Human Sexuality Chapters 1, 2, & 3 – Flashcards
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Sex education classes in most secondary schools in the US do not cover the topic of
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Sexual techniques
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The authors of your text define human sexuality as
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the way we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings
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for many researchers today, the term refers to antatomic or biological categories, wheras refers to the social or cultural categories
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sex; gender
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The behavioral, cultural, or psychological traits that are typically associated with one sex are called
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gender
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growing up in East L.A., Jose learned when to hide or show his feelings, how his actions must honor his family, how to court women, and how to "be tough" by holding his alcohol. Jose has learned
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his culture's gender roles for men
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A society with plurastic sexual attitudes and values has an
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wide range of sexual attitudes and values
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a society that embraces a wide range of sexual attitudes and values is called
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pluralistic
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Statements about what is right or wrong, or desirable versus undesirable, are expressions of a persons
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values
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which of the following best describes current values in the US
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given the diversity of american society, no single value system defines all of america
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which of the following could serves as a basis for a leagalistic approach to ethical behavior
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the creed of a religion
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in situational ethics, ethical decision making is guided by
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the genuine love for others
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telling an outright lie, according to situational ethics, might be the moral thing to do if
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you do so out of love and concern for another
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in ethical relativism, it is assumed that
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there is not single, correct moral value
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considering the value systems used to make sexual decisions, a person using situational ethics differs from one using ethical relativism in what main way
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a person using situational thics would argue that some moral decisions can be better than others
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a person who axcribes to cultural realtivism would argue that different cultrues
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may have equally valid different traditions based on their cultural beliefs
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hedonism is a value system in which a person in guided by
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the persuit of pleasure
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which of the following value systems is based on self-denial of material and sexual desires
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asceticism
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utilitarianism is based on the ethical thought
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the greatest good for the greatest number
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which of the following best reflects the beliefs of a utilitarian
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an unhappy marriage should be prolonged to better serve his or her three children
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which of the following groups in least likely to use religion and religious principles to determine thical behavior
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hedonism
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which of the following best reflects the beliefs of someone using a legalist value system
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unhappy marriage should not be ended because of religious traditions
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all of the following are elements of critical thinking except
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relying on feelings and intuitions
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using the principle of skepticism involves
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taking nothing for granted
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the biggest problem with sex surveys in popular magazines such as cosmo is the research issue of
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adequate sampling
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the worship of womens ability to bear children was commonly found in which of the following
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ancient stone are
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phallic worship is signified the penis as a symbol of
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generative power
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phallic worship may have come into being as
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people grew aware of the male role of reproduction
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it is believed that the first human taboo involved
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incestuous sexual behavior
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in western cultures incestuous sexual behavior was generally only permitted among the
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royal families
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the ancient hebrews and Greeks were alike in that they both
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viewed women as property
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in early greek culture, gods and goddesses were seen as
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greedy seekers of sexual variety
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derived from ancient greek, the word pederasty means
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love of boys
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in ancient greece, male-male secual behavior was tolerated as long as it did not
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threaten the insitution of the family
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ancient Greeks believed that all people were
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bisexual
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the ancient greeks viewed women as
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property
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which of the following was a teaching of the early chrisitinas that demonstrates their association of sex with sin
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celibacy was the ideal but marriage was acceptable
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during the early christian era, divorce
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was completly outlawed
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which of the following ideas most influenced early chrisitan views of sexuality
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augustines idea that sexual lust began with the original sin of adam and eve
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according to st augustine, men and women could attain a state of grace only through
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celibacy
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which of the following is true regarding islamic culture
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the family is considered the backbone of society
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islamic tradition holds that muhammad decreed that marriage represented the road to
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virtue
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the majority of islamic sects believe all the following except
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celibacy will attain a state of grace
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which cultural group believes that sexual pleasure is a spititual experience and religious duty
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Hindus in India
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the Kama Sutra is a sexual manual from which religion or culture
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Hindu
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The Kama Sutra is a detailed sex manual that reflected the sexual practices of
