question

labor union

answer

a group of people who join together to influence the nature of their employment

question

workers'

answer

from the _____ perspective, this is what labor relations are about: collective work, related protection and influence and vote

question

employers

answer

for _____, labor relations are about managing relationships with employees and labor unions, in ways that promote organization, goals, such as profitability, in the private sector or cost effective service delivery

question

competitive

answer

_____ pressures are transferred to the bargaining table

question

labor/management, democracy

answer

_____/____ relationships that produce well trained and motivated unionized employees produce clear benefits for society and they also promote ______

question

union organizing process

answer

this process is how unions are formed

question

collective bargaining process

answer

this process is how contracts are negotiated

question

dispute resolution process

answer

this process is how bargaining impasses are prevented or resolved

question

contract administration process

answer

this process is how grievances over the application of the contract are managed

question

efficiency, equity, and voice

answer

three objectives of the employment relationship

question

efficiency

answer

the productive, profit maximizing use of the labor to promote economic prosperity

question

equity

answer

fairness in the distribution of economic rewards, the administration of employment policies and the provision of employee security

question

voice

answer

the ability of employees to have meaningful input into workplace decisions

question

efficiency

answer

standard of economic business performance

question

equity

answer

standard of fair treatment for employees

question

voice

answer

standard of employee participation

question

efficiency

answer

sometimes these goals conflict, equitable treatment might reduce flexibility and therefore _______

question

efficient

answer

employee voice might make decision making more cumbersome and therefore less ____

question

voice and equity

answer

sharp conflict between efficiency and these

question

voice

answer

includes consultation, labor unions, self-determination, employee free speech

question

equity

answer

includes health and retirement security, living wages, work place safety, non discrimination

question

efficiency

answer

includes profitability, productivity, competitiveness, economic prosperity

question

collective bargaining, aid

answer

it is the official policy of the US to "encourage the practice and procedure of ____ _____ and to protect workers rights and to join together for negotiating the terms and conditions of their employment and for mutual _____ and protection"

question

encourage

answer

not to tolerate collective bargaining, but to _____ it

question

unions, labor movement

answer

______ can provide voice and representation onto individual workers while the _____ ____ can advocate for working people in the social and political arena

question

free market

answer

business is seen as best promoting economic prosperity through _____ _____ competition

question

efficiency

answer

the primary objective of the employment relationship from the business perspective

question

social

answer

concerns for equity and voice are seen as ____ issues

question

employment at will doctrine discrimination, contractual

answer

" all may dismiss their employs at will, be they many or few, for good cause or no cause, or even for cause morally wrong, without being thereby guilty or legally wrong" exceptions to this are limited to anti-___, ____ restrictions, associated with union contracts, and state by state judicial exceptions

question

jobs

answer

modern workers and their families are often completely depend on their jobs and not property

question

employment, workplace

answer

the quality of ____ and the nature of the ____ are therefore important for individuals, families, and society

question

voice

answer

employee _____ is essential for industrial democracy

question

industrial democracy

answer

workers in a democratic society are entitled to the same democratic principles of participation in the workplace

question

one-on-one

answer

managers prefer to deal with workers __ on ____, but half of workers prefer to deal with management as a group

question

management

answer

workers also typically prefer representation independent from _____

question

efficiency, equity, and voice

answer

there are conflicts between the business pursuit of ___ and the workers pursuit of ____ and _____

question

rights

answer

society sets the ground rules for how corporations can make profits and therefore establishes ____ and obligations for corporations, unions and workers

question

property, workers

answer

the ___ rights of employers vs. the ____ rights of employees

question

neoliberal market ideology

answer

proponents of voluntary market based economic transactions (_____ _____ ____) privilege property rights over workers rights because basic economic theory shows that competitive markets and well defined property rights are optimal for achieving efficiency from this perspective, the key right of workers is their ability to ____ jobs that they do not like and labor unions do not enjoy any special privileges or protections

question

property

answer

from the opposite perspective, workers rights are seen as human rights, and in this case, workers rights should trump _____ rights

question

pluralist

answer

most of the world's labor relations systems, however, are based on a compromise, a _____ perspective that sees the employment relationship as analogous to a pluralist political society in which multiple parties (such as employers and employees) have legitimate but sometimes conflicting interests and rights

question

balanced

answer

property rights and workers rights should be _____

question

rights

answer

the US LR system therefore is based on the belief that labor and management should truly interact and resolve their conflicts within a framework that appropriately respects the rights of each party involved

question

unions

answer

labor ____ can help serve a balance between efficiency, equity and voice

question

markets, HR Managers

answer

LR systems are premised on the belief that the invisible hand of ____ and the visible hand of ____ ____ ____ cannot balance efficiency, equity and voice by themselves

question

more

answer

there is an assumption that corporations have ____ power than the individual non union workers that can result in substandard wages and benefits, discriminatory treatment, autocratic supervision, long hours, dangerous working conditions and these outcomes do not fulfill the desired objectives

question

purchasing, equity, voice

answer

low pay and worker unrest can cause inefficiency through lack of consumer ____ power and economic disruptions because of strikes and other disputes long hours at low pay under dangerous and discriminatory conditions violate _____ employer dictation of employment conditions as well as autocratic supervision fail to provide employee _____ and are counter to democratic standards

question

legal bargain union

answer

US LR systems are tightly regulated by the ____ system if a majority of workers in a specific workplace want union representation, their employer has a legal obligation to ____ with the union over wages, hours, and other terms and conditions of employment workers cannot be fired or discriminated against for supporting a _____

question

purchasing, exploitation, voice, outcome

answer

these legal protections increase the _____ power of workers and reduce disruptive strike activity (efficiency) achieve fair labor standards and protection against worker ________ (equity) providing democracy in the workplace (____) US labor law specifies how parties must act during bargaining but does not concern itself with the ______ of the bargaining table

question

collective bargaining

answer

representatives of the employer and employees negotiate the terms and conditions of employment that will apply to employees

question

compensation

answer

wages, benefits, vacations, holidays, shift premiums, profit sharing

question

personnel policies and procedures

answer

layoff, promotion, transfer policies, overtime and vacation rules

question

employee rights and responsibilities

answer

seniority rights, job standards, work premiums

question

employer rights and responsibilities

answer

management rights, just cause discipline, discharge, subcontracting, safety systems

question

union rights and responsibilities

answer

recognition as bargaining agent, bulletin board, union security, dues checkoff, shop stewards, no strike clauses

question

dispute resolution and ongoing decision making

answer

grievance procedures, committees, consultation, renegotiation procedures

question

bilateral

answer

a crucial feature of collective bargaining is that management's traditional authority to unilaterally establish terms and conditions of employment is replaced by _____ negotiations

question

union contract

answer

in this US, when the collective bargaining process results in terms that are approved by both upper management and the union workers, the provisions are written down and bound into a legally enforceable CB agreement, also called a _____ _____

question

efficiency, equity

answer

business need for flexibility (____) clashes with lengthy contracts and detailed work rules (____), this leads to experimentation with shorter contracts

question

equity

answer

flexible compensation systems to promote and reward highly performing employees can clash with ______ if they are perceived as subjective, competitive or unfair

question

adversarial

answer

business need for cooperation and employee involvement clashes with the traditionally _______ bargaining process in which labor and management use aggressive tactics to extract as many gains or concessions from the other side as their power allows

question

win win bargaining

answer

joint problem solving

question

voice, communication

answer

the need for both flexibility and involvement is not well served by a process in which contracts are negotiated every 3 years or so with little productive communication (____) between these formal negotiating contracts you need to establish mechanisms for ongoing ____

question

flexible, competition

answer

the business climate of the 21st century is characterized by ____ production methods, the rise of knowledge workers, and intense global _______

question

grew, public

answer

labor unions are criticized by union supporters for being too meek while the overall number of union workers ____ into the 1970s, it has declined since then must of the growth post 1980s was in the ____ sector, private sect roughly the same number of union members in 1980 and 1965

question

private, public

answer

total union membership has been stable because a continued decline in ____ sector membership has been offset by an increase in _____ sector membership

question

union density

answer

percentage of workers who are union members

question

unionized

answer

one possible explanation for decline is that employment has declined in traditionally ______ industries such as manufacturing while employment has increased for non union industries such as services

question

declined

answer

second possibility is that a demand for union services has _____

question

stereotypes

answer

demand can decline because unions are not doing a good job of responding to the desires of a changing workforce and overcoming the negative ______ of unions that are so common in american culture

question

responsiveness

answer

if employers have improved their _____ to employees needs, this can reduce demand for union protection and advocacy

question

legislation

answer

increased protective ____ may have provided a substitute for unions

question

resistance

answer

employer _____ to unions, US business are exceptionally hostile toward labor unions and have developed a wide range of union avoidance tactics

question

union

answer

many companies often invest in their nonunion operations and they fire ____ supporters, hire antiunion consultants, deny organizing campaigns, forcing strikes and then hiring replacement workers to bust unions

question

representation gap

answer

supports the significance of employer opposition, employees say they want more representation in the workplace than they have 1/3 of non union workers would like a union, the desired union density rate is 40%

question

less, declining, reform

answer

in the US, Canada, and GB, younger workers are significantly ____ likely than older workers to be union members, this causes union membership to continue to decline across generations as new entrants to the labor force are less likely to develop an appreciation for unions the explanations are based on structural changes and ____ demand for unionization due to improved corporate policies and employment laws imply that little ____ is warranted

question

distrust, low

answer

adversarial negotiations create distrust and acrimony rather than trust and cooperate you need to supplement the high level, periodic negotiations with ongoing, ____ level communication and problem solving mechanisms lengthy and detailed contracts inhibit flexibility and involvement, some labor laws are outdated, bureaucratic production, american domination of world market and management versus labor attitudes and things of the past

