question

What common technique used to make jewelry employs gold with colorful enamel and semi-precious stones?

answer

cloisonne

question

What aspect of Anglo-Saxon traditions is demonstrated most prominently in Beowulf?

answer

the rigid hierarchical society

question

What distinctive literary feature, common to Old English literature, is used throughout Beowulf?

answer

kennings

question

Early illuminated manuscript pages in England and Ireland are considered syncretic because they

answer

combine pagan and Christian styles

question

Why did Christian missionaries in England create illuminated manuscripts?

answer

to give the spiritual world material splendor

question

What was the primary job of Alcuin of York in Charlemagne's court at Aachen?

answer

to establish a curriculum that would promote literacy

question

Which term describes music that is repeated for each stanza of a poem?

answer

strophic

question

A monastic lifestyle was most commonly afforded to

answer

aristocratic women

question

What caused the feudal system to be cemented in France, the western Carolingian Empire?

answer

the Norman invasions of Northern Europe

question

What does the Domesday Book demonstrate about feudal society in medieval Europe?

answer

the extraordinary inequalities between rich and poor

question

Along the pilgrimage routes, sacred sites housed relics, the bones, clothing, and other possessions of

answer

Christian saints and martyrs

question

What motivated Romanesque architects to use barrel vaults as ceilings for cathedrals?

answer

to protect a building from fire

question

What semicircular space beneath the portal arch of Romanesque cathedrals was filled with sculptural relief?

answer

the tympanum

question

What distinguishes choral music at the Abbey of Cluny from Gregorian chants?

answer

two or more lines of melody

question

How did the Crusades help solve the problems created by the feudal primogeniture system in Europe?

answer

organized disenfranchised members of the aristochracy

question

What encouraged young Christian men to join Crusades?

answer

the promise of adventure and money

question

What was a positive outcome of the Crusades in the Middle Ages?

answer

They stimulated Western trade with the East

question

What is troubadour poetry?

answer

love songs expressing longing, originating in southern France

question

How do poems about courtly love show the remarkable personal freedom of court women of the age?

answer

They showed that women as well as men could freely express love.

question

What was a key factor in the increased popularity of poetry about courtly love in the middle ages?

answer

its use of vernacular language

question

Which element of medieval culture reflects the prominent role of the Virgin Mary in the Middle Ages?

answer

the love of women celebrated in troubadour poetry

question

Why did Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis want to fill the church with large stained-glass windows?

answer

He believed that light was a manifestation of the Divine Spirit.

question

The cult of the Virgin viewed the Virgin Mary in many roes, including as the bride of Christ, as the personification of the church, and as

answer

the Queen of Heaven

question

In Gothic cathedrals, stained glass and portal sculpture served what common purpose?

answer

Both were didactic services

question

Who revised the Magnus Libre Organi?

answer

Perotin

question

Fluency in what language was required for study in universities in Bologna, Paris, and Oxford?

answer

Latin

question

Who was responsible for the text that for centuries served as the primary medical source on women's health issues?

answer

Trotula

question

Where was Christian Europe's first degree-granting university?

answer

Bologna

question

Why did the Church find Peter Abelard's dialectical method of teaching problematic?

answer

It challenged the church's authority

question

Which statement best summarizes the goals of scholasticism?

answer

It employs logic and reason in an effort to explain Christian theology.

question

How was King Louis IX recognized for his leadership of France?

answer

The church beatified him as Saint Louis

question

Al example of a palatine chapel is

answer

Sainte-Chapelle.

question

Based on the text's discussion, what Northern European tendency is suggested by the intricate floral motifs in Gothic stone and woodwork?

answer

attention to naturalistic detail

question

A Book of Hours typically begins with

answer

a calendar illustrated with images showing daily life

question

Radiant style is defined by

answer

flamboyant patterns of repeated traceries

question

What is a guild

answer

an association or group of people with like-minded interests or skills

question

In the thirteenth century, the shift toward greater naturalism in Italian art is demonstrated through an inclusion of individualized figures and an emphasis on the Virgin's humanity, as well as

answer

the concern for spatial volumes

question

The Gothic manifested itself in Italy quite differently than in the rest of Europe. Italy's distinctive characteristics included independence from a king and the Church's reduced authority, as well as

answer

the civic role of merchants

question

Which term best describes Siena's civic approach?

