HUSH Unit 1 and 2 – Flashcards
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Grange
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An association formed by farmers in the last 1800s to make life better for farmers by sharing information about crops, prices, and supplies This is significant because it helped build a stronger agricultural community
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13th Amendment
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This amendment freed all slaves without compensation to the slave owners. It legally forbade slavery in the United States. This is historically significant because this freed people of color as a stepping stone to equality in America
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Horizontal Integration
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A type of monopoly where a company buys out all of its competition This is historically significant because this sent a lot of companies into the ground and created huge monopolies that needed to be put to rest
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Vertical integration
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Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution This is historically significant because this was a type of monopoly that had full control over things, and helped build some of the bigger companies and businesses.
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Freedman's Bureau
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1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnished food and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs This is historically significant because it helped former slaves gain jobs and an income to hold more jobs and increase the working force
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15th Amendment
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Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude This is historically significant because this allows a more fair vote across the country and is a step to desegregation in the country
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Compromise of 1877
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Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river This is historically significant because this drew troops out of the south and allowed racism to spring quicker with Jim Crow Laws and disenfranchisement methods
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Homestead Act
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1862 - provided free land in the west as long as the person would settle there and make improvements in five years This is historically significant because this caused more people to move to the west and grow cops or build busninesses
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Alexander Graham Bell
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United States inventor (born in Scotland) of the telephone (1847-1922) This historical significance is we wouldn't have telecommunications or at least as good of them without Alexander Graham Bell and his help
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Social Gospel Movement
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A movement emphasizing the application of Christian principles to social problems This is historically significant because this helped set a base on certain rules and morals that Americans need to abide by
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Pendleton Act
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1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons This is historically significant because it protected workers from being fired for the wrong reasons
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Interstate Commerce Act
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Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to regulate railroad prices -This is historically significant because it regulated railroad prices and helped keep them steady to protect people from increases in price
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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First federal action against monopolies, it was signed into law by Harrison and was extensively used by Theodore Roosevelt for trust-busting. However, it was initially misused against labor unions This is historically significant because it put a stop to monopolies and businesses that obtain too much power.
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Populism
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The political doctrine that supports the rights and powers of the common people in their struggle with the privileged elite This is significant because it helps even the playing field between different classes of people
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Farmer's Alliance
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A Farmers' organization founded in late 1870s; worked for lower railroad freight rates, lower interest rates, and a change in the governments tight money policy This is significant because it helped build a stronger agricultural community as well as the grange helping in that same fight
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Plessy vs Ferguson
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A 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal This is significant because it allowed Jim Crow Laws to establish and rise, as well as segregation to be passed through America
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Election of 1896
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Republican William McKinley defeats Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered by historians to be one of the most dramatic in American history This is significant because it allowed McKinley the presidency to put forth some of his policies that were more advantageous than Bryan's
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William Jennings Bryan
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United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school This is historically significant because he helped take out the gold standard with his "Cross of Gold" speech to better our economy
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Election of 1884
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Republican candidate- Senator James G. Blaine. "Mugwumps" announced that they would bolt the party and support an honest Democrat. Democrat candidate- Grover Cleveland. Cleveland won This is historically significant because Grover Cleveland held in better policies and was the better choice
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Jim Crow Laws
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laws designed to enforce the segregation of blacks from whites This is significant because this caused a movement of separation between races in which we've known not to repeat in our legal future and present since those were abolished
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Reconstruction
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The period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union This is significant because it rebuilt the damages from the Civil War and helped bring up new businesses and start over some on our economy
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Andrew Carnegie
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A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. He is significant because he bettered our steel with new ways to produce it and distribute it
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Labor Unions
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An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions This is significant because unions are a fantastic way to exercise your first amendment rights to be able to fight for what you believe is fair or unfair with protests and correct ways of going about the situations
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Eugene Debs
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Head of the American Railway Union and director of the Pullman strike; he was imprisoned along with his associates for ignoring a federal court injunction to stop striking. While in prison, he read Socialist literature and emerged as a Socialist leader in America. This is significant because he had a hand in the famous Pullman Strike which influenced other groups to strike and fight for what they believed in to better their work environments
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Gold Standard
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A monetary system in which paper money and coins are equal to the value of a certain amount of gold This is significant because this was how our currency was used at one point and was a part of how we use our currency today.