question

weak, prohibited

answer

labor law is ____, penalties are minimal, delays are frequent, employers can use captive audience speeches and permanent strike replacements and secondary boycotts are _____ workers need protection more than ever in the ____ economy

question

threat

answer

wage and benefit practices in union contracts can also influence non union compensation though a ____ effect, the threat that dissatisfied workers will unionize sometimes causes nonunion firms to at least partially match union wage and benefit terms

question

the glances-off economy

answer

in which some employers avoid established labor standards and undermine more responsible employers, is growing

question

sexual harassment

answer

demands for sexual conduct in return for job related benefits

question

performance

answer

workers continue to be fired for reasons unrelated to job _____, trying to force a union, age or race, refusing to falsify medical records, or because of who they date or blog about

question

bad, stereotypes

answer

the common sentiment among americans is that unions are not ____ the mainstream media reinforce important stereotypes of labor unions, they report from a consumer perspective, not a union perspective while emphasizing the accomplishments of business leaders and entrepreneurs ______ on TV and in cartoons perpetuate anti union culture

question

low, corporate, info

answer

there are growing labor market disparities, there are problems of ___ wage workers trying to move out of poverty and support families there are ____ pressures for cost control, quality and flexibility to complete in an ____ rich economy the need to educate individuals as lifelong leaders because of ever changing ____

question

1900's labor problem

answer

undesirable outcomes that stem form an inequitable and contentious or perhaps even oppressive and exploitative employment relationship they have long hours and low pay

question

800 dollars, unsanitary

answer

the estimated reasonable minimum for healthful, efficient and decent living not making this results in selling rooms to boarders, selling garments or doing other tasks as some based subcontractors or using children to earns wages also, there are _____ working conditions

question

great insecurity arbitrary dismissal

answer

constant fear of injury and unemployment foreman's empire system of complete management control- fear of _____ ____

question

hired or fired

answer

workers can be ____ or ___ for any reason, poor performance, absenteeism, ethnicity, union sympathies, age, demonstration of absolute power by foreman

question

machines, production

answer

there is a mindset of workers as _____ that is reinforced with the main dimensions of the labor problem, labor is viewed as sustaining other ____ input

question

repetitive work equity/voice

answer

mass manufacturing is ____ and narrowly defined tasks by workers to achieve high output, employees had no ownership in their _____ if workers are machines, they are not entitled to ____ or voice and they only contribute to ____

question

human or social business

answer

across the private and public sectors, the poor conditions of the labor problems were an issue for two broad reasons: 1. the _____ or ____ perspective- people should have better lives than this, it is partly an economics issue, workers should be able to afford decent housing, clothing, food. Equity is important, one should question whether treating workers as commodities even as valuables, in autocratic relationship, even if benevolent, fulfills the standards of a democratic society 2. ______ perspective- absenteeism and turnover are costly, with significant levels living below the poverty line, the consumers lacked purchasing power, strikes and industrial conflict are costly to business and to society more generally

question

mainstream economics school

answer

this school focuses on economic captivity of self interested agents, such as firms and workers, who interact in competitive markets

question

free market

answer

in the mainstream economics school, efficiency, equity and voice are achieved through ____ ____ competition

question

allocation and prices

answer

under some assumptions such as perfect info, competitive results from the optimal ____ and _____ of resources, prices reflect the value of what is being purchased so outcomes are efficient

question

worse labor voice competition

answer

in the mainstream econ school, no one can be made better off without making someone else _____ off. in the labor market, competitive outcomes are also seen fair because the price of labor equals that value that _____ contributes to the production process ______ is expressed through freely participating or abstaining from transactions from this perspective, the conditions of the labor problem are not seen as exploitative if there is sufficient labor market _____

question

competition, unemployment, competition

answer

mainstream economics school- if market failures prevent competitive markets from working properly, you need to ensure ____, this is the best protection that an employee has against his or her current employer if there is insufficient labor market competition because of excess ____, the appropriate policy response is a macroeconomic policy to stimulate the economy and thus reduce unemployment if competition is prevented because of a barrier such as government regulation, the appropriate response is to remove this barrier, as long as there is _____, employment outcomes are not seen as a problem

question

outcomes

answer

_____ are value free, so there may be a labor situation which simply describes the outcomes but not a labor problem, which implies that there outcomes are undesirable

question

monopolies, wages perfect competition government competition

answer

mainstream econ school unions are seen as labor market ___, that restrict the supply of labor and interfere with the invisible hand of free market competition. By threatening to strike, unions use their monopoly power to raise ___ above their competitive levels and thereby distort employment and output levels throughout the economic system unions are seen as interfering with the disciplined market by protecting lazy workers and it interferes with the efficient operation of the economy for those who believe in ____ ____ labor unions are not singled out, this dominant mainstream view applies the same reasoning to other ______ interventions in the labor market. the role of the government is not to establish labor standards, it is only to promote _____

question

human resource management school

answer

was called the personnel management school, and it believes that the labor problem stems from poor management

question

foremen employment

answer

in the 1900's- _____ led by fear and intimidation, this is what motivated employees, it drove employees to get maximum production for the least coast and when they broke down from extortion age or injury, they discarded them and got fresh workers to replace them as you would with a machine this caused there to be little concern for the conditions of _____

question

specialization management

answer

HR school- scientific management and the movement to large scale mass manufacturing and assembly lines tended to reduce workers tasks to their simplest components, this emphasis on ____ led to monotoning, boredom and deskilling the underlying problem of the labor market was poor ____

question

better management

answer

HR school: the resulting solution to the labor problem is pretty simple- _____ ______

question

supervisory, training, evaluation

answer

HR school- to create motivated and efficient workers, firms should design and implement better ____ methods, selection procedures, _____ methods, compensation systems and ____ and promotion mechanisms

question

HRM efficiency

answer

if workers want justice, security, respect and opportunities for advancement, than design ____ ____ __ POLICIES THAT ARE RESPONsive to these needs because workers will then be motivated, engaged and productive proponents claim that high levels of performance (______) will be achieved

question

equity, voice healthy

answer

HRM because management polices are responsive to the needs of employees ____ will also be achieved, and ____ is typically informal this is depicted as producing ___ returns for all stakeholders

question

independent labor unions

answer

those that are legally and functionally independent of employers and government, have the power to elect their own leaders, collect and spend their own dues, many establish their own organizational objectives and strategies

question

employers independent unions

answer

nonindependent labor unions lack such aurhotity and are controlled by ____ or company owners or by the government in the HRM school, _____ unions are seen as adversarial to the cooperation, a healthy company should not have ____ because they are a sign of bad HR and management

question

unionization

answer

HR professionals have greater influence in companies when there is a threat of ____ but an important objective is often to keep unions out, critics see HR as a sophisticated anti union device

question

unnecessary

answer

HRM school of thought also believes that independent unions are _____, third parties prevent employers and employees from getting closer together

question

company worker, bargaining

answer

1920's- many thought they should have some type of representation, even those in this school of thought, would help companies treat employees with respect, create a cooperative, constructive relationship and foster loyalty, this is why ____ unions were created management would connect and confer with ___representatives but there would be no __ and the representation plans had no authority outside management

question

IR school

answer

in this school, the labor problem is believed to stem from unequal bargaining power between corporations and individual workers

question

manual, competition

answer

in 1900- there was an emergence of large corporations which separates the owners of the production process from a new wage earning class who did the _____ work that was relatively new institutional economists accepted this modern corporation as an efficient corporation/organization of mass production but they respected the mainstream economics belief in perfect _____ rather, institutional labor economists saw many market imperfections, there was persistent unemployment, company towns, dominated by a single employer, lack of worker savings and other safety sets and large, monopolistic employers, with undue influence in markets, politics and the legal system

question

bargaining

answer

IR school believes that individual wage warners have vastly inferior ____ ____ relative to employers which allows managers to be autocratic and authoritarian

question

bargaining increase, unions

answer

IR school the labor market is characterized not by competition but by _____ and society is worse off if either side has too much power, these problems were compounded by business cycles that create additional insecurities if the labor problem stems from unequal bargaining power, the solution is to ____ workers bargaining power by forming independent labor ____ and pursuing collective bargaining

question

critical IR school

answer

Marxist IR, this is a radical perspective. it is really critical of existing societal institutions and social orderings, emphasizes that capitalist institutions do not simply exist but are created by society (such as through laws and governing market transactions or business incorporation and through social norms governing acceptable behaviors

question

Critical IR

answer

this school of thought focuses attention on how dominant groups design and control institutions to serve their own interest, albeit imperfectly due to resistance from competing groups

question

Critical IR

answer

says that corporations can shape the broader social context of labor relations to serve their own interests and in the view of this school, perpetuate their control over labor

question

interests

answer

CIR employers are seen as structuring the organization of work and HRM to serve their ___ at the expense of labor, the division of labor is viewed as a strategy to make labor easily replaceable and weak

question

human resource similarity

answer

there needs to be fair treatment through _____ ____ policies, the perception of impact through development of distinctive corporate culture are interpreted as strategies to prevent workers from unionizing race, gender and other identities are similarly seen as being manipulated to undermine worker ______/ solidarity and foster managerial control

question

institutions socialism balance

answer

CIR The cause of the labor problem is believed to be the control of society's _______ and the means of production by specific groups or classes the solution to the labor problem is a significant restricting of the nature of capitalism such as replacing it with ______ manage and not _____ being sought