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the Hindu culture
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compared to early eastern religions, early chrisitianity
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had a more negative view of sexuality
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early taoist beliefs emphasize the harmony achieved through
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stimulating womens yin energy through orgasm so that the men could absorb more yin energy to complement their yang energy
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during the middle ages, what development in eupopean christendom helped to elevate the status of women
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the cult of the virgin mary
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the protestant refomer, martin luther, believed that
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priest should be allowed to marry and have kids
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the era named for queen victoria, the victorian era, became synonymous with
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sexual repression
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during the victorian era, women were commonly portrayed and believed to be
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uninterested in sex
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in the 19th centruy a diet including, was proposed as a way for men to contorl their sexual appetities
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graham crackers
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The reverend sylvester Graham believed that ejaculation would deplete a man of his vital energies, so men should only have intercourse about
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once a month
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in a published encyclopedia of sexuality, physician havelock Ellis concluded that
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sam-sex sexual orientations were natural variations
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in theroy that the sex drive is our principal motivating force was developed by
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freud
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the research that represents the first attempts to provide broad picture of secual behavior in the US was conducted by
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Alfred Kinsey
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Alfred Kinseys books on the secual behavior of males and females
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were opely citicized as being immoral and obscene
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Alfred Kinsey is recognized for
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making sex research a respectable field of academic study and openly discussed
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The so called sexual revolution in americal sexual attidutdes and practices ususally refers to the
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mid 60's-mid70's
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one event that may be linked to the increased in recreational or casual sexual behavior in the 60's was
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the introduction of the birth control pill
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the secual revolution was part of a social movement characterized by
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social permisssiveness and political liberalism
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which research observed people engaging in secual activity in the lab
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masters and johnson
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the beginning of modern gay activism in the us is usually traced to what event
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the stonewall rebellion on 69
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random genetic changes that are important in evolution are called
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mutations
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which statement best describes the concept of natural selection
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better adapted organisms are more likely to survive and reproduce
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human cells normally contain
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23 pairs of chromosomes
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genes are segments of chromosomes which are composed of
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DNA
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as variations are introduced through genetic changes, mutations
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are subject to natural selection
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considering the concept of "erotic plasticity" research shows that
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women show greater erotic plasticity than men do
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the female of one species of animal eats the male after they mate, in the study of evolution, this behavior
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will persist if it increases the reproductive success
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some evolutionary psychologists contend that
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social behaviors also may have evoloved by ading survival or reproduction
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the cross species perspective on human sexuality focuses on
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looking both for variety in sexual behavior across species and for analogues of behaviors between species
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which of the following correctly summarizes one major finding from the cross species perspective on human sexuality
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the "higher" the species of mammal that is observed, the more likely their sexual behavior will be controlled by learning and experience rather than instinct
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margaret meads research in Samoa laid the groundwork for research
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on challenging gender-role stereotypes
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according to Ford and Beach's survey of 200 preliterate societies, kissing was
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common, but not universal
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based on socialogical research, which of the following is true regarding childhood masturbation
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socities vary from condemning to encouraging childhood masturabation
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based ont he freatured story and honor killing in germany from the text, which of the following statements is Most accruate
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in some muslim subcultures in europe, women still suffer extreme limitations on their feedome and severe punishments
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according to sigmund freuds theory of psychosexual development, children undergo
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5 stages of development
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according to freuds theory, and individuals sexual impulses begin
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at birth
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frued believed children developed erotic feelings toward the parent fo the opposite gender during the
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phallic stage
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all of the following are stages of frueds psychosexual developemnt except
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mental
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the theory which proposes that human behavior represents the outcome of the struggle between inner forces is
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psychoanalysis
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which theorist originated the term "erogenous zones"
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freud
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john watson and bf skinner emphasized the impact of rewards on the learning process, a process they called
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reinforcements
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all of the following are major theories from the psychological perspective on human sexuality except which one
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quantum theory
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in general, femeist theroy
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challenges traditional roles of mean and women, especially the ones that oppress females
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in studying human sexuality, which of the following statments is true
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human sexuality is a complex interaction between biological, sociocultural and psychological factors.
