Hummanities Unit 2 – Flashcards
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Ferdinand and Isabella
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Unified kingdoms in Spain. Started Spanish Inquisition (Spain)
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Moors and Jews of Spain
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Conversos. Had to convert to Catholicism
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Spanish Inquisition
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Utilized Catholic officials to question people about their loyalty to the church
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Charles Vll
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Created a proffesional army and decreased the power of the church. (French)
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Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges, 1438
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Pope has less power over the church in France
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Louis Xl- "Spider King"
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Secret intrigues. Made a permanent tax. (French)
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Taille
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french tax
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Burgundy
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Defeated and absorbed by France
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Charles the Bold
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Leader of Burgundy
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Francis l
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The ranaissance was under him. (F)
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War of the Roses (1455-1485)
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Fight between the Lancasters and the Yorks for the throne of England. Lancaster's won
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Richard lll
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Reagent for Edward V. Killed him and took power. Got opposition for it.
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Henry Tudor
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Succesful king. Relied on middle class instead of nobility. (England)
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Bosworth Field, 1485
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Henry Tudor wins victory, becomes king of England and Henry Vlll
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Jadwiga and Jagiello (Poland)
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United Poland and Lithuania. Defeated Tectonic Knights. (Poland)
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Battle of Kulikovo Field, 1380
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Turning Point when Mongol Power began to decline and Russians began getting back power.)
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Ivan lll (the Great)
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Rejected Mongol rule in Russia
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"Gathering of the Russian Lands"
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Inheritance, purchase, conquest, colonization
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Mehmed ll (the Conqueror)
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Expands Constantinople, ended Byzintene Empire. (Ottoman Empire)
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Suleiman l (The Magnificent)
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Reaches height of power of Ottoman Empire
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Battle of Mohacs, 1526
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Hungary was defeated by Suleiman.
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Siege of Vienna, 1529
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Attempt by Suleiman to capture Vienna. Showed the height of the Ottoman Empire.
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Peace of Lodi, 1454
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Ends war between Milan and Venice over Northeast Italy
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Italian Wars, 1494-1527
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Freance invades Italian States. Spain sacks Rome.
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"Golden Bull"
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Fixed important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire
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Reichstag
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Means parliament. Enhanced well as inhibited centralization (HRE)
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Third Rome Theory
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Two Romes have fallen, the third stands fast, a fourth there will not be. Russia
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What was the general trend in state building?
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Greater burreacracies, greater taxes, and standing armies.
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What two areas of Europe resisted unification/consoliation?
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The Italian City States and the Holy Roman Empire
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Started exploration along African Coast. (P)
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Batholomeu Diaz
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Rounded the Cape of Good Hope (P)
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Christopher Columbus
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Tried to find trade route west. Ended up in the Caribbean Islands. (S)
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Amerigo Vespucci
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Gave accurate circumfrance of the world. Proved America was new land.
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Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494
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Split the new world and Afirca into spheres of influence. P got east and S got west
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Vasco da Gama
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Made it to the Indian Ocean by going around Africa. Made a lot of $$$ off of the spice trade with India. (P)
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Ferdinand Magellan
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Circumnavigated the Globe. Showed its impracticality. (S)
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Hernand Cortes
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Conquers the Aztecs. (S)
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Francisco Pizarro
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Conquers the Incas (S)
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Giovanni Verazzano
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Looks for Asian Passage around America. Expores the North American Coast.
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Jacques Cartier
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Discovers the St. Lawrence River
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William Baffin
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Discovers there is no ice-free passage around North America
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Roanoke Island
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First English Colony in America. Doesn't survive.
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The Pilgrims
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English religous refugees come to north America
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Slave Trade
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So much of the local population dies they need to import labor.
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Causes, reasons, and motives behind voyages of discovery?
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God, Gold, and Glory. Spice trade route to far east
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How did the renaissance contribute to stimulate the voyages of discvoery?
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Individuality and the questioning of the world
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What Europeans reached North America first?
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Vikings. 1000AD
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How did the Portuguese and the Spanish differ in their attempts to reach Asia?
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Portuguese tried to go around Africa. The Spainish tried to go west across the ocean.
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Compare and Contrast the time of arrival of the Portuguese, Spaniards, and the norther europeans
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1492- Spainish, Portuguese Soon after, 1520s/30s (Rest of Europe)
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Main impacts of European colonization of the New World.