question

working, capitalism

answer

CIR Strong militant unions can aid workers struggles with capitalism by mobilizing and raising the consciousness of the ____ class and fighting for improved compensation, be the working conditions and greater control over workplace decision making sees radical unions as the very revolutionary vehicle for overthrowing ______ and creating a society managed by workers

question

socialism

answer

CIR ______ perspective- unions would no longer be needed as representatives of the working class

question

socialism

answer

many are critical of the pragmatic, CB focus of US unions which does not do enough to challenge capital's power in the workplace and which reinforces capitalism rather than advocating and leading the working class towards working control of ______

question

market, management, bargaining, capitalist

answer

there are four possible underlying causes of the labor problem: _____ failure, poor ______, unequal _____ power and dominations of labor by the _____ class

question

consumption, intrinsic, commodity, extrinsic

answer

the mainstream economics school views the purpose of the economic system as _____, work is only endeavored to earn wages which can then be used to buy things but it does not provide _____ awards. labor is just another commodity or machine in the process the other 3 schools reject the belief that labor is just a _____ and instead see labor as human beings with aspirations, feelings and rights, work fulfills more than just _____ needs

question

equal x 2 legal

answer

modern economics beliefs that employees and employers are _____, the other three schools say that they are not ____ in the labor market or the labor arena (firms can have monopsony power through imperfect info, mobility costs and tilted benefit structures) in the _____ arena, individual workers with imperfect information or without the resources to purchase legal expertise will be at a disadvantage

question

unitarist view

answer

the HRM school holds a _____ view conflict is not seen as an inherent feature of the employment relationship, conflict is seen as a manifestation of poor HRM policies or interpersonal class such as personality conflicts employees and employers have a unity of interests and therefore effective management policies can align these interests for the benefit of all

question

plurality

answer

the IR school sees the workplace as characterized by multiple interests- _____ of legitimate interests become a pluralist political system

question

plurality

answer

IR school- has a ______ view of conflict in the employment relationship, some of the interests are shared, both employers and employees want their organizations to be successful but for other issues there is an inherent conflict of interest between employers and employees in its simplest form, pressure for higher profits conflicts with labors push for higher wages

question

unitarist

answer

rejection of the _____ view that all workplace issues can be restricted as shared interests, in other words, the pluralist view is that employment relationship conflict features mixed motived and some issues are conflict and some include mutual interests employees want employers to be profitable but their desires for higher wages, better benefits, increased security, favorable working conditions and input into decision making (equity and voice) clash with employer's pressures for lower labor costs, flexibility and high output (efficiency)

question

balance

answer

plurality views seem government laws and labor unions as balancing this conflict and striking a ____ between efficiency, equity and voice

question

managerial

answer

because some conflict its inherent, it is unwise to rely on _____ goodwill to protect workers and to rely on management initiated programs to provide employee voice

question

economic, labor unions

answer

unlike the mainstream economics school, the CR school does not believe it is sufficient to rely on _______ markets to check this conflict of interest because of market failures. ____ ____, independent of managerial authority, provide checks and clan aces in the workplace and are therefore essential for protection and participation

question

pluralist

answer

CIR school believes in the inherent conflict between employers and employees but it is significantly broader than the limited economic conflict in the _____ view

question

capitalist

answer

conflict is not limited in higher wages or better benefits, it is a social conflict of unequal power relations or class conflict, this CIR school believes that the pluralist limitation of the concept of power to bargaining power rather than greater social relations, is superficial, unequal social relations are believed to be in all _____ institutions and it is therefore inadequate to think about balancing because management always has the upper hand

question

voice

answer

with a unitarist point of view, ____ can be successful provided through policies that encourage individual voice or through a nonunion employee help program

question

pluralist

answer

if the employment relationship conflict is ______, it follows that industrial democracy can be achieved only by traditional labor unions that are independent of management

question

CIR

answer

this school believes that there is embedded conflict in society and not just in the employment relationship, labor unions are ultimately inadequate for challenging the power of workers

question

workplace governance

answer

whoever gets to make the rules gets to govern the workplace thus a comparison of the alternative rules for making rules is the question of _____ _____, this determines the nature of the balance that is struck among efficiency, equity and voice

question

markets human resource management worker independent government

answer

there are 5 major possibilities for creating workplace rules 1. competitive labor ____ 2. _____ _____ _____ 3. ____ control 4. bargaining with ____ employee representatives (labor unions) 5. and statutory _____ regulation

question

laissez high, low

answer

_____ ____ reliance on competitive markets includes two central critical features: mainstream economic theories plus common law economic rules that protect individual liberties with the freedom of contract (the right of individuals and organizations to freely enter into economic relationships of their own choosing) the rules result from self-interested individuals and organizations, rules will favor management when labor demand is ___ and employees when labor supply is ____, sate, of individual representation- workers, but rules always result from the invisible hand of market forces, there is a system of individual representation

question

managers voice

answer

HRM model ____ establish employment conditions, they are perhaps constrained to a range of alternation established by the marketplace but within this range the managers choose certain terms and conditions of employment _____ mechanisms are established and directed by management, policies, practices and conditions are unilaterally determined by management

question

worker control

answer

this is the opposite of HRM, it is employee control over organizational objectives and rule making workers instead of managers unilaterally establish the terms and conditions of employment

question

collective bargaining bargaining central

answer

replacing the unilateral authority of HRM or workers control models with a system of shared bilateral authority in which employee voice is independent of managerial authority (_____ ______) the rules are determined by negotiations between two parties with broadly equal ______ power, workplace rules can also be set by government regulation this system protects everyone and standards can be determined by rational debate rater than bargaining or market power, regulations are determined by a _____ authority, not workplace participants, so it can be difficult to cater to specific needs, enforcement, can be inconsistent or lax or expensive

question

mainstream econ school HRM school CIR

answer

uses a reliance on competitive markets has the HRM model of workplace governance believes in work control or socialism

question

government

answer

____ regulation can try to establish labor standards but id does not involve employee voice, labor unions can counter corporate bargaining power and also provide voice independent of managerial authority

question

laissez faire

answer

rights to freely enter into economic relationships (freedom to contract)

question

great depression

answer

1930's- ____ _____- labor law as fashioned, as a consequence, US laws pertaining to labor unions and collective bargaining reflect the central belief of the IR school that unions are needed to counter corporate bargaining poet and provide industrial democracy

question

pluralist

answer

national labor policy is based on the assumption that the ____ conflict in the employment relationship is best resolved via collective bargaining to balance the three factors

question

non union free market

answer

in the 1950's, the ____ ____ HRM model dominated and it came from a growth of non union corporations recently, the ____ model of workplace governance is again becoming dominant as it was before the new deal, public policies that support free trade and deregulation further increase the emphasis on competitive markets

question

unions, management, IR

answer

the mainstream econ school says that ___ are harmful because they are monopolies that impair economic efficiency, they prefer reliance on competitive markets HRM school says that unions are an indicator of bad _____ unions are critical to the ____ _____ school

question

union wage premium

answer

unionized workers in the US are generally estimated to have wages 15% higher than comparable non union workers

question

shock effect profitability

answer

the presence of a union shocks management out of complacent and forces them to development better managerial practices and policies that improve workplace efficiency there is mixed research on the effects of unions on productivity some say they bring lower _____ or that they reduce employment growth, but they are not likely to drive firms out of business, there is a union facilitation effect

question

labor movement

answer

a social movement in which workers and unions from multiple workplaces join together to pursuer common interests most frequently in the political and social arena

question

unionization

answer

US Labor laws have explicitly protected workers union activity primarily by making it illegal for companies to prevent ____ through intimidation or manipulation LR are always critically shaped through the legal system, whether or not there was specific labor laws

question

unions bargaining disputes and grievances

answer

major processes in today's LR system: organizing new ___ _____ contracts resolving ___ and ____

question

new deal, property, labor

answer

____ ____- 3 factor balance rooted in the HR school of thought there is a balance between ___ rights and ___ rights

question

property, mainstream econ

answer

Before the New deal in the 1930's, legal doctrine generally favored ___ rights and individual liberty (this relates to the ___ ___ school)

question

common law

answer

body of law based on customs, traditions of acceptance, behavior and judicial precedent, often stemming back to the enlightenment principles from several centuries ago (conspiracy, breach of contract, property rights, employment at will doctrine)

question

statutory

answer

laws enacted by legislators, and not judges

question

labor law and employment law

answer

laws written explicitly for unions and union activity laws written pertaining to the individual rather than the collective employment relationship 1932- birth of US labor law, unions and union activity is governed by statutory laws

question

common law

answer

throughout the 19th-20th century, workers who collectively tried to influence their wages and conditions by forming unions, striking and leading boycotts were subjected to the ____ ___ doctrines

question

conspiracy doctrine

answer

Philadelphia shoe makers, their union was the first convicted of being an illegal conspiracy in 1806 by joining together and refusing to work unless their terms were met, the shoe makers were viewed as conspiring the harm the community because shoe prices and unemployment would increase and profits would fall

question

individual freedom

answer

individual attempts to influence wages and working conditions are consistent with _____ ____ but mainstream economics thought that emphasizes free market competition, the collective aspect of union activity was viewed as particularly harmful and thus was considered an illegal conspiracy

question

commonwealth v hunt

answer

this case says that some union actions might be conspirational and therefore illegal, labor unions are not per se illegal or unlawful conspiracies this is viewed as a landmark in granted unions some legal legitimacy and the beginning of the conspiracy doctrine to LR

question

injunctions

answer

court ordered restraints and action to prevent harm or damage to someone else, used to stop of limit picketing during strikes there is a link between this and an injunction to prevent irreparable harm

