IB Psychology Paper 3 – Terms
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Credibility
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Determines how believable the researcher's conclusions are. Detailed descriptions of methods, data, participants, etc is important. (Internal validity)
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Transferability
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The extent to which the study's results can be transferred to other situations/studies. (External validity)
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Dependability
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Oversees what might have affected the results and if the same results could be obtained again. (Reliability)
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Confirmability
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Subjectivity is good, but it is important to know how subjectivity played a role in the research process.
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Data triangulation
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Using many different data sets in the analysis of results, e.g. from two faculties at a university.
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Researcher triangulation
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Using many researchers when gathering and analyzing data.
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Methodological triangulation
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Using many different methods to investigate one topic. Quantitative and qualitative methods.
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Theoretical triangulation
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Using several theoretical perspectives to analyze data.
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Personal reflexivity
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The process through which the researcher considers how they have influenced the research process and vice versa.
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Epistemological reflexivity
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The process through which the production of knowledge is considered. How are methods used in order to create new knowledge of a situation?
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Rich Data
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Multiple forms of data from different collection methods. Describes the subjective experience.
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Ethics
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Privacy, Protection of participants, Confidentiality, Consent, Withdrawal, Debrief, Deception
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Random sampling
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Every individual in the target population has an equal chance of being selected as a participant.
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Convenience sampling
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Sampling method where the sample is selected because it is readily available.
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Stratified sampling
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The target population is split into groups of gender, age, socio-economic status, political views, etc. The sample is then selected in order to represent all groups.
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Cluster sampling
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One group of the target population is selected as a sample to represent the whole population.
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Purposive sampling
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Participants are selected based on a specific trait that is important for the study.
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Snowball sampling
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Participants are requested to ask their acquaintances to participate in the study.
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Self-selected sampling.
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Participants voluntarily participate in the study because of, for example, an add in a newspaper.
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Covert observation
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An observation where participants do NOT know that they are being observed.
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Overt observation
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An observation where participants know that they are being observed.
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Participant observation
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An observation where the researcher is part of the observed group.
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Non-participant observation
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Observation where researcher is not part of the observed group
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Naturalistic observation
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When the situation observed is not manipulated by the researchers.
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Controlled observation
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An observation of a situation set up by the researchers.
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Audience effects
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The participants' response to being observed.
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Split page
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Method for recording data in an observation. Includes both what is happening and the researcher's thought at the time of the observation.
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Intrinsic case study
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Case study that focuses on the case being studied.
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Instrumental case study
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Case study that in some way relates to another situation/study/theory.
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Theoretical generalizability
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When the results of a case study are applied to another study or a theory.
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Statistical generalizability
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When the results of a case study are applied to other cases.
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Interview settings
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face-to-face/telephone/email/internet
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Structured interview
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Interview with a set schedule without any flexibility.
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Semi-structured interview
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Interview with set schedule, however, deviation is allowed.
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Unstructured interview
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Interview with no schedule.
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Narrative interview
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Interview that focuses on \"storytelling\". Questions like: \"Tell me about your childhood\".
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Focus Group
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Interview with a group of people. Discussion where everyone gets a say and researcher acts as facilitator.
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Sensitive topics
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Part of interview schedule that needs to be consider as participants might be uncomfortable/unwilling to discuss these parts.
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Descriptive questions
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Questions with short answers that yield large amounts of data.
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Structural questions
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Questions used to start a conversation.
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Contrast questions
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Questions that ask participants to distinguish one concept from another.
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Evaluative questions
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Questions that ask the participant to evaluate something. Includes emotions
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Verbatim
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Word for word transcription of what the participant and interviewer say.
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Postmodern transcription techniques
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Transcription technique that involves more than just what is being said (laughter, smiles, sighs, etc.)
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Interviewer training
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Important process that the interviewer should go through before the interview.
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Inductive Content Analysis
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Method of analyzing data that defines raw themes. Themes are then clustered and explained in a summarizing table.
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Member checking
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Reflective method in which participants are allowed to see the conclusions made by researchers to see if they agree.
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Pre-Considerations
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Ethical considerations, Sampling techniques, Data recording, Transcription, type of interview (+2...may have considered /or/ did consider)
