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technique used when clients are wishing for behavior change "what if you were self confident? how would that look?" "for the rest of our time today, try acting as if you were filled with self-confidence." gives clients permission to try on new ways of being, can bypass resistance because it frames a new behavioral experiments as "just acting" clients gain new perspectives and new motivation for behaving in different and more adaptive ways

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Acting as if

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beliefs about self, world, and others that individuals hold onto that cause them emotional pain/distress

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Basic mistakes

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..psychological birth order to be strong contributor to style of life every individual is born into a different family - with the addition of each new family member, family dynamics change

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Birth order

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designed to help clients becomes aware of their maladaptive behavior patterns and goals therapist coaches the client on how to catch himself when he or she slips into old, unhelpful behaviors

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Catching oneself

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when an individual experiences a deep sense of connection t others - an awareness of being a member of the human community

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Community feeling

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used to encourage clients to actively develop new and more adaptive self-images after analyzing client's early recollections and basic mistakes, you can work to come up with a "new visual" - self generated image use to replace old more negative, disturbing, or maladaptive self images

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Creating new images

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road to psychological ill health paved with discouragement

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Discouragement

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used as powerful tools for understanding client's lifestyle and guiding self-ideal not as reflection of past but a forecast of the future is individual active or passive? observer or participant? giving or taking? etc

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Early recollections

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key to psychotherapy, psychological health, and well-being

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Encouragement

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particular approach to obtaining pertinent information about client's childhood experience topics covered include descriptions of each family member, descriptions of how family members interacted with one another, how each family member was viewed by the client, who fought/didn't, etc.

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Family constellation interview

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client's fictional goals as a future-oriented concept that influences an individual's present behavior

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Fictional finalism

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relationship between Adlerian therapists and clients is egalitarian and characterized by effective listening and caring "friendly teacher" "business consultant" clients as active participants, therapists and clients align goals

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Forming the therapeutic relationship

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concept of striving with purpose (children) 1. to get attention 2. to get power or control 3. to get revenge 4. to display inadequacy

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Four goals of misbehavior

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1. forming the therapeutic relationship 2. lifestyle assessment an analysis 3. interpretation and insight 4. reorientation

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Four stages (of Adlerian therapy)

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the future guides and shapes everyday behavior the future autobiography is a technique to help clients become more intentional in shaping their futures. clients write a story (autobiography) about the rest of their life

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Future autobiography

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see: social interest

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Gemeinschaftgefuhl

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therapists communicate respect by working hard to understand client and client's goals for therapy therapist and client must align their goals

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Goal alignment

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see: fictional finalism client's fictional goals future-oriented concept that influences an individual's present behavior

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Guiding self-ideal

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see: individuum

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Holism

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Corsini form of turning tables on the client therapist suggests a technique to client, if client claims it won't work the therapist insists and finally says "I'll betcha it will." therapist will outline bet - for $2, the client will try the bet and if it doesn't work, the client wins and gets to keep $2, if it does, the therapist keeps the $2. judgment of if the technique worked or no is in the hands of the client

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I'll Betcha

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to really understand an individual, couple, or family, you must work with THAT individual, couple or family group or nomothetic research is of little value

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Idiographic approach

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indivisible Adler didn't believe in dichotomies or in breaking the individual into different functional parts. emphasized unity of thinking, feeling, acting, attitudes, values, conscious mind, unconscious mind, etc.

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Individuum

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"global subjective and evaluative" generalizations that are believed despite contrary evidence individuals may have inferiority feelings, but these feelings are contained and not acted on inferiority complex: behavioral manifestation of inferiority feeling, can be normal or pathological

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Inferiority feelings

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strong link between insight, motivation, and action insight stimulates motivation, which stimulates action

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Interpretation and insight

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"style of life" we each create our own world and then live by the rules we've created the world is necessarily subjective and essentially fictional - it is based on our implicit and explicit personal beliefs rather than objective fact

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Lifestyle

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three main assessment strategies conducted using a clinical interview format: 1. family constellation interview 2. the question 3. earliest recollections

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Lifestyle assessment

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inferiority is measurable and contextual

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Objective inferiority

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occur within the reorientation stage of counseling by this time ,client has already been provided with interpretations and insight/motivation are present

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Offering advice, suggestions, and direction

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generally involves prescribing the symptom example: if client is overly self-critical, therapist might suggest that s/he negatively analyze and criticize herself/himself at an even higher rate and intensity during the coming week some empirical evidence supports, but generally considered high-risk

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Paradoxical strategies

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central assumption of individual psychology early existentialism

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Phenomenology

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under every feeling there is a cognition technique designed to improve emotional control teaches clients the power of thoughts and images over feelings

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Push-button technique

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(RAI) based on an integration of Adlerian and social constructionist theoretical perspectives three phases to the RAI procedure: 1. reflecting - clients reflect on how they might act differently 2. planning - involves building a hierarchy of specific behaviors linked to self-ideal 3. implementing - as homework, client identifies one or two as if behaviors that would be easiest to implement

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Reflecting as if

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reorientation therapy phase involves the direct application of specific techniques to deepen insight & facilitate change

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Reorientation

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striving for yourself considered unhealthy large question for Adlerians: striving for self-interest or striving for social interest?

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Self-interest

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community feeling in action therapeutic goal: "the ultimate goal of psychotherapy is the development or enhancement of the client's social interest" as social interest increase, so does capacity for empathy and altruism

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Social interest

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midpoint between deterministic, cause-and-effect thinking and nondeterminism, which assumes no causal connections human behavior is a function of a combination of influences. there is no single, direct causal factor producing a single behavior. instead, there are many influences or contributing factors

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Soft determinism

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technique for spoiling the client's use of a particular avoidance stragtegy speaks to how clients often obtain some "perverse" gratification from repeatedly avoiding responsibility and engaging in maladaptive behaviors purpose of spitting int he client's soup is to enhance client awareness and spoil use of the maladaptive behavior pattern in the future involves confrontation (appropriate when client/therapist relationship is strong)

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Spitting in the client's soup

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does not meant that humans inherently try to demonstrate interpersonal superiority by dominating one another instead, emphasizes that individuals strive for a perceived plus in themselves and their lives

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Striving for superiority

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all individuals face six interrelated life tasks/challenges: 1. work or occupation 2. social relationships 3. love and marriage 4. self 5. spirituality 6. parenting and family clients arrive at therapy because of difficulty with one or more basic life tasks

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Tasks of life

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women who reacted to cultural situation (underprivileged social and political position) were suffering not from penis envy, but from a social-psychological condition called the masculine protest

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The masculine protest

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"how would you life be different if you were well?" straightforward method for determining if the client is obtaining special treatment or secondary gain for having problems

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