question

intangibles

answer

are also part of a company's property rights, but these injunctions were normally issued without full court hearings, they would rarely be held because the strikes would end before the hearings were held

question

injunctions

answer

contributing to breaking strikes by: turning public opinion away from the strikers from a perception that they were law breaks, directing the union's financier and human resources through legal proceedings and by demoralizing strikers through fear and confusion

question

property

answer

organized labor felt that employers and judges were abusing the legal protection of employer's ____ rights by turning the injunction into a powerful anti union legal weapon that broke strikes and unions

question

yellow dog contracts

answer

a promise by a worker not to join or support a union, refusal to agree to such conditions mean either termination or they may not be hired they were an effective anti union device, they ere not seen as coercive but rather voluntary

question

sherman antitrust act 1890 unions

answer

outlaw monopolies and prevent their negative economic and social effects, statutory law if a union is viewed as a combination, unrestraint of trade or commerce that represents an attempt to monopolize and part of the trade or commerce, then this act applies to ____ as well as corporations

question

danburg hatters case

answer

says that a union boycott violated sherman antitrust, and a later ruling held individual union members responsible for over 200,000 in damages

question

clayton act of 1914

answer

gave unions the legal right to exist, did not unambiguously exempt them from anti trust laws, became easier for employers to seek injunctions

question

voluntary

answer

19th century philosophy of Gompers and the afl WAS THAT UNIONS WERE _____ associations of workers, not incorporation associations, and that because of this the government should not interfere

question

pluralist IR

answer

_____ _____ ____ view- unions are seen as legally sanctioned organizations with corresponding rights and obligations in a pluralist society, serving public interest and living up to collective bargaining agreements

question

James Wilkerson (1922)

answer

notorious railroad worker injunction, made striking regardless of being peaceful illegal, banned persuasion and corruption

question

norris laguardia act

answer

organized corporations (essentially individual shareholders who have unionized by pooling their resources and hiring experts to look out for the best interests) are significantly more powerful then unorganized individual workers, this imbalance in bargaining power forces workers to accept substandard wages and working constraints

question

IR school

answer

(school) workers should be able to unionize to balance corporate power and thus obtain decent wages and working conditions

question

norris laguardia act

answer

this act forbids the federal courts from issuing labor injunctions that interfere with strikes, payment of strike benefits and publicizing a dispute, peaceful picketing and workers joining unions this ends criminal conspiracy of unions and yellow dog contracts, it exempts unions from the sherman anti trust act, and it was the end of common law and business law, it was the start of labor law

question

roosevelt new deal

answer

enacted the new deal for american people, it created an active government role in promoting and guaranteeing the welfare of the population the ___ _____ school of thought underlies the ND philosophy because of imperfect markets, conflicts of interest in the employment relationship between ERs and workers and the importance of employees as human beings, government regulation and labor unions are important for balancing power between employees and employers, which promotes economic stability and property as well as democracy and fairness- efficiency, equity, and voice

question

NLGA

answer

did not actively protect or promote the union actively and it did little to combat open shop tactics (infiltrating unions with spies, using armed guards and professional strikebreaking agencies to break strikes, fire union activists, create racial tension to divide workers and using non union employee representation groups to prevent the creation of independent labor unions)

question

NIRA

answer

contained a public workers program to create jobs and an ambitions framework for establishing industry codes of fair competition for preventing destructive competition and promoting economic recovery

question

section 7a of NIRA

answer

employees shall have their rights to organize and bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing and shall be free from interference, restraint, and coercion of the employers of labor or their agents in the designation of such representatives or in self organization or in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection

question

NLRB

answer

created to help settle labor disputes but without specific enforcement policies it was ineffective, there was a failure in the NIRA in achieving industrial peace, there were strikes in textiles,

question

NIRA

answer

was granted unconstitutional in 1935 because the authority granted by it to the US president to approve the codes of fair competition was seen as excessive

question

railway labor act

answer

to avoid strikes and other forms of labor management conflict that disrupt interstate commerce and weaken the economy, thus the act protects the rights of employees to form labor unions, provides the government mediation of bargaining disputes and establishes adjustment needs to resolve grievances

question

unions

answer

____ specifically are not grand rights, rather individual employees are granted the right to select a union representative from these rights, are procedural, right to choose a CB rep or engage in CB, rather than substantial, such as a specific wage rate, which is also consistent with individual free choice

question

recognize

answer

the Railway labor act failed to provide a mechanism for determine when an employer would have to ____ unions as the employer's representative

question

representative, bargain

answer

in 1934, the act was strengthen to restrict company dominant unions and by establishing the national mediation board to conduct secret ballot elections elections to determine whether a union should represent employees, if a union has majority support, it is certified as the exclusive ____ of all the workers in that craft or class and the company must ____ with that union

question

Amalgated Clothing Workers

answer

Sidney Hillman, destructive competition, brought stability and order to the garment industry, through strong CB and an orderly agreement procedure the union working cooperatively with Employers and the garment industry to create economic stability, increased purchasing power and fair economic outcomes while also providing some form of employee voice

question

Wagner Act

answer

also known as the NLRA, attempts to promote and protect workers abilities to unionize in the private sector if they so choose, it was amended in 1957 and 1959

question

collective bargaining commodity are not conflict voice

answer

the wagner act encourages ____ ___ in the private sector by protecting workers rights to join and form labor unions, it feels that labor is more than a ______ labor and management (are, are not) economic or legal equals, there is an imbalance in bargaining power there is at least some ____ of interest between workers and employers that cannot be resolved by unitarist management policies but this is a pluralist employment relationship conflict, not class based or societal employee ___ is important

question

mainstream econ HRM cir IR

answer

this school says that the WA is hard to understand and a harmful protection of monopoly power this school says that it is an unnecessary support of adversarial third parties this school says that is an important attempt to empower labor that inadequately challenge's capital's power this school says that unequal bargaining power is at the heart of the labor problem and equalizing bargaining power through unionization is the solution

question

efficiency equity voice

answer

the way that WA affects: _____- increases the purchasing power of workers, reducing disruptive strike activity, and largely maintain employer's property rights _____- achieving fair employment conditions and protections through exploitation _____- providing democracy in the workplace

question

section 7

answer

employees shall have the right to self organization, to form, join or assist labor organization to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing and to engage in other concerted activities for the purpose of collective bargaining and other mutual aid or protection

question

majority employer NLRB

answer

granting a certified ____ status union the right to be the exclusive representative of the relevant employees and specifying a certification procedure for establishing whether a majority of workers want union representation (Wagner Act) defining illegal ______ actions that undermine section 7 creating an independent agency, the ___ to enforce the act

question

exclusive representation

answer

when a union has the support of a majority of a group of employees and that is the only representative of that group of workers without this, companies established company unions even when a majority of workers wanted an independent union, then manipulated the company union to weaken the independent unions

question

section 8 of NLRA- employer ULPs

answer

_____ ULPs 1. to interfere with, restrain or coerce employees in the exercise of section 7 rights 2. to dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribute financial or other support to it 3. by discrimination in regard to hiring or terminating employment or any term or condition of employment to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organization 4. to discharge or otherwise discriminate against an employee because he has filed charges or given testimony under this act 5. to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives or his employees

question

secret

answer

a ____ ballot vote was used to determine whether a majority of workers support the specific union w the wagner act

question

bargain

answer

if the union is certified as the exclusive representation of that grouper of workers after a secret ballot election, the employer must ___ with that union over wages, hours and other terms and conditions of employment

question

ULPs

answer

illegal employer or employee actions

question

section 8a1

answer

ER cannot punish union employees for making demands, so employees can self organize b talking to their managers as a group, rather than as individuals and be protected against reprisals even if they do not form a formal union

question

8a1

answer

is the universal enforcer because it covers all employer violations of employee rights

question

8a3 8a2

answer

cannot fire or discriminate against employees who are trying to form a union no company unions, company unions are also perceived as undermining workers purchasing power

question

8a5

answer

when a union has majority support, the employer must recognize the union as the exclusive representative of all employees and bargain with it accordingly it is a ULP for an ER to refuse to bargain with a certified majority union as the exclusive representative

question

NLRB

answer

an independent federal agency devoted to conducting representative elections and adjudicating ULPs 1. a general counsel's office that conducts representation elections and investigates and prosecutes ULPs 2. a 5 member board of presidential appointee that hear and decide cases if an individual believes that a ULP has occurred, they can file charges with an NLRB regional office

question

violators

answer

____ can be or due to cease from their illegal activities and when relevant to offer reinstatement with backpay to illegally discharged workers

question

federal

answer

in the first years of the wagner act, the act was attacked as greatly extending the ____ government's reach into private affairs and therefore interfering with economic efficiency as well as individual and corporate liberty (laissez fair proponent)

question

employment unionization outcomes

answer

the wagner act did not dictate terms and conditions of ______ it protects workers choice regarding _____ and provides an affirmative obligation for employers to bargain with a majority union it does not require agreement or specific _____ it spent the first 2 years defending its existence, federal judges issues injunctions against the NLRB and tried to declare it unconstitutional and there is continued opposition to unions and the new law

question

Jones and Laughlin steel

answer

declared the NLRB constitutional, then the act could enforce labor policy

question

great strike wave of 1945

answer

many felt that unions were too strong and lacked a sense of public responsibility, were controlled by communists or corrupt union busts and should be bound in some of their responsibilities and restrictions that employers found under the Wagner act unions were not restricted under the wagner act and the ______________ magnified the perceived need to bring unions under control

question

taft hartley

answer

proposals for reform fought to fix the perceived excesses of the wagner act to push the pendulum toward the middle of the spectrum the labor management relations act, it was an amendment to the wagner act, together they are referred to as the NLRA