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the empirical approach to studying human sexuality is based on
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research evidence
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critical thinking and the scientific approach are similar in that they
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embrace skepticism
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all of the following are elements of the scientific method except
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performing a web search on a topic
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the hypothesis is a
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percise perdiciton
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Marcelo wonders if people masturbate because they do not have partners available to have sex with. he perdicts that people having frequesnt sex will masturbate less, and that people who have less sex will masturbate more due to their "deprivation." He creates a survey to ask people how frequesntly they currently have sex and how frequently they masturbate. he find the opposite of the his prediction. Marcel's experience is and example of
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using the scintific methods to test a hypothesis and gain info about sexuality
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Which of the following is not a goal of science
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coercion
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in describing his dogs sexual behaviors, frank says his dog is the "stud" fo the lacal neighborhood, describing how his dog regularly visits nearby feamle dogs. Franks explanation shows
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anthropomorphism
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all of the following are examples of deomographic variables except
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the individuals heart condition
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in scientific research, a population is
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a complete group of organisms
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why do researchers choose NOt ot measure and entire population
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it is often impossible to study all of a population
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if you were interested in the sexual behavior of all students enrolled in university human sexuality courses, then students enrolled in univeristy human sexuality courses is the
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target population
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individuals participating in a research study make up a
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sample
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a random sample is one in which
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every memeber of the target population as an equal chance of participating
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when subgroups of a population are represented in a sample in proportion to their numbes in the population, the sample is known as
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stratified random sample
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if randomly selected people refuse to participate in studies
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the representativeness of a sample is likely to be lost
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dr wong is conducting a long-term study of a single individual who has an unusual sexual problem. Dr Wong is using which of th following methods
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Case study
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Case studies often have benn a method for
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reporting new treatments of sexual dysfuctions
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an advantage to using interviews instead of questionnaires is that
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the interviewers can probe answers
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the survey type that allows the interviewer with the most amount of flexibility when asking planned and followed-up question is the
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face to face interview
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in the 1940s pioneered the use of large scale studies of sexual behavior and attitudes
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Kinsey
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How did kinsey and his colleagues obtain their sample
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they contacted organizations of community groups, and attempted to get full participation from the group
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in his studies, kinsey used
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interviews
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because kinseys research participants were grouped from various organizations and communitites, his sample was
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not representivie smple of the general population
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even through kinsey's population was unrepresenativtive of some groups, which of the following statements is generalizable
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there is a positive link between level of education and participation of oral sex
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in what ways id kinsey encourage honesty in his subject
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he assured subjects that their answers were confidential
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If you tried to conduct a survey of sexual behavior, which of the following would encourage you that your participants were answering reliably
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when interviewing spouses separetely, they report very similar behaviors and frequencies of their sexual behaviors
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kinsey checked the reliablity of his data by
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reexamining interviewees after at least 18 months had passed
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in relaiablity studies done 18 months after his original surveys, kinsey found
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consistency in the incidence of sexual behavior reported by his subjects
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all of the following are ways that the national health and social life survey encouraged completion of the questionnaire except
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the sexual aspect of the survey was originally concealed from the participants
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Which of the following surveys probably offerd the most accurate picture of the sexuals practices of the general pop in the US
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The National survey of family growth
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according to the national surveys on family growth, which of the following is true of 15-19 year olds in the us who report engaging in sexual intercourse over the last two decades
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males report highter rates compared to females
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according to the national surveys on family growth, which of the following is true of the gender gap between males and females 15-19 year olds who report engaging in sexual intercourse over the last two decades
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the gap is narrowing
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which of the following statements is ture regarding surveys conducted by magazines such as psychology today, Redbook and Elle
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these surveys use unscientific samples and cannot be genearlized to a population
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a facebook survey of sexual behavior is likely to be flawed due to
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biased sampling
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in survey research, the problem of participants providing responses that they think are acceptable instead of honest responses is called
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social desirability
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the process of gathering information from volunteer respondents about their knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors is called
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survey
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what is the tem used when a researcher encounters a participant who feels pressured to answer a survey or interview question in a certain way
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social desirablitity
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in a sexual survey, a participant brags to the interviewer that he has had twelve different partners in the last year when in actuality, he has had only two. This participant presents a research limitation called
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social desirability
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when a survey respondent does not answer honestly, how are they probably forming responses