answer

a free commune

question

In Simone Martini's Maesta, what detail contributes to our understanding that the Virgin Mary is interested in both worldly and divine affairs?

answer

her crown

question

The term vernacular refers to language spoken

answer

in the streets

question

What is the origin of the term "Black Death"?

answer

Inflammations caused by the disease were black in color

question

The Roman poet Virgil serves as Dante's guide through the Inferno. What does Virgil symbolize in the poem?

answer

Virgil is the embodiment of Dante's admiration for the original Latin works

question

An Italian or Petrarchan sonnet consists of

answer

fourteen lines divided into two parts

question

Christine de Pizan, author of Book of the City of Ladies, is known as

answer

the first female professional writer in European history

question

Lorenzo Ghiberti's east doors to the Florence Baptistry are called the

answer

Gates of Paradise

question

Why did Leonardo paint the Last Supper in a Dominican refectory?

answer

to encourage the monks to contemplate Christ's last meal

question

What motivated artists such as Filippo Brunelleschi and Donatello to visit Rome in the fifteenth century?

answer

the ruins of the ancient city

question

How did Francesco and Ludovico Sforza's precarious political situation benefit the arts in Milan?

answer

They used the arts to gain popular support

question

Which word relates to the Renaissance concern for the intellectual conception underlying artistic design?

answer

disegno

question

According to Baldassare Castiglione, an ideal courtier must be

answer

fluent in Latin, Greek, French and Spanish and be an accomplished soldier

question

Why did Donatello create such a slight, young figure for his sculpture of David?

answer

to promote the ability of virtue to overcome tyranny

question

What belief made the arts such an important priority for humanists such as Lorenzo de' Medici?

answer

At its highest level, human creativity had the potential to express divine truths.

question

Who was responsible for initiating the massive campaign to rebuild Saint Peter's Basilica and the Vatican?

answer

Pope Julius II

question

How did Donato Bramante's plan for Saint Peter's Basilica symbolize the perfection of God?

answer

It reflected the ideal form of a circle inscribed within a square

question

How does Michelangelo's sculpture, David, challenge Donatello's previous version of David?

answer

It represents a confident David before the battle.

question

How were Raphael's paintings of Virgin and Child different from the Byzantine examples of the past?

answer

They were linearly precise and coloristically rich.

question

Niccolo Machiavelli's political pragmatism is best summarized in which statements?

answer

The end justifies the means

question

What was the symbol of the city of Venice?

answer

a lion

question

During the Renaissance, Venetian architecture retained what characteristics in a demonstration of the city's cultural stability?

answer

Gothic

question

What inspired the name of the Ca'd Oro in Venice?

answer

the gilded arches of the portico

question

How do Titan's paintings differ from Giorgione's paintings?

answer

Titian painted more indirect themes of sensuality

question

How did courtesans, such as Veronica Franco, undermine the superior position of men in Italian society?

answer

by transforming the cliches of courtly love into frank erotic metaphors

question

Laura Cereta's assertion that women, like men, can choose to exercise their free will in pursuit of learning parallels the work of which other writer?

answer

Pico della Mirandola

question

During the Renaissance, what was an Italian wife's primary responsibility?

answer

managing the domestic affairs of the household

question

A three-paneled, hinged painting is called a(n)

answer

triptych

question

Although the meaning is not fully understood, what subject does Hieronymus Bosch seem to most prominently address in the Garden of Earthly Delights?

answer

Adam and Eve and the notion of sin

question

How did the growth of a wealthy merchant class affect the development of art in Northern Europe?

answer

It fostered an economic market for artistic production and trade.

question

What allowed fifteenth-century Northern European artists such as Jan van Eyck to create such detailed textures and visual effects in painting?

answer

oil paint

question

The subject of which of the following works most underscores the Northern European preoccupation with death and alludes to the recurrence of the plague?

answer

Matthias Gruenwald's Isenheim Altarpiece

question

For what offense was Martin Luther excommunicated?