question

TH ACT

answer

the wagner act emphasizes inequalities between labor and management and the need to promote collective bargaining, restrictions on union actions, enhanced rights of individuals and employers, there are new dispute resolution procedures

question

section 8b of NLRA closed shop

answer

there are 6 union ULPs 1. to restrain or coerce employees in the rights guaranteed in section 7 8a1 - to cause or attempt to cause an employer to discriminate against employees except for failing to pay any required union 3. to refuse to bargain collectively with the ER 4. prohibits unions from engaging in secondary boycotts and other forms of strikes and picketing that involve innocent employers (a company that does not directly employ the workers who are involved in the dispute) 5. to require excessive or discriminatory membership fees 6. to force an employer to pay for services not performed 7. to picket an employer to demand recognition except in limited circumstances union actions are also restricted by a clause that outlaws ____ ____ agreements

question

closed shop agreement

answer

a provision negotiated into a collective bargaining agreement that requires the employer only to hire union members, employers cannot hire anyone they choose

question

union shop agreement

answer

allows anyone to be hired, but to remain employed workers must join the union in a certain amount of time

question

agency shop

answer

rather than joining the union, workers must pay dues

question

union dues

answer

union shops enforce agency shops in which employees are forced to pay any fraction of ____ ____ germain to bargaining and administrating union contracts union shop clauses cannot compel workers to formally join unions

question

right to work laws

answer

14b- these are allowed, they are laws to prohibit union or agency shop agreements, union actions further restricted in these states in regards to membership provisions

question

section 9

answer

revised to add a decertification clause, it is the procedure by which individuals can oust their bargaining agency if they no longer desire union representation

question

8c

answer

employer free speech provision, allows employers to express views about unionization as long as the expression do not contain threats or promises supervisors were excluded from protection, there is the ability to file ULPs against unions

question

investigational economic FMCs secondary interference blue collar

answer

the THA restrained the NLRB to separate _____ prosecution and judicial aspects of the agency (unlike all other federal agencies), and also prevent it from undertaking ___ analyses ____ ____ ___ provide voluntary mediation to labor and management negotiations there was a national emergency strike provision in this view, restrictions on ____ boycotts undermined union solidarity and prevented the strong from aiding the worker, the employer's free speech provision legitimized employer _____ in what should be a worker only issue, not protecting supervisors unions relegated the labor movement to be comprised of only ____ ___ workers

question

dependent government

answer

THA made workers even more __ on government control, it publicly equated unionism with communism IR school- THA inputs too many____ regulations into labor relations

question

teamsters

answer

_____ leader Jimmy Hoffa, Johnny Dio and other organized old tigers and their use of contracts- in return for kickbacks, union officials would ignore an employer's contract violations such as substandard wages though they would still collect union dues personal laws from union health and welfare funds and violated to keep resistant ER and EEs in line

question

McClellan committee

answer

concluded tha trank and file union members had no voice and often the right to vote in internal union affairs, national union leaders abused their power over locals and union finances, and violence was used to keep members in line

question

landum griffith act

answer

focuses on internal union affairs to achieve union democracy, it creates a bill of rights for union members that guarantees all union members equal rights of participation in internal union affairs, including voting and expressing views, democratic standards for the election of union officers are also established

question

landum griffith act

answer

tries to prevent union corruption in 3 additional ways: 1. unions and their officers are required to disclose financial records by filing reports with the USDOL, this is intended to increase the transparency of corporate governance 2. this restricts the use of union trusteeships, national unions can take over the operation of a labor union and replace the elected officials with appointed trustees, this act tries to ensure that this power is used for legitimate purposes (clearing up a corrupt local) then illegitimate (renaming local leaders that are political opponents of the national leadership or installing a corrupt leaders who is relative to the national leadership 3. establishes the fiduciary responsibilities of under leaders

question

12

answer

the rights of permanently replaced workers to participate in NLRB elections are confined to the first 12 months of a strike

question

hot cargo agreements

answer

8e- these agreements were outlawed, goods that are made by nonunion members or be a company that is being struck and this gives the members the right to refuse this cargo

question

political donations solicited dues

answer

there was a worry that unions force workers to pay dues and then use those funds to support __ candidates that the worker may not support. the THA prohibits unions from making __ directly to candidates for federal office, but subsequent federal campaign finance laws allow unions to use their funds disseminate political info to their members and to establish separate PACs which can directly support candidates union members need to be _____ for voluntary contributions to a union sponsored PAC if a unionized worker objects to the spending of union funds on political activities, the work is forced to resign his or her membership in the union and therefore not pay ____

question

public

answer

_____ sector labor law has 51 separate jurisdictions, US federal government and 50 states for state and local government workers

question

government, public, association

answer

early laws and legal ruling treated attempts to bargain with the ____ as interfering with the responsibility of elected government officials to establish the proper policies and to protect the public interest in the 1950's, this aversion to public sector unions started working in the favor of worsening ____ sector employment conditions and a new legal respect for the freedom of ____

question

civil service reform act

answer

protects most federal sector workers, though supervisors, the military, post offices and several other agencies are excluded it parallels the NLRA framework, there is exclusive representation with majority support, certification elections, employers and union ULPs and an agency that administers ULP and elections strikes are prohibited, wages and benefits are excluded from bargaining and unions with minority interests may also support have consultation rights so that a federal agency and consultation with the union before bargaining conditions

question

state comprehensive laws narrow laws no laws prohibitive laws

answer

LR for state and municipal workers are governed by the laws and courts of each ____, state courts have decided that preventing public sector workers from unionizing violates freedom of assembly and speech and even if there is no constitutional right of bargaining there are comprehensive laws, narrow laws, no laws, prohibitive laws, (state public sector bargaining laws) ____ grant nearly all government occupations the right to collectively bargain ____ one or several occupations only ____ silent on whether public sector bargaining is legal ____ ban public sector bargaining

question

strong political

answer

proposals are commonly motivated by a belief that public sector unions are too ___ and that the state and local governments can no longer afford to pay the wages and benefits negotiated by public sector unions attempts to weaken the ___ power of unions- because they support democrats rather than republics

question

precedent

answer

when the NLRB issues a case, it issues a written decision that it sets as the ____ for future cases

question

wright line test employee

answer

illustrates the importance of precedents for guiding legal decision making the dividing line between the legitimate employee discipline and discharge on the one hand and the unlawful retaliation for union activity on the other 1. show that the discipled or discharged employee was engaged in protected activity 2. the employer was aware of that activity 3. the activity was substantial or motivating reason for the employer's action if the GC establishes these facts, burden of proof shifts to the _____ to prove that it would have taken the same action even if the employee had not engaged in protected activity

question

politically supervisors backpay

answer

a criticism is that the 5 board members are ____ aligned, NLRB lacks sufficient powers and lack of punitive damages NLRB does not cover ____ or independent contractors, undocumented workers are protected under the NLRA but they are denied _____ permanent strike replacements

question

HR, ECON

answer

these schools believe that the nLRA is seen as interfering with the achievement of economic prosperity tied to free markets and individual action, it should be repealed

question

labor law employment law employment at will

answer

this law focuses on workers collective actions this law focuses on individual employment rights says that employees can be hired under any conditions or fired at any time for any reasons

question

workers compensation

answer

these laws are probably passed much easier than other employment laws because employers are benefitted substantially, they are shield from limitation expenses and they possible of large damage awards

question

examples of labor and employment laws

answer

Social security act federal unemployment tax act FLSA- minimum wage provisions and restriction on child labor Title VII of Civil Rights act of 1969- prohibits discrimination age discrimination employment act ADA OSHA/ERISA Pension protection act WARN 1989 FMLA

question

interest

answer

Labor relations scholars who adhere to the pluralist IR school of thought believe that there is an inherent conflict of ______ in the employment relationship conflict is natural and is to be expected, it is not pathological or to be suppressed

question

business unionism

answer

this has been the philosophy since in the 1950s, you need strong workplace unions, collective bargaining is key, it is acceptance of capitalist institutions, equity through workplace union protection, voice through workplace union protection

question

servicing

answer

the ______ model to pursue job control unionism through industrial unions in this model, equity is achieved through generous wage and benefit packages, seniority based layoff and promotion procedures, restrictions on discipline and discharge for just cause only and due process protections in the grievance procedure voice is achieved through representation at the bargaining table and in the grievance procedure

question

business collective

answer

US labor unions have traditionally embodied the ____ unionism philosophy this says that the key to achieving equity and voice is through _____ bargaining in the workplace, and this is the manner in which unions win wage gains, benefits, grievance procedures, and protective work rules

question

capitalism profits

answer

business unionism accepts the legitimacy of ____ and the need for employers to make a profit, labor's goal is to secure a fair share of these ___ through collective bargaining

question

hold up unionism or jungle unionism

answer

if unrestrained competition, especially in periods of high unemployment, leads to individuals needs for survival, this strategy says to take whatever you need or can by whatever means necessary (Jimmy Hoffa's teamsters 1930's and 1940's, violence and coercion)

question

servicing model

answer

US labor unions traditionally have represented workers by using a _____ _____- the union is like an insurance company, workers pay dues and in return, they are protected against bad times

question

consume for, by

answer

in the servicing model workers do not participate in the union, rather, they _____ union services, especially collectively, bargained contracts and representation in the grievance procedure workers are serviced by union officials problems are solved ___ the workers and not ____ the workers, this is a passive form of employee representation because the only active participants are union officials

