
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yes
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what were russian peasants burdened with?
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heavy redemption payments from being free serfs
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how were farming methods for russian peasants?
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primitive
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who started building railroads in russia?
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alexander ii
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4 reforms introduced to russia in 1905
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trade unions; reduced workday; insurance programs; no more serf payments; grassroots support for their throne
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who was the peasants author for creating grassroots support for their throne?
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peter stolypin
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reforms were enacted before/after europe reforms in USA
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after
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when were labor unions being organized in USA/
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late 19th century
