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time line of creatures

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pre australopithecines, austrlopithecines, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Homo sapiens

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Homo habilis found in

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Africa

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Louis Leakey

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discovered first Homo habilis at Olduvai Gorge in East Africa

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Homo erectus found in

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Africa, Asia, Europe

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Compared to australopithecines Homo habilis have:

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bigger brain, smaller chewing complex, body size similar tool use became very important for them and fundamental for survival and finding and processing food

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Homo erectus

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much taller hominid with larger brain, first hominid to leave africa and spread quickly into asia and europe

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Eugéne Dubois in Java (Indonesia)

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first discovered homo erectus

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Nariokotome skeleton

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Homo erectus, East Africa •An 80% complete skeleton •Likely a young male •Would have stood 6 feet tall in adulthood •Cranial capacity over 900 cc

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Ileret

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Homo erectus, East Africa •Footprints discovered at Ileret and dated to 1.5 mya •Provide evidence of fully modern walking.

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Bodo

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Homo erectus, East Africa •Skull •Stone tool marks on the left cheek, eye orbit, and nasal bones •Ritual or cannibalism?

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Java

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Homo erectus first discovered by Eugéne Dubois in Java (Indonesia) •More fossils found at Java date from 1.8-0.3 mya •In Java the date ranges from very early (almost as old as Africa) to relatively late in Java

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Zhoukoudian site

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Homo erectus, Beijing, China •Cave site provided important evidence for Homo erectus development •Occupied for long period (dated to 600,000-400,000 yBP). •(not the earliest in China but good material for study) •Impressive site with bones, teeth, many stone tools, and food remains •Evidence for controlled fire usage •Burned stone tools, plants, charcoal •Some argue that cooking food this increased the energy available to early humans.

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Atapuerca sites

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Earliest hominid in Europe at cave sites at Sierra de Atapuerca northern Spain (several important sites in area)

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Sima del Elefante Site

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Atapuerca, Spain •Earliest evidence of hominid in Western Europe •A Homo erectus related fossil •Partial human mandible and teeth •Animal bones showing cut marks

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Gran Dolina site

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Atapuerca, Spain •Other early evidence of Homo erectus grade of fossils at Atapuerca from Gran Dolina, dated to 800,000 yBP: •Stone tools, animal remains, hominid fossils •Stone-tool cut marks on animal and hominid fossils •Clearly an ancestor to later hominids in Europe

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Tools

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Reliance on tools changed structure of faces and jaws as a result of food processing.

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social structure

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Changes in social structure and dispersal patterns •Increasing reliance on culture for survival

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Patterns of Evolution in Homo erectus

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Homo erectus skull long, low, and wide at base •Skulls have thick bones and large brow ridges •African Homo erectus fossils are the most robust •Earlier forms have smaller brains than later forms •Cranial capacity ranges from 650 cc to 1200 cc. •Skull robusticity declined over time.

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sagittal keel

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a slight ridge of bone found along the midline sagittal suture of the cranium which is typically found on E. Erectus skulls

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Acheulian Complex

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the culture associated with H.erectus including hand axes and other types of stone tools more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools

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handaxe

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the most dominant tool in the acheulian complex characterized y the sharp edge for both cutting and scraping

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occipital bun

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a cranial feature of Neanderthals in which the occipital bone projects substantially fro the skulls posterior

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Mousterian

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the stone tool culture in which neadertals produced tools using the levollois technique

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Middle Paleolithic

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the middle part of the old stone age associated with mousterian tools, which neadertals produced using the levallois technique

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Lavallois

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a distinctive method of stone tool production used during the middle paleolithic, in which the core was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core

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Upper paleolithic

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refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone age associated with early modern Homo sapiens and characterized by finely crafted stone and other types of tools with various functions

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Homo floresiensis

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nicknamed "Hobbit" for its diminutive size, a possible new species of Homo found in Liang Bua Cave on the Indonesian island of Flores

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microcephaly

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a condition in which the cranium is abnormally small and the brain is underdeveloped

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shovel-shaped incisors

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dental trait coolly found among native americans and asians in which the incisors posterior aspect has varying degrees of concavity

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paleoindians

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the earliest hominid inhabitants of the americas; they likely migrated from asia and are associated with the clovis and folsom stone tool cultures in north america and comparable tools in south america

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Clovis

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earliest native american culture of north america; technology known for large fluted bifacial stone projectile points used as spear points for big game hunting

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folsom

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early native american culture of north america technology known for large fluted bifocal projectile points used as spear points of big game hunting

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megafauna

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general term for the large game animals hunted by pre holocene and early holocene humans

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modern humans

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Evolution of modern humans began about 350,000 yBP with emergence of archaic forms. Skull =Round, tall skull with vertical forehead, small brow ridges, and small face and teeth •Reduced skeletal robusticity, •Smaller tooth size •Expansion in brain size •Increasing cultural complexity

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Two main hypotheses to the origin of modern homo sapiens

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1)out of africa 2) multiregional continuity

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Out of africa hypotheses

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Modern Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, and then spread to Asia and Europe, where modern humans replaced the populations there.