question

scientific

answer

in the 20th century, there was _____ management, jobs were divided into specialized tasks there were detailed job classifications, employees have traditionally been adamant about maintaining their managerial prerogatives- discipline, production, scheduling, marketing, pricing, investment and other managerial functions

question

job control unionism

answer

in this form of unionism, unions seek to protect their members from volatile managers, and markets by negotiating detailed, legalistic union contracts that tie employee rights to narrowly defined jobs while removing labor from business decision making

question

union, increases

answer

in job control unionism, a central element is replacing arbitrary management control with ____ negotiated seniority systems for allocating jobs and determining pay and benefits equity and voice are achieved through predictable wage ____ , generous benefits, seniority based layoff and promotion systems, limitations on discipline and discharge for just cause only and grievance systems

question

collective bargaining managerial authority

answer

Labor relations have been characterized by a sharp break between ____ ____ over wages and rights linked to jobs on one hand and _____ _____ over business functions on the other

question

craft unionism

answer

occupational unionism, involves a single union representing only workers in a single occupation or craft, might be suited to the workforce of the future, if workers are increasingly mobile and identify more with an occupation than with the specific company

question

industrial unionism

answer

focuses on an industry rather than a craft, serves to represent workers of all occupations within an industry

question

quality and flexibility

answer

on the business side, management has been fighting the rigidities of job control unionism since the 1980's because of the greater need for ____ and ____ that have risen with increased foreign and nonunion competition

question

business, servicing

answer

a desire to revitalize a weakened labor movement has caused some labor movement supporters to criticize the conservatism of the longstanding ______ union philosophy along with the union member apathy that is created by the passivity of the _____ model

question

scope

answer

of the representation, describes the breathe of the representation activities, whether union activity is concentrated in the workplace or in broader political and social arena

question

workplace, social

answer

a business unionism focus on collective bargaining is a _____ scope of representation, an alternative approach of embracing community and social activism represents a broader ___ scope

question

soul

answer

captures how the representation is pursued or delivered, especially regarding the extent of rank and file participation, the rank and file are passive in the servicing model, alternative strategies seek to instead actively engage the rank and file in union activities

question

organizing model

answer

this approach views unions as institutions of active worker participation, empowerment and mobilization organizing drives to unionize nonunion workers are not led solely by full time staff members, but rely heavily on internal organizers workers themselves who talk about forming a union with their coworkers thereby create more internal organizers

question

active soul

answer

in the organizing model, workers play an ____ part in resolving their own problems, they participate in the attainment of equity and voice and continually serve as internal organizers to create vibrant unions it is an active form of representation and the ____ consists of the rank and file union members

question

servicing organizing

answer

the ___ model sees the relationship between a workers and his or her union as a narrow economic exchange that develops only weak ties between leaders and union members the ______ model sees this as a social exchange with the potential for developing strong social ties not only between leaders and members but also among members

question

employee empowerment unionism

answer

rather than establishing standardized outcomes, such as thing wages to jobs or layoff to seniority, as are typical in job control unionism, this establishes a framework of procedures in which workers are then empowered to determine their own outcomes the provisions include minimum standards and provisions for settling disputes there is skill based pay and union involvement in establishing standards for a team to select new members or a team leader

question

social unionism

answer

the workplace scope of representation common in US labor relations contrasts with the ______ unionism philosophy that is frequently observed in europe

question

social unionism scope social soul

answer

adherents to this philosophy see labor unions as more than workplace mechanisms for winning economic gains, rather, unions are viewed as integral participants in a community's or a country's civic and political activities the ___ of the representation is the broader social and political arena, labor's influence comes from _____ and political power, the pursuit of equity and voice is not limited to negotiating favorable contract language governing the rules of the workplace but extends to border concerns of social justice through society the ____ of social unionism can be union leaders with passive rank and file participation consistent with a servicing model of representative or active union member participation which is consisted with an organization model of representation

question

social movement unionism

answer

embraces labor unions as part of a broader social movement of community, social and political activist groups that relies on active grass roots participation and mobilization

question

organizing, management

answer

rank and file activism can provide the means to increase _____, especially with traditionally overlooked groups and to resist ____ demands or concessions

question

economic

answer

the sociopolitical activism of social movement unions is also frequently rooted in a belief that the employment relationship is characterized by deep sociopolitical class conflict rather than ____ conflicts that can be mediated by workplace focused institutions

question

full, higher, lower, low

answer

union density is significantly higher in ___ rather than part time jobs and is slightly higher among men than women it is ____ in african employees and ____ in hispanics union density is ____ for sale and managerial positions, 15-20% for blue collar and 40% for teachers

question

service south/southwestern northern

answer

____ related industries have low union coverage, regional differences, _____ have the lowest union densities and ____ industrial states have the highest

question

local unions

answer

this type of union may represent many workers from a single workplace, (industrial local), workers in a single occupation from several workplaces (amalgamated local)

question

craft and amalgamated unions

answer

______ and ____ locals usually have elected business agents to administer the contracts that have been negotiated with various employers most also have one or more elected or appointed shop stewards

question

stewards

answer

the primary responsibility is processing grievances that have been filed within their work groups, local, on this are governed by a president and an executive committee who are democratically elected

question

national

answer

nearly all local unions are part of a.....

question

internationals national union authority

answer

Ex. NEA, Teamsters, UCFW, and SEIU, AFSCME some national unions are called _____ because they also have locals in Canada the greatest power of authority usually lies with the _____ ____, these unions oversee the local unions and they often have final approval _____ over local actions

question

members, research, legislators, strike

answer

most national unions are responsible for organizing new _____, providing ___ and training, lobbying _____, providing __ benefits, and supervising the collective bargaining process

question

directly local union specialized local democratic

answer

when bargaining with larger companies, the national union may _____ handle the collective bargaining. With smaller companies, a ____ ____ negotiating company may take the lead, but often with the support and the advice of a national union staff member departments consist of ______ staff in important functional areas, revisions or conferences focus on important industries or occupations divisions or conferences focus on important industries or occupations within a national union and provide the opportunity for coordination and networking within these areas national unions have regional or district offices to secure the ___ unions and are governed through traditional ______ methods

question

constitution GENERAL

answer

each national union has a ____ that spells out the unions bylaws and procedures, overall policy directions and change to the constitution are made through periodic conventions, attended by delegates elected by the union's membership many US unions today would be better described as _____ unions rather than industrial or craft unions

question

membership, individual

answer

there is an increased strength that national unions gain by increasing their _____ and financial base through mergers and deluxe organizing outweighs the potential prelims with being responsible to the increasingly disparate meeds and situations of _____ workers but, mergers do not always go smoothly

question

rival unionism

answer

union competition for members, merger activity redefines inter union competition but decreases organizing activity among general unions and increases competition among unions there is a debate about whether the competition is a waste of precious resources or whether it causes better representation

question

aggressively

answer

the threat of losing workers to rivals could cause union leaders to bargain more _____ and win greater gains, benefits of competition that cause corporations to innovate and strive for better goods and services also apply to labor unions

question

labor federation

answer

association of labor unions that provides support and leadership to the labor market

question

AFLCIO

answer

consists of 57 national unions, 12 million workers, a fraction of the union dues collected by each member union is forwarded to this to fund operations

question

local union

answer

is similar state governments, they have their own elected officials and can pursue their own policies and conduct their own actions, support given to a supervisor authority

question

national union

answer

are like the federal government because they are the ultimate authority

question

labor federation

answer

is like the UN, provides overall leadership and important services but membership is voluntary the AFL CIO does not have the power to compel the workers to comply with its decisions

question

programmatic trade or industrial

answer

as with the national unions, there are specialized departments, called ________ departments, there are divisions for specific industries or occupations, called ______ and ____ departments in a labor federation

question

state/local

answer

AFL CIO has also affiliated state federations and local labor chapters that provide opportunities for the labor movement to cooperate at ______ and _____ levels

question

AFL CIO labor federation

answer

most of the organizing, negotiating and grievance procedures and directed by local and national unions, the _____ main function are political lobbying, research, education and overall coordination and direction

question

ITUC international trade union confederation

answer

AFL CIO is a member of the ____- which is a federal of national labor federations. Similarly, individual unions participate in interdepartmental organizations for their industries

question

AFLCIO

answer

is no longer the sole US labor federation at the national level, frustration with the continued decline of the uS labor movement led to unusually open and perverted calls for a change in the direction and leadership of the AFLCIO in 2004.

question

organizing

answer

shifting the afl-cio's spending from political activities to _____ activities. they also wanted to see the AFL CIO rationalize the structure of the labor movement by consolidating smaller roles and refocusing the diffuse energy of general unions toward specific core jurisdictions

question

change to win

answer

through these calls for change are oversimplified when combined with significant rivalries among various union leaders, they resulted in 7 unions leaving the AFL CIO in 2005 and favoring the ___________ federation

question

solidarity charter

answer

AFL CIO leadership created a _____ ____ program in which the local unions from the change to win federation are allowed to be part of the local and state AFL CIO 2 of the original union re-affiliated with the AFL CIO and 1 remains independent

question

democratic

answer

_____ unions more effectively represent their workers. union democracy can be analyzed along 3 dimensions- procedural, behavioral, and substantive

question

procedural

answer

definition of democracy (Landum Griffith Act) US labor law mandates basic democratic procedures with means, including free speech and election provisions, many national leaders and regularly re-elected, there is greater leader turnover at the local level

question

membership

answer

even if officer turnover was low, the promise of opposition can help leadership response to its ______ the general position recorded on the _____ dimensions is adequate if one accepts the servicing model of unionism

question

organizing union democracy

answer

advocates for the ______ model point to the dismal record along the behavioral dimension of democracy as a major obstacle to creating a vibrant labor movement, especially because of entrenched union bureaucracies and socially conservation union leaders. Managerial pressures for employee involvement in workplace decision making can also undermine ____ _____ by wording employee commitment to the union and lowering participation in union affairs

question

trusteeships

answer

national unions can use _____ to clean up local abuses and in the worst instances corrupt officials can be persecuted under RICO

question

bottom up

answer

conceptually, labor unions are _____-__ organizations that ideally serve the interests of rank and file members, leaders at all levels of labor organizations are therefore elected and embers are entitled to vote, express opinions, etc

question

nonunion

answer

US corporations prefer to be ____

question

union avoidance

answer

to the extent that management works towed remaining non union or becoming non union is already unionized

