IB Organic Chemistry HL and SL – Flashcards
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When 2 atoms "share" electrons
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Covalent
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The lowest whole # ratio of atoms in a compound
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Empirical Formula
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The actual number of atoms in a compound
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Molecular Formula
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The series of hydrocarbons that follows the formula C(n)H(an+b)
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Homologous Series
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A compound composed entirely of hydrogen and carbon
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Hydrocarbon
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A carbon chain that contain only single bonds
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Alkanes
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Adding carbons to chain
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Catenation
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A molecule with a different structure but the same chemical formula
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Isomer/Structural Isomer
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a hydrocarbon with no branches
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Straight chain carbon
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a carbon chain that has branches
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Branched chain carbon
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When an H on the carbon chain is switched out for a substituent group or functional group
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Substitution reaction
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An unbonded atom that can accept an extra electron to make a bonding pair
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Free Radical
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when the # of free radicals INCREASE
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Initiation
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when the # of free radicals STAY CONSTANT
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Propagation
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when the # of free radicals DECREASE
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Termination
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The process of braking apart one molecule to create two identical atoms or molecules that acts as free radicals
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Homolytic Fission
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when a small event causes many subsequent events to occur
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Chain Reaction
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The series of steps needed to go from reactants to products within an organic reaction
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Reaction Mechanism
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When there are double bonds within the carbon chain
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Alkene
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when all the spots for hydrogen are filled
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Saturated
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When the carbon chain has double bonds preventing all the spots for hydrogen from being filled
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Unsaturated
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When two organic compounds are added together to make a singular compound. Involves increasing the size of the carbon chain
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Addition Reaction
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positively charged species that are attracted to high concentration electron environments
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Electrophiles
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An atom or group of atoms (other than hydrogen) that imparts specific physical and chemical properties of a homologous series of organic compounds.
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Functional Group
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A structural formula shows the connectivity of the atoms in the molecule.
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Structural formula
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The prevention or slowing down of a reaction by atoms or functional groups blocking the access of an attacking molecule or ion
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Steric Hinderance
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Isomerism arising from differences in the shapes of the molecules. Includes geometric and optical isomerism
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Stereo - isomerism
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Hexagonal shape with delocalized bonds. Undergo substitution rather than addition reactions.
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Benzene
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A cation in which the carbon carries most of the + charge. Can be formed during SN1 substitution.
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Carbocation
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An asymmetric carbon atom, i.e. has four different functional groups attached to it.
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Chiral center
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Reaction in which two molecules join together with the loss of a small molecule, typically water.
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Condensation reaction
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Loss of water. Alcohols can be dehydrated when they are refluxed with condensed sulphuric acid. As sulphuric acid is an oxidizing agent able to react with the product, phosphoric acid is frequently used instead
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Dehydration
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Process by which an alcohol and a carboxylic acid are converted into an ester and water, often with acid catalysis.
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Esterification
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Bond breaking in which the more electronegative of the two atoms joined by the bond takes both of the electrons.
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Fission, heterolytic
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Bond breaking in which each atom takes one of the electron in the bond, creating free radicals.
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Fission, homolytic
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Addition of water. Ethanol can be formed from addition of water to ethene.
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Hydration
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Process by which a molecule is broken down by water
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Hydrolysis
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A unimolecular process by which a halogenoalkane undergoes nucleophilic substitution. A two-step mechanism: a rate-determining step in which the bond between the carbocation and the halogen are broken, followed by a step in which the nucleophile is attracted to the carbocation. Faster than SN2, as the formation of the intermediate carbocation is faster than the SN2 route which involves a transition state with relatively high activation energy.
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Mechanism, SN1
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A bimolecular process by which a halogenoalkane undergoes nucleophilic substitution. Mechanism involves formation of a transition state which involves both of the reactants.
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Mechanism, SN2
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Substitution that occurs with a halogenoalkane reacting with a nucleophile. Rate depends on: **nature of halogen atom **nature of halogenoalkane (tertiary > secondary > primary).
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Nucleophilic substitution
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Can rotate the plane of polarization in opposite directions. Enantiomers are optically active
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Optically active
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Forming a polymer by addition of monomers
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Addition polymerisation
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Forming a polymer by substitution reaction between monomers, each having two functional groups
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Condensation polymerisation
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A reaction in which the reactant is added across a C=C bond, converting it to a C-C bond. Addition reactions with water requires an H2SO4 catalyst. Addition reactions with hydrogen use Ni as catalyst.
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Reaction, addition
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A reaction in which one group is substituted for another. Substitution reactions with halogenoalkanes are nucleophilic substitutions.
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Reaction, condensation