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Open Door Policy
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A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China This is historically significant because this literally opened the door for trade with china where we now get a lot of our imports from
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Boxer Rebellion
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A 1900 Uprising in China aimed at ending foreign influence in the country This is historically significant because the Boxer Rebellion was intended to stop other countries from bossing around china
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Jacob Riis
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A Danish immigrant, he became a reporter who pointed out the terrible conditions of the tenement houses This is historically significant because he brought the problems to light and made people aware of them to better them
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Referendum
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A legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate This is historically significant because this is how are government still works today on certain things
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17th Amendment
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Passed in 1913, this amendment to the Constitution calls for the direct election of senators by the voters instead of their election by state legislatures This is significant because this is the point where America's leader is picked by the people who truly should matter and it is also how we vote today on our leaders
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NAWSA
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National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote This is significant because it was a crucial point in suffrage. Women came together to fight for their rights as citizens and earned that right with the 19th amendment
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New Nationalism
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Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice This is significant because it resembles his Big Stick Policy in order to be the world police. We currently are the world police in some situations today.
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Sussex Pledge
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A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning This is significant because it ensured American's that they were going to be a little safer at least to the German navy
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Committee on Public Information (CPI)
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Organization also known as the Creel Commission which was responsible for rallying American's around the war effort through propaganda This is significant because this caused people to be more for the war and maybe even join the cause
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Espionage and Sedition Acts
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Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against U.S. participation in WWI This is historically significant because it was a direct violation of our first amendment rights which are unconstitutional and wouldn't be passed today (even though it was passed then with the constitution in place)
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Treaty of Versailles
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The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans This is significant because it was holding Germany responsible for the things they have done which needed to happen
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The Steel Strike
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350,000 steel workers left wanting higher pay and shorter hours. Anti-immigrants were used to break the union This is significant because this was a big deal for labor unions and standing up to the demanding steel industry for better working conditions
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Monroe Doctrine
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Declared that the American continents should no longer be open to colonization. This is significant because it prevented Europe from further colonization and helped America and the surrounding areas find some more consistency in who they were under and where they were.
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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1906 - Forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. Still in existence as the FDA. It protected the workers and those consuming the food from getting sick from eating random things that are ground up into the meat that is sold. This is significant because this made our food and medicine safer and cleaner than the unsanitary and unethical ways of producing both things.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War. He made many changes to the way that we manufactured food, traded with other countries, and helping to diffuse the war between Russians and Japanese. This is significant because he pushed for things like the Pure Food and Drug Act and preserved our national parks, and did a lot to break up the war between Russia and Japan
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"The Jungle"
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This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act. This helped the everyday consumers and workers to maintain a healthy and safe lifestyle. This brought the unsanitary conditions to the spotlight and grabbed Roosevelt's attention so much to push for cleaner meat
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Neutrality
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A refusal to take part in a war between other nations A position of not taking sides in a conflict America had chosen to be neutral for most of World War 1 This is significant because because we did our best to keep our country out of the middle of things, and remained neutral until we needed to finally fight back. We minded our own business and who knows what would've occurred if we went to war sooner.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate -This is significant because this kept out a huge chunk of people that would've made overcrowding and the harsh living conditions that cities were already facing
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The Good in Labor Unions
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Bosses cannot take advantage of workers. Workers can stand up for their rights. They helped control working conditions. They helped end child labor. "Benefits" at work are a result of labor unions. The significance of this is that it brought an end to child labor, harsh conditions, and took out businesses taking advantage of their workers
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National Parks
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By the Act of March 1, 1872, Congress established Yellowstone National Park in the Territories of Montana and Wyoming "as a public park or pleasuring-ground for the benefit and enjoyment of the people. Theodore Roosevelt (conservationist) created many more national parks during his presidency. This is significant because this preserved our beautiful scenery of North America for national landmarks like the Grand Canyon or Yellowstone
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Settlement Houses
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Place where immigrants went to live, and received assistance from settlement house workers. Jane Addams, from Chicago, created the HULL HOUSE- the most famous one. Historians are divided on whether immigrants were treated with care, or were judged and discriminated against. This is significant because it gave immigrants a place to get on their feet after arriving to their new country
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Laissez-faire
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Economic doctrine that believes the government should "let alone" private businesses. This is significant because it was a separation of economy and state that needed to happen, to escape from a complete government controlled economy
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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Pact between the US and Japan to end segregation of Asian children in San Francisco public schools. In return, Japan agreed to limit immigration of its citizens to the US .The United States has This is significant because this meant equality among Asian Americans and Americans, and helped regulate our population
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19th Amendment
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Women's suffrage, the right for women to vote for president, passed in 1919. This was significant because women weren't allowed to vote prior to this amendment. This is significant because this allowed women the right to vote which is still allowed today as it should be
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W.E.B. Du Bois
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A black man that challenged Booker T. Washington he wanted social, political, and economic freedom, he was the first African american to graduate from an Ivy League school, theory that the "talented tenth" would lead blacks out of oppression. W. E.B was more about immediate change than he was towards waiting for those who didn't like Black people because they were former enslaved. Booker T. Washington had a softer approach towards enforcing change. This is significant because he fought a little harder for civil rights and equality than Booker T Washington and he helped bring it to light.