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union acceptance

answer

to the extent that management accepts the presence of unions or a drive to establish a union

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cost leadership differentiation

answer

emphasizing low cost emphasizing product quality or features

question

cost leadership strategy

answer

is likely presented through an HR strategy, that seeks to minimize labor costs, efficiency stems from low costs and high output, so labor is treated as a commodity or a machine

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Theory X of management

answer

cost leadership strategy is consistent with this a theory in which workers are assumed to dislike work and must therefore be commanded and controlled through threats of punishment, this is the autocratic HR approach

question

differentiation strategy

answer

could be presented through an HR strategy, that develops, records and perhaps even empowers employees to create a loyal and productive work force. Equity and voice are important components of this strategy because fair treatment and protective benefits and individual voice mechanisms such as open door policies can foster loyalty, satisfaction and productivity

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theory y of management

answer

managers motivate employees by establishing conditions of commitment and responsibility

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autocratic approaches

answer

union acceptance strategy in this type of organization would likely adversarial negotiations, in which labor and management negotiates, challenges and threats each other during negotiations strike and grievance activity would also be expected to be higher than average as management fights to keep labor costs ____ and unions react to this aggressiveness

question

union suppression

answer

union busting, harassment, demotion, or firing of union supporters, proactively or reactively shifting production from locations that are unionized or that are trying to unionize plant clearings, outsourcing, bankruptcies, and double breasting an aggressive strategy might include tactics to decertify the union, engage in surface bargaining, and use permanent strike replacements to take the jobs of union supporters

question

union substitution

answer

a union avoidance strategy is this- management adopts polices and practices to keep unions out by making them unnecessary ex. paying above market wages and benefits, providing employment security, giving employees opportunities for training and development and instituting informal grievance procedures authoritarian supervisors are replaced with more respectful coaching methods of supervision and attitude surveys are used to monitor employee satisfaction employees are made to feel like they are part of the organization and have voice create unions who feel like they do not need a union and are loyal and protective this is the goal of welfare capitalism and modern HRM, unitarist view

question

acceptance union

answer

a union _____ attitude in a paternalistic/ strategic organization results in a participatory LR strategy in which the union is enlisted to help the business create high performance work systems ex. employee involvement programs, more terms and other practices are jointly established by reps of management and workers rather than unilaterally imposed by management a _____ has the potential to better articulate the employee concern, and they will undoubtedly will speak more freely when they are not afraid of management reprisal

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labor relations environment

answer

labor and management must content not only with each others sometimes conflicting strategies but also with the pressures, constraints and opportunities of this

question

legal environment common law employment at will doctrine

answer

are all components of this environment: NLRA FLSA CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OSHA FMLA tax laws, bankruptcy codes and deregulation ______ ___- law based on tradition and precedent rather than created by statutes enacted by law makers ____ ____ ____ ____- in the absence of legislative or contractual restrictions, employees can generally be discharged or quit at any time

question

economic tight loose

answer

an environment: labor market, market for employer's product or services, markets for other factors at production, financial markets, and state of the overall economy _____- low levels of unemployment and it is difficult for management to find new labor, use this leverage toward favorable gains with an employer _____- high levels of unemployment and it is simple for management to find new labor, employees may be reluctant of trying to form a union for fear of being fired and unable to find a new job, might be less willing to strike

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derived

answer

labor demand is _____ from employers competitive positions in markets for their goods and services, employers that do not have competitive products and services will force declining market shares and declining market demand globalization, increased nonunion competition and deregulation have placed significant pressures on labor relations in the uS and around the globe

question

financialization

answer

corporations are increasingly focused on financial concerns such as boosting stock, pressures to satisfy walls treat expectations and increase the value of executive stock options there is an increased pursuit of profits through financial transitions rather than through the delivery of valuable goods and services, helps support corporate goals that in turn support strategies toward employee issues, generally

question

concession bargaining

answer

many unions agreed to wage, benefit and work place concessions in order to try to save jobs technology also affects the supply of and demand for new occupations and is an important element of the LR environment (Skill biased US restructuring) it upgrades the skill requirements of technical jobs and resulting greater demand for high skills, biased in favor of skilled work scientific management efforts to reduce complex jobs to simple repetitive tasks

question

sociopolitical environment

answer

environment: employment outcomes can be influence by public ttitudes toward labor unions business and labor can also lobby political leaders for favorable treatment, can make it easily for unions to organize new workplaces some employee groups rely on political lobbying rather than collective bargaining to improve wages and working conditions "associations" not unions, they can grow into full fledged unions that engage in collective bargaining

question

unions

answer

usually large bureaucratic organizations with many members and locations like many corporations

question

labor union

answer

group of people who join together to influence the nature of their employment US labor law protects the members of this group from reprisals so they cannot be fired to force the employer to bargain with them, the employees must organize themselves into this, if they successfully form a legally recognized union, the employer will have a legal obligation to bargain with them

question

management secret ballot

answer

few employees could initiate a strike and then round up support union supports could get workers to sign cards or a petition and present the results to ____ along with a threat of strike if management ignores the request employees could have a ____ ____ election, in which the union and the employer must abide by the decision of the majority. Since the passage of the NLRA in 1935, US public policy has favored the last option

question

secret ballot

answer

most unions are organized through ____ ____ elections, administered by the NLRB , the first major USLR process- the organizing process, is thereby principally shaped by the BLRA and the procedural and legal aspects of the NLRB elections

question

representation elections

answer

answer questions of whom the employees want to represent them

question

certification election

answer

an election to determine whether a union will be certified as the bargaining agent of employees

question

one or a few employees a union a corporation/ employer

answer

there are 3 possible initiators of an organizing drive: 1. 2. 3. (these drives are illegal , section 8a1 ULP under the NLRA)

question

employee

answer

low pay, excessive overtime, harsh supervision, lack of respect and voice, can cause dissatisfied employees to talk with each other about forming a union to crease their collective strength, they might contact a union organizer who workers for an existing union in their work industry or occupation, this is an ________ initiated campaign

question

unions

answer

may try to initiate organizing campaigns by advertising, distributing information and trying to contact employees to show the benefits of unionization

question

strategic campaigns

answer

these campaigns are those in which organizing a particular workplace will enhance a union's ability to effectively represent existing employees

question

organizing campaigns

answer

campaigns that attempt to increase a union's membership by organizing dissatisfied workers who are ripe for unionization but who do not have a strategic fit with an existing membership

question

support

answer

once a union organizing drive has been initiated, the next step in the union organizing time line is building ______ this generally involves meeting interesting employees outside the workplace and distributing information if an organizing drive is to be successful, sooner or later employees myst concretely express their support for having a union represent them you can show support through union authorization cards

question

union authorization cards

answer

preprinted form containing something like "i authorize_____ to represent me for the purposes of collective bargaining, which employees fill out and sign) they demonstrate interest in unionization to the union organizers and the employer and the NLRB some union organizers will not continue to devote their time and resources to a campaign if they cannot collect a certain number of signatures in a certain time period. they show the employer that a majority of employees want union representation both employees and unions violate the NLRA by agreeing to recognize a union that lacks majority support, but if a union gathers signed cards from more than fifty percent of the employees, it can ask the employer to recognize the union as the bargaining agent of the employees

question

voluntary recognition

answer

the employer is agreeable, a neutral part can examine the cards and determine if truly more than 50 percent of the employees signed cards, if so, the employer can recognize the union and is than obligated to bargain with the union, this is called _____ ____, when this occurs the union organizing process is over

question

card check recognition

answer

recognition based on authorization cards, also called a majority sign up procedure

question

voluntarily

answer

unions are pushing for card check recognition procedures, legislative action, employee free choice act, that would require employes to accept card check recognition and through agreements with specific companies, to _______ accept card check recognition employers typically refuse to recognize unions voluntarily

question

recognition strike

answer

pre NLRA era- there was only one option- you step up pressure on the company to force it change its tune employees would launch a _____ ______- a strike to try to control the employer to recognize the union, this is costly in terms of human life, suffering, profits, and economic disruption 1935 passage of the NLRA created a certification procedure in which employees can petition the NLRB for an election to determine if a union has the support of a majority of the employees this tries to make all recognition strikes obsolete by giving employees a safer alternative that does not involve lost wages and the risk of being replaced yale graduate student recognition strikes

question

majority certification

answer

the goal of all elections is to determine the wishes of the ______ of employees ___________- most common, is used in a nonunion location to ascertain if a majority of employs want to become unionized and designate a specific union as their bargaining agent, if so, the NLRB uses the election results to certify this union and usually the ballot is between one specific union and no union but there cold be multiple unions on the ballot. in these cases, runoff elections between the top vote getters might be needed to determine the wishes of the majority

question

raid election

answer

used to determine whether a majority of unionized employees no longer want to be represented by the union. if so, the union is decertified and loses the right to represent and bargain for these employees ______ election- employees can choose between existing union, a challenging or raiding union and no union, usually result from workplace going to union to nonunion wins- 1/2 of certification, lose 2/3 of decertification

question

sufficient interest contract bar

answer

a group of employees or a union must file a petition from within the NLRB, this petition must be supported by a demonstration of sufficient interest from the employees for such and election _____ ______- 30% typical way to demonstrate sufficient interest is to provide signed authorization cards from at least thirty percent of the employees, usually wait til they have 50% authorization cards are valid for 1 year unless there are unusual circumstances, the NLRB will not allow more than 1 election per 12 monte, elections also will not be authorized within 12 months of any union certification a decertification election cannot be held when here is a valid collective bargaining agreement in place of up to 3 years, this is called the _____ _____ doctrine the NLRB finds the occupations and geographic locations included in a certification election

question

appropriate bargaining unit

answer

NLRB shall decide in each case whether in order to assure to employees the fullest freedom in exercising the rights guaranteed by this act, the unit appropriate for the purposes of collective bargaining shall be the employer unit, craft union, or a subdivision thereof ______ ______ _____- the group of occupations and locations relevant to the certification election, employers in these occupations cannot be in the election and will be represented by the union is the union wins the election individuals who are not identified as employees by the NLRA such as supervisors and managers are excluded from the NLRB defined bargaining units, once the supervisory management and other excludes are resolved, the nlrb's determination of the appropriate bargaining unit is generally based on grouping together the hobs that share a commonality of interest.

