immunity – Microbiology – Flashcards
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| Innate immunity |
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| There is immediate maximal response, not antigen specific, and exposure results in no immunological memory |
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| Adaptive immunity |
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| Response is antigen dependent, there is a lag time between exposure and maximum response, antigen specific, exposure results in immunological memory, and recognition by antibody and T cell receptors |
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| Species resisitant |
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| Only affects certain animals or plants and not humans because our physiology is different |
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| Innate immunity |
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| Present at birth |
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| Adaptive immunity |
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| Acquired over time from exposure |
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| Skin (dermis/epidermis) |
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| Has chemicals that defend against pathogens. Perspiration secreted by sweat glands; sebum secreted by oil glands |
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| Mucous membranes |
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| Lines all body cavities open to environment, produces chemical that defends against pathogens |
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| Lacrimal apparatus |
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| Lysozymes that destroy bacteria |
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| Normal microbiota |
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| Microbial anatonism, makes it hard for pathogens to compete |
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| Plasma |
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| Liquid part of blood that carries blood cells, and plasma proteins which help with inflammation and blood clotting. Iron binding proteins bind to iron in blood which makes iron unavailable to pathogens |
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| Erythrocytes (RBC'S) |
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| Most numerous in body. Biconcave shape and transports gases |
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| Leukocytes (WBC'S) |
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| Used in immunity, broken into two catergories: granulocytes that contain granules and can exit the blood and agranulocytes which don't contain granules |
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| Granulocytes |
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| Broken down into Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils |
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| Agranulocytes |
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| Broken down into lymphocytes and monocytes |
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| Basophils |
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| Stain blue; not phagocytic, release chemical to cause inflammation |
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| Eosinophils |
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| Stain orange/red; phagocytic, high number in blood indicates allergic reaction or infection with helmin worms |
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| Neutrophils |
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| Stain light purple; phagocytic |
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| Lymphocytes |
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| Smallest WBC'S; nuclei covers almost entire cell, plays a part in adaptive immunity |
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| Monocytes |
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| Leaves blood stream and become macrophage and eat foreign pathogens |
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| Platelets |
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| Broken pieces of cells used for clotting; helps with inflammation |
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| Nonphagocytic killings |
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| Broken into 3 types: killing by Eosinophils, killing by natural killer lymphocytes, and killing by neutrophils |
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| Killing by Eosinophils |
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| Secrete antimicrobial chemicals, protect from helmins |
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| Killing by natural killer lymphocytes |
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| Secrete toxins that attack virally affected cells |
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| Killing by neutrophils |
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| Produce enzymes that create bleach with kills the bacteria |
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| Toll like receptors (TLRs) |
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| 10 in body, proteins that are part of WBC'S and act as an early warning system. They detect pathogen associates molecular patterns (microbes). Very important because if they fail your immune system is compromised |
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| NOD proteins |
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| Proteins found on leukocytes that bind to certain things and cause cell death and other responses |
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| Interferons |
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| Protects us from viral infections. Broken into 2 types: type 1 (alpha and beta) 2hich is released within hours of infection to let neighboring cells know a virus is present and type 2 (gamma) which is activated by T cells and starts phagocytosis |
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| Complement |
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| Activation results in lysis of the foreign cell. Indirectly trigger inflammation and fever. Can be activated in three ways: classical pathway is activated by antibodies, alternative pathway is activated by exotoxins, and Lectin pathway is activated by molecules on bacteria |
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| Inflammation |
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| -itis / swelling |
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| Fever |
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| Body temperature over 37*C which enhances interferons and inhibits growth of some microbes and phagocytosis |
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| 5 attributes of adaptive immunity |
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| Specificity, inducibility, clonality, unresponsive to self, and memory |
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| Specificity |
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| Responds to a certain shape |
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| Inducibility |
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| Activates only when pathogens are present |
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| Clonality |
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| Once induced, can clone cells to attack virus |
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| Unresponsive to self |
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| Your body does not attack itself |
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| Memory |
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| Will remember pathogen |
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| Lymph |
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| Watery liquid that carries toxins and pathogens out of the body |
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| Primary lymph organs |
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| Are WBC'S that mature in red bone marrow and thymus |
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| Secondary lymph organs |
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| Are the lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphocytes |
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| Antigens |
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| Shapes found on pathogens. 3 types: exogenous, endogenous, and autogenous |
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| Exogenous |
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| Responds to things on the outside |
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| Endogenous |
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| Pathogens that reproduce inside the cell |
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| Autogenous |
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| Produced from a normal cell process |
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| Epitopes |
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| 3D shape on nucleus membrane that body recongnizes |
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| Function of B cells |
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| Secretion of antibodies |
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| Five antibody functions |
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| Neutralization, opsonization, oxidation, agglutonation, and ADCC |
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| Neutralization |
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| Neutralizes toxins and prevents it from attachment |
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| Opsonization |
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| Changes shape of antigen and activates phagocytosis |
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| Oxidation |
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| Produces oxidants that destroy cell |
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| Agglutonation |
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| Sticking them all together to get rid of them all at once |
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| ADCC |
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| Natural killer B cells that lyse cells |
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| Function of T cells |
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| To work against intracellular pathogens and cancer cells |
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| 3 types of T cells |
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| Cytotoxin, helper, and regulatory |
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| Cytotoxin |
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| Directly kills other cells |
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| Helper |
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| Assist with activating B cells |
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| Regulatory |
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| Turns off the response tying to regulate immune system |
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| Major histocompatibility complex |
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| Holds pathogen in place for T cells at the antigen binding site |
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| Cell mediated immune responses |
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| Responds to intracellular pathogens and abnormal body cells. Antigen is present. MHC2 and epitote hols in place till T cell arrives and binds. T cell will differentiate and turns into a cell that can destroy pathogen. T cell makes clones of pathogen destroying cells and attaches to pathogens which causes them to lyse |
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| Antibody immune responses |
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| Helper t cells bind MHC and epitotes to pathogen. Makes clones. They activate and attach to B cells. B cells will then be activated and differentiate to make plasma cells to bind and destroy pathogen. |
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| T independent |
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| B cells that do not require helper T cells and are found in the interstitial fluid. |
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| T dependent |
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| B cells that require helper T cells and are found in the lymph nodes |
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| Immunological memory formed |
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| They are produced by B cell proliferation but does not secrete antibodies. These are long living ells that stay in the lymphoid tissue and initiates production if antigen is encountered again. This is important because your body will know how to fight that specific antigen much quicker subsequent times so they won't make you sick |
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| Naturally aquired (Active immunity) |
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| Is something you acquire from coming in contact with a certain pathogen |
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| Artificially acquired (Passive immunity) |
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| Is something you acquire an immunity from due to a vaccine |
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| 5 different types of vaccines |
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| Attenuated, inactive, toxoid, combination, and gene technology |
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| Attenuated |
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| Live pathogens, can cause mild infection |
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| Inactive |
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| Whole or pieces of dead pathogens |
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| Toxoid |
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| Gives you modified toxins that won't cause the disease but will build up immunity |
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| Combination |
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| Combines pathogens |
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| Gene technology |
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| Takes genes and recombines them to make them safe |
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| Concerns and problems associated with vaccine safety |
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| Mild toxicity, risk of anaphylactic shock, residual virulence from attenuated viruses |
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| Mild toxicity |
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| Allergic reactions, injection site soreness |
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| Residual virulence from attenuated viruses |
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| A little sicker than normal. |
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| Debunked |
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| Allegations that certain vaccines can cause autism, diabetes, and asthma but research has debunked these allegations |