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2) Multiregional Continuity

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The shift to modern humans took place regionally and did not involve replacement.

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Neadertals were adapted to different climate

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Cold adaptations -Large nasal aperture (heat the air) -Large infraorbital foramina (blood flow to face)

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Bergmann's Rule

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Cold-adapted animals are large. •Reduced surface area relative to body size (reduce heat loss)

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Allens Rule

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Cold-adapted animals have short limbs. •Reduce surface area through which heat escapes

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Neandertal Hunting

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Butchered animal bones found •Animals processed for food •Chemical evidence indicates importance of meat in diet.

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Neanderthal culture

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started to have own language(ability to speak), buried their dead, and had symbolic art Buried dead •Deliberately positioned •Spoken language •Kebara hyoid •Brain laterality •Symbols •Necklaces •Body pigments

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domestication

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the process of converting wild animals or wild plants into forms that humans can care for and cultivate

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neolithic

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the late pleistocene/early holocene culture, during which humans domesticated plants and animals

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superfoods

answer

cereal grains, such as rice, corn, and wheat that make up a substantial portion of the human populations diet today

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masticatory- functional hypothesis

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the hypothesis that craniofacial shape change during the holocene was related to the consumption of softer foods

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osteorthritis

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degenerative changes of the joints caused by a variety of factors, especially physical activity and mechanical stress

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periosteal reaction

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inflammatory response of a ors outer covering due to bacterial infection or to trauma

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treponematoses

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a group of related diseases (general syphilis, yaws, endemic syphilis) caused by the bacteria treponema which causes pathological changes most often to the cranium and tibiae.

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dental caries

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a decease process that creates demineralized ares in dental tissues, leading to cavities, demoralization is caused by acids produced by bacteria that metabolize carbohydrates in dental plaque

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ameloblasts

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cells that make tooth enamel

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iron deficiency anemia

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a condition in which the blood has insufficient iron may be caused by diet poor iron absorption parasitic infection and severe blood loss

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heme iron

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iron found in red meat fish and poultry that the body absorbs efficiently

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nonheme iron

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iron found in lentils and beans that is less efficiently absorbed by the body than is heme iron

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poroic hyprostosis

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expansion and porosity of cranial bones due to anemia caused by an iron defiant diet parasitic infection or genetic disease

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cribra orbitalis

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porosity in the eye orbits due to anemia caused by an iron deficient diet parasitic infection or genetic disease

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global warming

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warming of earth temperatures, today largely due to the effect of burning of fossil fuels and resulting production of greenhouse gases

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anthropogenic

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refers to any effect caused by humans

question

Homo habilis and Homo erectus belong to the same

answer

genus

question

Homo habilis used which type of tools?

answer

oldowan tools

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Homo habilis compared to the Australopithecines

answer

had a larger brain

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According to the text, the first hominid to migrate out of Africa was

answer

Homo erectus

question

Which physical trait characterized Homo erectus as compared to earlier hominids?

answer

bigger brain and taller structure

question

Eugène Dubois found fossils of Homo erectus in

answer

Java

question

Famous for almost complete Homo erectus skeleton

answer

Nariokotome

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Earliest evidence of Homo erectus outside of Africa in Western Asia in the Republic of Georgia which some people consider "southeast Europe"

answer

Dmanisi

question

The Homo erectus Zhoukoudian site is important because the following was found

answer

evidence of fire

question

The earliest Homo erectus-like hominid in Western Europe

answer

Gran Dolina

question

Where are the Atapuerca sites

answer

Spain

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Homo antecessor was found at

answer

Gran Dolina

question

Homo erectus is associated with ________________ techno

answer

Acheulian

question

According to our text, there are many species of Archaic Homo sapiens

answer

false

question

Early Archaic Homo sapiens evolved from

answer

Homo erectus

question

The first modern Homo sapiens fossils are found in Europe

answer

False ( found in Africa)

question

According to the "Multiregional Continuity" Homo sapiens evolved in Africa first and replaced the populations at other regions

answer

false

question

Which hypothesis explaining origins of modern Homo sapiens involves complete "replacement

answer

out of africa

question

The Kabwe and Bodo sites have fossils of the _____ Homo sapiens in Africa

answer

Early Archaic

question

Kebera, Tabun, and Shandiar are Neandertal sites in Europe

answer

False

question

A characteristic of the Sima de los Huesos fossil is a projecting face

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true

question

Neandertal is a/an _______ Archaic Homo sapiens

answer

Late

question

Neandertal adaptations to a cold climate include both a small nose and a small infraorbital foramina

answer

false ( bigger)

question

. The earliest Neandertals in Europe

answer

Kaprina

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The La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal showed primitive features

answer

true

question

The Mousterian tradition dates to _________ Paleolithic

answer

Middle

question

"Levallois" is an important cave art site in France

answer

False ( is a way to make tools)

question

Areas where Neandertals contributed to the gene pool include Europe and parts of Asia but not Africa.