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Steep population decline due to mainly diseases brought over and some due to violence
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John Wycliffe and Han Hus
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Early Protestors
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Lollards
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Followers of John Wycliffe
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Johannes Gutenburg
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Invented movable type and the printing press
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Chrisitan Humanism
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Inspired reformation thinkers. Especially Martin Luther
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Erasmus
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Published a Greek-Latin New testament. Allowed others to translate it into the native vernacular
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Thomas More
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Oppossed the protestant reformation. Persecuted followers and burned books.
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Printing Press, 1446
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Allowed for ideas to be spread quickly and to a lot of people
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Indulgences
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Give the church money in order to shorten time in purgotory. Shows church's corruption
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Martin Luther
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Thought church was corrupt and started reformation movement.
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95 Theses
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Was Luther's main problems with the sell of indulgences and with the church. Quickly translated and spread
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Diet and Edict of Worms, 1521
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Diet- Meeting of high officials where they made the Edict of worms Edict- Condemed Luther
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"Salvation by Faith"
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Luther's idea that you can not buy faith and can only reach salvation by studying the bible and following God's words.
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Charles V
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Wes preoccupied with his wars to do anything about Lutheranism at first but then banned it but then said do what you want in your land. (HRE)
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Peasants' War, 1525
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Fought based on Luther's ideas against their landlords but Luther was against them and said they needed to be killed
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Imperial Diet at Speyer, 1529
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Condems earlier diet at Speyer and say reformation is banned
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Protestant
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People who protested the Catholic church. Movement started by Luther
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Philip Melanchtoon
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Took over as leader for Lutheran movement after Luther marries and settles down.
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Ausburg Confession, 1530
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Declares the positives of Lutherans and the negatives of the catholic church. Was becausue Charles V told princes to explain why they believed in protestentism
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Schmalkaldic League, 1531
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Military allience of pro-luther princes that created an army in case they needed to go to war with Charles V
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Peace of Augsburg
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Fighting between Catholics and Protestants until peace is found and decided that people do what they want in their land
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"Cuius regio, eius religio"
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He who reigns chooses the religion of the land. Allows protestants to keep on keepin on in the Holy Roman Empire
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Ulrich Zwingli
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Based his beliefs on humanist study. Came it question celibacy and indulgences
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Zurich
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Hotbed of radical prostentism
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John Calvin
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Wrote institute of the CHrisitan Religion. Saw God as stern master. Didn't believe in contrasnstination.
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Geneva
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Major place of Calvinism(presbyterianism)
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"Predestination"
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God has already decided if you are going to heaven but you can ook for signs to see if you are. (hard working, kind, etc)
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Henry Vlll
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Started Anglicanism so he could get a divorce. (Episcopalians)
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Mary Tudor
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made England Catholic again. Disliked by many.
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Elizabeth l
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Made England Anglican again. Good, smart, ruler.
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John Knox
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Made Scotland a Calvanist base.
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Anabaptist
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Based in ealry christianity. Against infant baptism. Said they must be old enough to make up their own minds.
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Men Simons/ Mennonites
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Based in priimitive Christianity. Pacifist. Need free will and free conscious.
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Anti- Trinitarians/ Unitarians
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Didn't believe in the trinity
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What were the main pre-lutheran attempts to reform the Catholic Church
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Jan Hus and John Wycliffe
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How did the developpment of movable type simulate the protestand reformation
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Allowed ideas to spread quickly. Published works in the vernacular.
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How to the structure of the Holy Roman Empire (large number of cities and urban areas) simulate the protestand reformation.
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The magistrates (controled the cites) also tried to control religion and were in favor of protestantism.
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What is "Salvation by faith alone"
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Luther's belief that you don't need priest and bishops just need God's Words
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What did Luther and Zwingli differ on?
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Eucherist
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Calvin's form of Protestism.
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God is harsh and stern. Predestination.
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What was Henery Vlll's intial view of Lutheranism and why did he break with Rome
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At first was fully Catholic but broke with Rome in order to get a divorce. Is creditied with making England a Protestant country.
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What sort of leader did Henry Vlll become in the 1530s and 1540s?
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When he makes his own religion, Anglicanism, he becomes a religous leader too.
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How did Calvinism take root in scotland?
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John Knox spread it there.
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Main religous innovation of the Anabaptist.
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No baptism until you are old enough to decide for yourself
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Main innovation of the Unitarians
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No trinity
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Catholic Reformation
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(From Below) Started in laity and priest trying to reform the Catholic Church.