answer

heresy

question

What doctrine posits that God elects people to salvation prior to their birth and those people live self-evidently in a way that pleases God?

answer

predestination

question

What new technology, introduced in the mid-fifteenth century, contributed significantly to the widespread effect of the reformation?

answer

the printing press

question

Which of the following contributed most to London's growth in the sixteenth century?

answer

Henry VIII's Dissolution Act of 1536

question

Which of the following best reflects England's focus on individualism that emerged in the sixteenth century?

answer

the popularity of portraits

question

St. Luke's Relics reside in Venice's cathedral.

answer

False

question

Madalena Casulana was the first professional woman composer to see her own composition in print.

answer

True

question

Venus of Urbino was commissioned to celebrate a marriage.

answer

False

question

What does Masaccio demonstrate with the particular location of the vanishing point in The Tribute Money?

answer

The vanishing point is behind the head of Christ, directing the viewer's gaze to the most important part of the work.

question

In what unique way did Lorenzo Ghiberth give himself credit for the design of the Gates of Paradise?

answer

He included a sculpture of himself among the prophets and biblical figures

question

Why was Florence considered the preeminent Italian city-state of the fifteenth century?

answer

Florence was home to the Medicis, a wealthy and powerful family who supported the city's guilds and artists

question

Which pope returned the papacy to Rome for good in 1420?

answer

Pope Martin V

question

Marinella's defense of women's education parallels Pico della Mirandola's work.

answer

False

question

Pope Julius II appointed Leonardo as the chief architect of a plan to replace St. Peter's Basilica with a new church.

answer

False

question

Francesco Gonzaga is the author of The Prince.

answer

False

question

Tempietto is significant because it embodies Italian humanist architecture due to its Classical influence.

answer

True

question

The Lombards forced the local populations of the Po River delta to flee to the swampy lagoon islands that would later become the city of Venice.

answer

True

question

Why is Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man considered on of the great manifestos of humanism?

answer

He promoted individual free will and the ability to make of themselves what they wish

question

Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper is on a wall

answer

in a monastery refectory

question

Raphael's School of Athens is reminiscent of Classicism because it offers an illusion of Roman architecture, the painting includes figures of Greek gods and ancient philosophers.

answer

True

question

Which of the following artists did the city of Florence commission to create a freestanding statue of the Biblical hero David using a huge cracked block of marble that all other sculptors had abandoned?

answer

Michelangelo

question

Why was Lorenzo de' Medici given the nickname of il Magnifico?

answer

He was a great champion of the city's arts and education.

question

John Knox launched the Protestant Reformation in Germany.

answer

False

question

Who is credited for having the term "Platonic love"?

answer

Marsilio Ficino

question

Indulgences were the primary method Pope Julius II used to finance construction of the new St. Peter's Basilica.

answer

True

question

Who is the author of The Book of the Courier, which recounts conversations and debates among humanists in the Montefeltro court?

answer

Baldassare Castiglione

question

In which of the following industries were the Medici family members heavily involved?

answer

banking

question

Which of the following stories from the Hebrew Bible was assigtopic for the competition to create a new set of doors for the north entrance to the Baptistery at Florence's Duomo?

answer

the Sacrifice of Isaac

question

According to Machiavelli, the princes preoccupation and primary duty is to govern his subjects.

answer

false

question

Franco was the most famous Venetian literary courtesan.

answer

True

question

What was the major commodity in Burges?

answer

paintings

question

The church's response to the reformation was the Counter-Reformation. As part of that movement, the Benedictine's included among its guidelines Rule 13, which addresses obedience to the authority of the Church

answer

false

question

Which of the following is a tryptych?

answer

the Merode Altarpiece

question

What was depicted in the Garden of Earthly Delights?

answer

the Garden of Eden

question

Who created Isenheim Altarpiece

answer

Matthial Grunewald

question

Martin Luther composed "A Mighty Fortress Is Our God."

answer

True

question

Martin Luther translated the Bible in German.

answer

True

question

Martin Luther's argument stated that moral virtue is not measured in good deeds but through faith. How might this contradict the church's views?