answer

true

question

. Name of the Middle Paleolithic stone tool tradition associated with Neandertals

answer

Mousterian

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. Neandertal's teeth provide Fossil evidence of the ability to speak

answer

true

question

The Neandertal fossils have only been found in western Europe

answer

false

question

The usual explanation for Neandertal body shape

answer

cold adaption

question

The Magdalenian and solutrean are Middle paleolithic

answer

false (upper paleolithic cultures)

question

First modern homo sapiens evolved in Africa

answer

true

question

Omo , Herto, Klasies Rivr Mouth cave sites are located in

answer

Africa

question

The early modern site of Herto is known for

answer

dating by geological context

question

The Lagar Velho fossil is known for

answer

Neandertal features

question

The cro magnon fossils were found in

answer

France

question

Culture transitions to modern behavior happened first in Africa

answer

true

question

The Katanda site is located in

answer

Africa

question

Modern behaviors include advanced ___ technology for manufacturing stone tools

answer

blade

question

Neandertal DNA is not found in African populations

answer

true

question

Studies of living people's genetic record show more genetic diversity in Africa

answer

true

question

Homo floresiensis was shorter than Homo erectus

answer

true

question

Lake Mungo fossils are oldest hominids of

answer

Australia

question

Beringie refers to a Late Pleistocene land bridge between Africa and North America

answer

False ( bridge between siberia and alaska)

question

Paleoindians were the first inhabitants of North America and are known for hunting now extinct

answer

Megafauna

question

The projectile points of the Clovis and Folsom cultures are described as

answer

fluted

question

The more recent geological time prior when agricultural began

answer

Holocene

question

The neolithic ("new stone age") culture is known for

answer

domestication

question

The shift to agriculture plant domestication occurred only in one area of the world

answer

false

question

The "fertile crescent" is an arch-shaped zone with sites documenting the development of early farming villages and is located in this area _______________

answer

Southwest Asia

question

A decrease in human population is considered a probable caue for the shift to agriculture

answer

false

question

Catal Hoyuk was one of the earliest agricultural villages in Southwest Asia

answer

true

question

Rice and other grains are called

answer

superfoods

question

Agricultural practices decreased human fertility

answer

false

question

The "masticatory-functional" theory states that changes in skull form are a response to decreased demands on the chewing muscles

answer

true

question

Ju/'hoansi have shown that foragers work much more than agriculturalists

answer

false

question

Homo habilis body plan (size) was similar to

answer

Australopithecines

question

The first species of the genus Homo

answer

Homo habilis

question

The body of Homo habilis such as height was ___to that of the australopithecines

answer

similar

question

First to leave Africa (going global)

answer

Homo erectus

question

Homo erectus was discovered by Raymond dart in south africa

answer

false

question

Famous for almost complete hop erectus skeleton

answer

Nariokotome

question

Lleret Bodo are known for first tools

answer

false

question

Dmaisi site is associated with

answer

Homo erectus

question

Zhoukoudian cave provided evidence for Homo erectus

answer

controlled use of fire

question

The Sima del Elefane site at Atapuera is earliest hominid known in _____

answer

West Europe

question

Homo erectus is associated with __ technology

answer

Acheulian

question

African Homo erectus fossils are generally__ compared to other homo erectus

answer

more robust

question

Reliance on tools changed structure of the ___ as a result of food processing

answer

face and jaws

question

Sites like Amund prove that Neandertal had a ___ brain

answer

large

question

The Moustrian tradition is dated to____ Paleolithic

answer

Middle

question

Omo and Klasies river mouth cave are early modern homo sapiens sites of ___

answer

Africa

question

Remains at the Katanda site suggest ___ were an important food source

answer

catfish

question

Neandertal DNA can be found in Europe and Africa

answer

false

question

Studies of living peoples genetic record show more gentic diversity in

answer

Africa

question

Lake Mungo fossils are oldest hominids in ____

answer

Australia

question

The "Hobbit" fossil

answer

Flores (asia)

question

Paleoindians have shovel shaped

answer

incisors

question

The earliest environmental degradation began as a result of the industry revolution

answer

false

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