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Catholic Counter Reformation
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(From Above) Reaction of papacy to protestant reformation, really launched by Pop Paul lll. Started later.
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Religous Orders
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Sub-institutions within the catholic church. Created Monestaries based on saints.
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Ignatius of Jesus (Jesuits)
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Most important religous order. Started a lot of schools, did a lot of missionary work. Expanded across the globe.
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Pope Paul lll
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The pope who started the counter reformation
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Roman Inquistion
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Inquire into the beliefs of all Catholics to root out Protestants. Set a tone of fear for the Catholic Counter Reformation
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Index of Forbidden Books
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List of banned books that goes against the Catholic Religion
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Council of Trent, 1545-1563
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Condensed the essence of the Catholic faith and rejected protestant ideals. Said that they still believed in these values. (Did remove sale of indulgences but not indulgences)
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Difference between Catholic reformation and catholic counter-reformation
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Catholic Ref. started from below and was a grassroots movement. Catholic Counter Ref. started from above, was a tone of fear, and done by papacy.b
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Why did the reform "from above" take so long
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The first two popes during the reform (Adrian Vl and Pope Clement Vll) didn't do much for it.
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Council of trent and its role in the catholic counter reformation?
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Was the beliefs that the church still held so said we are still sticking to these.
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How did catholic religous officals try to create order and discipline in their own communities as a result of the Catholic Reformation and Counter Reformation?
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? Created missionaries and Religious orders?
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Huguenots
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French Protestants
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Valois
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Catholic Family (F) Fought with Bourbons
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Bourbons
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Protestant Family (F) Fught with Valois
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St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre, 1572
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Massacre of protestants in Paris
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Henry lV
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Was well liked and placed political unity over religous conformity. Converted to Catholisim in order to be crowned (F). Increases taxation and beauracracies of France. Makes a work obligation. France prospers under him.
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Politiques
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Political advisors. Counciled about making relgion a private matter. (Not having leaders making a state religion)
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Edict of Nantes, 1598
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Allowed Huguenots to be tolerated after the kings decided relgion should be a private matter. Very important to the peace of France and stabalizes it..
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Philip ll
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Very anti-protestant. (S)
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Moriscos
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Muslims who had to convert to Catholism after Islam was outlawed in Spain.
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William of Orange
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Didn't like Spanish imposed rule in Netherlands. Acted as resistance during the fight of spain against netherlands freedom. Created a province in Spanish Netherland (Holland). was a place of calvinist resistance.
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Spanish Fury (Antwerp)
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Leaderless spanish mercenaries killed a lot of people in 1576 in Antwerp, Netherlands. Lead to all areas of the netherlands going against the Spanish.
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Dutch Republic/ Commonwealth
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People rule themselve through republic of rep. democracies. The type of teritory the netherlands was. Extend broad religious tolerance. Vast number of trade ships.
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Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)
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Restored Catholism in England and was dispised by the people. Married Phillip ll to strengthen Catholism's hold. Died fairly short into reign.
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Elizaberth l
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Comes to power after Mary. Phillip wants to continue control in England and proposes to Elizabeth. She refuses. Started exploration of North America. Converts back to protestantism.
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Thirty-nine Articles, 1563
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Elaboration of the Church of England and Anglicanism. What it was before Bloody Mary converted everything to catholisim. Didn't please calvinist or catholics.
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Mary, Queen of Scots and Execution, 1587
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Converted Scotland to Catholism and Calvinist got upset. Fled to England and got refuge with Elizabeth the first. Elizabeth put her under house arrest basically in order to watch her. Mary kept trying to help Phillip ll to undermine Elizabeth. So Elizabeth killed her.
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Spanish Armada, 1588
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Spain's group of ships. Spain tries to attack england in a sea war. England forces them to chase them up north where many of the Spanish soldiers died. Huge victroy for England.
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What area of Europe saw the most religious conflict during the early stages of the reformation? (1520s-1550s)
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Holy Roman Empire.
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Religous based conflict in (1520s-1550s) spread past its early core to what other countries?
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Spain, France, England.
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What role did Catherine de Medici play in France's religous wars?
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Tried to keep the Valois in power and did this by trying to make consessions to the protestants (allowed them to worship privately in cities and publicly outside of cities)
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Why did Henry lV convert to Catholicism in 1593?
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In order to be crowned the King of France and to bring peace to the land.
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How did Philip ll deal with Moriscos in 1593?
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Made them convert to catholsim/ explelled a lrage number of them (50,000)
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Why did the Netherlands break away from the Spanish Empire in the 1560s-1570s?