question

railway labor act

answer

bargaining units are narrow in occupation but broad in geography and include all an employer's locations, under NLRA threats great diversity in some cases,a bargaining unit could consist f only two employers, each side wants the unit defined to maximize their change of election, unions face significantly better in smaller rather than large elections and elections with more homogeneous than heterogenous revenues once the ABU is determined, the petition for a certification election might no longer be support by signed authorization cards from at least 30% of the relevant employees because of changed unit definitions, anti union campaign delays, litigating, that erode the support for the unionization, fewer than 70% of all petition filings result in elections

question

supervisors

answer

has become very important as the skill requirements for many hobs have increases, there is an exclusion of ______ from NLRB determined BUs from protections of the NLRA against reprisal for union activity unions fear that companies are intentionally giving employees just enough responsibility to have them legally seen as supervisors with the express intent of moving them from the BLRA protection and making it harder to unionize

question

supervisor

answer

means any individual having the authority in the interest of the employer, to hire, transfer, suspend, layoff, recall, promote, discharge, assign, discipline other employees or responsibility or effectively to recommend such action, if in connection with the forgoing of the exercise of such authority is not of a routine or name, but requires the use of independent judgement you could excluded more employees from NLRB bargaining units, but splitting workers, unions can be weakened, employees can be weakened and without the NLRA, protection, they can be fired for trying to organize

question

Kentucky River cases

answer

NLRB drafted more definitions to assign, responsibility, direct, and independent judgement

question

re-empowerment of skills and professional employees and construction trade workers act (RESPECT ACT)

answer

would reserve and assign a responsibility direct from the definition of superior and would require the other supervisor functions to be a majority of an individual's jobs in order for him or her to be considered a supervisor

question

lengthen

answer

elections are supervised and monitored by the NLRB officials but they usually take place at the employees worksite each eligible worker can vote using a secret ballot, and the voter turnout is usually around 80% for an election on average half of elections are held within 38 days of petition being filed, 90% held within 56 days changes to a unit definition can drastically ____ the time table and a few elections might not occur until a year or more after a petition is filed

question

unionization frustration utility maximization

answer

typically agreed under are not important predictors of how people vote in representation elections, they are based on perceived costs and benefits of _____ as well as on individual attitudes towards unions ______ model- only dissatisfied workers of those frustrated by a pressure in justice will consider unionizing, this is rooted in dissonance between desired and actual employment conditions _____ _____ model- eocnomic models rational workers will consider unionization if it increases their well being and the benefits outweigh the costs, job dissatification is not required

question

union negative social

answer

in order for those features to translate into a vote for unionization, three additional items are important 1. a worker needs to feel that the ____ will be effective in impacting things in the specific workplace 2. a worker usually must not have ____ views about unions in general 3. the _____ environment of the workplace must be favorable to unionization

question

union instrumentality

answer

the degree to which an individual thinks a union will be instrumental (successful) in improving the workplace workers who do not think that a positive different in their workplace are unlikely to vote for a union even if they are dissatisfied with working conditions, workers fear that a union will bring conflict to the workplace and can be viewed as an important negative dimension of union instrumentality workers belief that their unions lack instrumentality also increase the likelihood that they will vote against the union representation in decertification elections, attitudes towards unions in general, pertains to the broader function of unions these general views might include views of unions as autocratic, discriminatory, corrupt, outdated, bureaucratic, or conflictual. unions need to work hard to overcome anti union attitudes in organizing drives, general positive attitudes can include beliefs that unions improve working conditions, help ensure that workers are treated fairly and lobby for needed protective legislation attitudes can stem from previous experience or a parent or spouse who is a union member there are social aspects of the workplace- social pressure, measure the extent to which an individual thinks his or her coworkers support the union especially respected coworkers unionization is ultimately a social or collective rather than an individual activity, workplace level employee solidarity and social identification are important in determining whether workers will try to contract perceived workplace pressures individually or collectively there is a greater collective social identity of immigrant workers, an alternative explanation for why workers join unions focuses on political and idealogical beliefs but this is more appropriate in europe

question

unions employers

answer

employers and unions typically participate in these campaigns to holster support for their sides, _____ create a social climate in the workplace that supports collective rather than individual action while highlighting reasons why employees should be dissatisfied with their jobs, how the union will be effective in improving their hobs and that unions in general are a positive social force. ________ try to make employees feel satisfied with their jobs, question the effectivness of an need for unionism in improving the workplace, portraying as dues begging or corrupt and emphasize the value of individual rather than collective action

question

8c threats and promises

answer

the key legal standard for NLRB elections is free choice. campaigning by employers and unions is permitted by the NLRA's employers free speech provision section ____- the expressing of any views, argument or opinion or the dissemination thereof whether in written, printed, graphical or visual form, shall not constitute or be evidence of an ULP under the provision of this act, if such expression contains no threat of reprisal or promise of benefit ____ and ____ can interfere with free choice campaign tactics that hamper, restrict, interfere with employee free choice in directing whether to have union representation are prohibited

question

laboratory conditions doctrine

answer

in election proceedings, it is the NLRB's function to provide a laboratory in which an experiment may be conducted under conditions as nearly ideal as possible, to determine the uninhibited desires of the employees, it is orderly to establish these conditions, it is a social duty to determine whether they have been fulfilled, when, in the rare extreme case, the standards dip too low, because of our fault of that of others, the requisite laboratory conditions are not present and the experience must be conducted over again when the nlrb feels that election campaigning or conduct causes employees to vote differently from their true preferences, the election votes will be thrown out and a new election will be conducted

question

firing illegal

answer

8a1/8b1- interfering with or coercing employees 8a2- establishing a company dominated sham union 8a3- discriminating against employees on the basis of union support _____ or otherwise discriminating against union activists because of their union support therefore interferes with employee free choice and is illegal. improving wages, benefits, and working conditions before an election in order to defeat a union is also ____ interference individuals or actions of a third party cannot be ULPs but can negatively impact laboratory conditions

question

can

answer

employer campaign tactics try to influence the four key determinants of individual voting decisions- job dissatisfaction, union instrumentality, general union attitudes, collective social identity they give out pro company anti union information supervisors can/cannot interact with employees individually or in small groups, through letters or emails

question

captive audience meetings

answer

a group meeting held in the workplace during working hours in which employees are forced to listen to managements anti union and pro company presentations legal as long as they are not within 24 hours of the election property and free speech rights of employees versus unfair advantage in communication and pressure there are predictions based on objective facts that some events will likely occur because of forces beyond the employer's control (like competitive forces) are acceptable statements that convey the impression that the events are inevitable or at the discretion of the employer are prohibited threats

question

solicitation

answer

there can be no ____ rules, the employer can use its private property rights to prohibit outside organizations from entering the workplace and interacting with others/workers. as long as these rules are equally enforced for all types of solicitation or outside organizations, union organizers can be denied access to employees in the workplace, except in the extreme circumstances when there is no other access to employees

question

non salts

answer

employees can discuss unionization in the workplace but such conversations can be restricted to ___- working areas or hours _____- paid union organizing try to get hired as regular employees for the purpose of organizing the workers, they are employees under the NLRA but to be protected, they may have a genuine interest in working for the employer discriminatory enforcement of no solicitation rules is objectionable interference with employee rights to organize unions employers can distinguish between various types of email solicitation, allowing anti union email messages but banning pro union messages is discriminatory and thereby prohibited by the NLRA

question

union avoidance consultants

answer

consultants can help managers take advantage of tactics such as captive audience meetings and train supervisors in union avoidance methods aggressively seek to break unions by going to almost any means necessary delay- by challenging the proposed bargaining unit definition in an election petition, an employer can slow down the election time and delay the election date for a couple of months or more, election delays reduce the likelihood of union certification, the employer gets more time to campaign against the union and turnover may result in the lost of union supports perceptions of union instrumentality might be weakened as the union appears helpless to counter the employers legal maneuverings and critical union movement is lost

question

union

answer

_____ campaigning- emphasis on the implicit messages regarding job dissatisfaction and union instrumentality from a behavioral and strategic rather than legal perspective, US unions have not traditional denoted extensive resources to campaign tactics organizing process actors are the practice, unions had to figure out what type of representation philosophy fits best with various types of workers and what type of campaign tactics support these philosophies

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