Immunology Test Questions – Flashcards
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Fomite |
an inanimate object (as a dish, toy, book, doorknob, or clothing) that may be contaminated with infectious organisms and serve in their transmission |
contagious |
Spread from one person or organism to another by direct or indirect contact. |
Noncommunicable |
not capable of being passed on |
Vehicle |
inanimate object used to transmit a pathogen |
reservoir |
Place in Enviroment where a Disease is maintained. |
carriers |
An asymptomatic person or animal harboring the pathogen, and acts as avector transmitting the pathogen to others. |
Incidence/Prevalence |
| rate of occurrence of an event; number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time; may be expressed per a known population size |
| sporadic |
| infections and disease occuring randomly throughout a population |
| Epidemic |
| a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease; occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy |
| Endemic |
| a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times |
| pandemic |
| a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region, country, continent, or globally |
| Zoonosis |
A disease that can be transmitted to humans from animals. |
| Microbiota |
| microscopic, normal flora |
| microbial antagonism |
| A property of microorganisms which enables one microorganism to kill, injure, or inhibit the growth of a different microorganism. |
| symbiosis |
| a relationship in which two dissimilar organisms (symbiotes, symbionts) live in close association with one another |
| Mutualism |
| mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship between two species |
| Parasitism |
| a relationship between two species in which one benefits (parasite) from the other (host); usually involves some detriment to the host |
| commensalism |
| a relationship between two species (commensals) in which one is benefited and the other is not affected, neither negatively nor positively |
| host |
| an organism (animal or plant) that harbors or provides nutrition for another organism |
| chain of transmission |
| The chain of transmission is a way of gathering the information needed to interrupt or prevent an epidemic. Each of the links in the chain must be favorable to the organism for the epidemic to continue. |
| pathology |
| The science of the causes and effects of diseases |
| infection |
| the i) colonization and/or invasion and ii) multiplication of pathogenic microrganisms in thehost with or without the manifestation of disease |
| Koch postulates |
(i) Evidence that the causative agent is always present when the specific disease is present (ii) Successful isolation of the causative agent in pure culture (iii) Ability of pure-cultures of the organism to cause disease in a healthy organism (iv) Successful isolation of the causative agent from the experimentally infected host |
| Exceptions to the Koch postulates |
There may exist more than one cause of a specific disease (ii) It might not be possible to grow the causative agent in pure culture (iii) There might not exist a suitable experimental host (iv) The disease might result from more than one causative agent acting in unison |
| virulence |
| a measure of pathogenicity; a measurement of the degree of disease producing ability of a microorganism as indicated by the severity of the disease produced; |
| pathogenicity |
| the quality of producing or the ability to produce pathologic changes or disease |
| symptom |
Subjective evidence of disease as reported by the patient (host). Animals cannot have symptoms because they cannot talk. |
| incubation |
| latent period between the time that infecting organisms enter the host and onset of signs and symptoms of disease |
| convalescence |
| gradual healing (through rest) after sickness or injury |
| morbidity |
| illness |
| mortality |
| death |
| sydrome |
| Collection of signs and symptoms characterizing a particular morbidity |
| notifiable disease |
| any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities |
| Staphylococci |
| round, clusters, Gram positive |
| Streptococci |
| round, chains, Gram positive |
| Clostridia |
| Rod, individual, Gram positive |
| E coli |
| Gram negative rods |
| Salmonella |
| Gram negative rods |
| Neisseriae |
Gram negative round cluster (diplococci) |
| Klebsellae |
| Gram negative rods |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| Gram negative, round |