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Spain was trying to make them catholic and exert its control and they didn't like that.
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Did all the Netherlands break away from Spain?
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Because of Spain being mean all netherlands left.
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Discuss the character of the Dutch Republic after independence from Spain.
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More of a republic and trade nation
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Describe the relationship between Philip ll of Spain and Elizabeth l of England.
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Bad. She wouldn't marry him. Gave money to his enemies, fought with each other.
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How did Elizabeth l deal with growoing Calvinist influence in England.
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She allowed people to practice their own religion if they payed a fine.
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How did Elizabeth l deal with the Dutch Calvinists?
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She sponsered them against Spain.
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Why did Elizabeth l have Mary, Queen of Scots, beheaded?
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She was working with Phillip ll to undermine Elizabeth. and offered him succesion rights.
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What condition did Philip ll leave Spain in upon his death?
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Spain was in decline
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What condition did Elizabeth l leave England in upon her death?
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England was powerful and wealthy
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How did Europe's religous wars (1560s-1648) transform the place of religion in state affairs in Europe?
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Made relgion a private matter instead of a state affair.
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Thirty Years' War (1618-1648)
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Catholics and Protestants fighting. Ended with Spain fighting France. Worst catasrophe in Europe since the Black plague
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Defenestration of Prague
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Protestant nobility throw Ferdinand's officals out a window. In response to him revoking religous freedoms.
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Ferdinand ll
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Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. Started the 30 years' war. Wanted to make HRE Catholic.
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Battle of White Mountain, 1620
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Under Tilly, Ferdinand's army(Catholic) defeated Frederick V's army (Calvinist)
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Count of Tilly, John Tserdaes
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Leader of a Catholic Army that set the stage for the beginning of the 30 years' War
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Cardinal Richelieu (France)
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Reagent of French king, power behind the french throne. Supports Protestant countries (Denmark and Sweden) in the war against a fello catholic (HRE). Indication that religion was becoming unimportant compared to international diplomacy and statecraft.
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Albrecht von Wallenstein
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Ferdinand's military stratgist. Very good but also power hungry and was willing to switch sides. Ended up being killed by Ferdinand.
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Peace of Lubeck, 1630
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Ended the Dansih phase of the war.
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Edict of Restitution, 1630
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Said Calvinism was illegal and that Luthern land needed to be returned to the Catholic Church.
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Gustavus Adolphus
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King of Sweden. Became the leader of protestant resistance for 30 y's war
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Peace of Prague, 1635
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German Protestants and Ferdinand made a compromise but France and the Netherlands refused to join and continued to support Sweden.
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Louis Xlll
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King of France, listened to Cardinal Richelieu
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Peace of Westphalia, 1648
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Ended the hostilities within the HRE. Rescinded Ferdinand's Edict of Restitution and restated ruler picks religion.
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What were the main causes of the thirty years war?
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HRE was divided into many parts, each are was soverign and could do pretty much what they wanted. The empire was split nearly 50/50 catholic/ protestant.
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WHat were the 4 phases of the thirty years war?
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Bohemian. Danish. Swedish. Swedish-French
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Who were the Habsburgs? Religiously? Politically?
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Powerful family that was the family of the HRE for a long time. They were a Catholic family.
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What was Cardinal Richelieu's role in the thirty year's war?
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Helped the Protestants even though he is Catholic.
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What was Albrecht von Wallenstein's role in the Thirty year's war?
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He was a very good military strategist and won many victories.
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What role did religion really play in statecraft, politics, and diplomacy during the war?
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Played an increasingly less important role than politics.
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How did the Peace of Westphalia impact Europen diplomacy and state building?
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area in HRE have more autonomy
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How did the Peace of Westphalia impact the Holy Roman Empire?
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Finally ended the death and destruction that they had been dealing with for thirty years.
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How did the Peace of Westphalia impact Spain, France, and Sweden?
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Spain is replaced by France as the dominant power. France extends territories. Sweden gets a lot of money and gains territory from the HRE.
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How did the Thirty years' war impact the Holy Roman Empire materially, demographically, and economically?
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Hurt them badly, left many areas destroyed. Killed large portion of population.
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Why did the European economy prosper in the 1550s?
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American lands brought wealth
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What happened to the European economy in the early 1600s?
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Economic life shifts westward.
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How was economic life in Europe affected by the Thirty Years' War?
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Economic life shifts to North Atlantic States
