IB Physics – Topic 3 – Thermal Physics (Core)
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Atom
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The smallest unit of matter
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Element
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A kind of material that is made up of only one type of atom
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Compound
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Materials made from molecules that contain more than one type of atom
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The implications of Avogadro's constant
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A mole of any material contains 6.022*10^23 atoms or molecules
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The three states of matter
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Solid, Liquid, Gas
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The physical properties of Solid in terms of molecular structure & particle motion
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Fixed shape & volume; Molecule held in position by force, vibrate but don't move around
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The physical properties of Liquid in terms of molecular structure & particle motion
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No fixed shape but fixed volume; Force between molecules not so strong so molecules can move around
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The physical properties of Gas in terms of molecular structure & particle motion
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No fixed shaper or volume; No forces between molecules
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Temperature
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The intuitive concept of \"hotness\" or \"coldness\" of a substance
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The relation between the Kelvin & Celcius scales of temperature
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T(K)=t(C)+273
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Thermal Energy
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Energy that is transferred from one body to another as a result of a difference in temperature
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Internal Energy
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The total kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance, plus any potential energy associated with forces between the molecules
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The relationship between Internal Energy & Temperature
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The average kinetic energy of the molecules of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the substance in Kelvin.
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Specific Heat Capacity
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The amount of thermal energy required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of one substance by one Kelvin
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Thermal Capacity
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The product of the Specific Heat Capacity of a substance & its mass
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The formula involving Specific Heat Capacity
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Q=mc*deltaT (Q=Thermal Energy, c=Specfic Heat Capacity)
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How Thermal Equilibrium does occur
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When two bodies are in contact, Thermal Energy will be transferred from the hotter body to the colder one until both bodies have the same temperature. This state is called Thermal Equilibrium
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Specific Latent Heat
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The amount of thermal energy required to change the state of a substance
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Latent Heat
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The product of the Specific Latent Heat of a substance & its mass
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Melting
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The process of changing a substance from Solid to Liquid
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Freezing
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The process of changing a substance from Liquid to Solid
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Evaporation
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The process of changing a substance from Liquid to Gas
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Condensation
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The process of changing a substance from Gas to Liquid
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Pressure
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The normal force to an area per unit area
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The assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas
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A gas consists of a large number of molecules; Molecules move with a range of speeds; The volume of the molecules is negligible compared with the volume of the gas; The collisions of the molecules with each other & the boundaries are elastic; Molecules only exert forces on each other when in contact