answer

The church encouraged works, deeds, and the sale of indulgences (monetary payment for remission of sinful acts).

question

What gave Bruges access to mercantile centers?

answer

its link to the North Sea

question

For which of the following was the Isenheim Altarpiece commissioned?

answer

an abbey's hospital

question

Desiderius Erasmus was one of Luther's teachers.

answer

True

question

Which of the following doctrines did Martin Luther support, in direct conflict with the established Church of Rome?

answer

salvation by faith rather than by works

question

Utopia's society includes "virtues" esteemed by all such as equality, kindness, and humanity.

answer

false

question

Why was the Isenheim Altarpiece installed in its particular position?

answer

It was to let the viewer know he or she was not alone in suffering but Christ also suffered.

question

One penny was the cheapest price for admission into London theaters.

answer

true

question

Ulrich Zwingli was chosen as people's priest of the Zurich's Great Minster Church and led the protestants against the Catholics in Switzerland

answer

True

question

Who created the Garden of Earthly Delights

answer

Hieronymus Bosch

question

Song of Roland resulted from a call by William I of Normandy for a complete survey of England so that he could more accurately determine how much tax he could raise to provide a new army.

answer

false

question

Guido of Arezzo introduced the idea of depicting notes on a staff of lines so that the same note always appears on the same line-resulting in the birth of modern musical notation.

answer

true

question

Odo of Cluny is the author of On the Misery of Human Condition, whose message was adopted as official doctrine of the western Catholic Church.

answer

false

question

What city did Eleanor of Aquitaine and her daughter Marie, countess of Champagne., established as the center of secular culture and literary movement that celebrated the art of courtly love?

answer

Poitiers

question

Viderunt Omnes is a collection of musical works created by many composers-a collection in which the pieces are arranged in cycles to provide music for all the feast days of the Church calendar.

answer

false

question

The code of conduct that guided a knight included courage in battle, loyalty to his lord and peers, and

answer

courtesy verging on reverence toward women

question

In which of the following cities did Robert de Sorbon play a significant role in organizing students?

answer

Paris

question

Who painted the fresco known as the Allegory of Good Government?

answer

Ambrogio Lorenzetti

question

Which of the following was the precursor for the university system?

answer

the madrasa

question

Who is the author of Divine Comedy?

answer

Dante Alighieri

question

Which of the following documents the Norman invasion of England in 1066?

answer

Bayeux Tapestry

question

Which of the following words of Saxon origin can be translated as "camp"?

answer

chester as in Winchester

question

To perpetuate the spread of the Christian gospel, ______ established a unified system of basic education for children

answer

Charlemagne

question

Why would conservative Christians be reluctant to accept Thomas Aquinas' writings on God?

answer

Reason can never know God directly

question

Which of the following is composed of heroic couplets?

answer

The Canterbury Tales

question

Paris was considered the "spiritual center" of the cult of the Virgin during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

answer

false

question

Feudalism, a system in which a person (vassal) pledged loyalty for protection, was a well-established part of the agricultural system of the Middle Ages. How did this system relate to that of earlier hierarchies?

answer

Feudalism was originally modeled after the Roman custom of patronage

question

Whose "Rule" (set of guidelines) was imposed on all monasteries throughout Charlemagne's Frankish kingdom?

answer

Benedict

question

What was the symbolic intent behind the placement of the entrances to Sainte-Chappelle chapel?

answer

The royal family entered on the same level as the dramatic stained glass, which would mirror Louis' own eminence, while others had to enter the chapel on the ground level.

question

Which of the following provides a startling description of Florence during an outbreak of the plague?

answer

the Decameron

question

In a Gothic church, which of the following was traditionally built against an exterior wall to provide support and brace it against strong winds?

answer

flying buttress

question

Who was sent to England to convert the pagan Anglo-Saxon?

answer

Augustine

question

Who composed Lancelot, which centered on the adventures of a knight King Arthur's court?

answer

Chretien de Troyes

question

"Reminder of Wisdom" provides an accurate translation of memento mort

answer

false

question

What is unique about the sculptural figures on Reims Cathedral?

answer

These fully rounded figures show a significant advance in naturalism in sculpture over a short period of time

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