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they may hid info that may either fear of be embarassed about, or they may exaggerate to get attention
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in sex research surveys, an unavoidable bias in the people who participate may be
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more permissive attitudes about sex
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in the naturalistic observation method,
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a cientist directly observe the behavior of animals and humans where it happens
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scientist are likely to dow shich of the following in naturalistic observation
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watch the behavior of animals and humans where it happens
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a nauralistic ovservation is also known as a
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field study
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scientist take precaustions to keep nauralistic obeservations
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unobtrusive
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in the ethnographic observation method
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scientist study sexual behaviors and csutoms that occur amond ethnic groups
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which of the following scientists would typically specialize and engage in ethnographic research
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anthropologist
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anthropologist margaret mead reported on the customs of various poeple of new guinea the type of reseach she conducted was
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ethnographic
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antrhopologist margaret mead reported on the customs of various people of New Guinea by examining
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gender roles
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anthropologist margaret mead reported on the customs of various poeple of New Guinea and argued that gender roles
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varied dramatically across all three societies
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when researchers in the past engaged in sexual intercourse at "swinging parties" the researchers claimed to be using what research method
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participant observation
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researchers stdying mate swapping the 1970s represented themselves as swingers seeking sexual relations. these researchers used a method called
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participant observation
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the first researchers to report direct lab observations of couples engaged in sexual activity were
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masters and johnson
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masters and johnsons early work scientifically described
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the human sexual response
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which of the following characterized intital public reactions to masters and hohnson's research
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their studies were denounces as immoral
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masters and johnson found that the human sexual response of males and females was comprised of hom many phases
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four for both males and females
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in sex research, lab observation in limited because
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sexual acts perfromed in a lab may differ from those in private
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in the lab observation method
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scientist bring individuals out of their natural setting and into the lab
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masters and johson believed that to understand the human sexual response, researchers should
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study actual physical responses to sexual stimulation
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which of the following is true regarding masters and hohsnons recruitment of participants for their studies
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some participants where medical students or patients of the researchers
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the insturments in masters andjohnsons study did not allow them to measure
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emotional responses
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a penile strain gauge
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measures a mans erectile response by recording changes in the circumfrence of the penis
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psysiological measurement of sexual arousal in women in measured using a vaginal photoplethysmography
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indicates the level of bood congestion using the amount of light reflected in the vaginal walls
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in general, viagra nad similar erectile dysfuction drughs have been shown
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to work for men but not women
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the strenght and direction of the relationship betweent wo variables is expressed with a statistic called the
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correlation coefficient
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the correlational method can be used for all the following except
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show cause and effect
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if karen is interested int he relationship between using viagra and participating in risky sexual behaviors which research method would she probably use
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correlational research
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correlational research
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describes the relationship between two variables
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if a study shows that there is a positive correlation between frequency of msturbation and fequency of intercourse with partners, then this means that
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people who masturbate tend to have sex with partners more frequently
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a researcher finds that variable A correlates with Variable B. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this result
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all the above are possible`
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a correlation can be used for with the following goals of science
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prediction
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dr pill wants to better predict which young women will likely be at risk of suffering from painful sexual intercourse. which of the follwoing methods would air dr pills prediction
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correlational research
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the best method fo studying cause and effect relationships is the
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experiment
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in an experiment, the variable that is manipulated or controlled byt he researcher is the
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independent variable
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ricardo, a participant in an experiment, was assigned to a group that receives no treatment, he is
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the control group
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boris participated in and experiment and was assigned to the group that received the experimental treatment. he was in the
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experimental group
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the variable an experimenter is intereseted in is systematically changed between or amoung groups while all aother variable are herd constant. the variable of interest is called the
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independant variable
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a researcher wants to sudy the effect of excercise on sexual responsiveness she assigns individuals to two groups. one group participates in structured excercise four times a week. the other group odes not participate in excercies. each week individuals compete a questionnaire regarding sexual responsiveness. what is the dependent variable
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participants sexual response
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an independent variable is a dependent variable is
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the manipulated vairable, the measured result
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THE VARIABLE MANIPULATED BY THE RESEARCHER IN AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY IS THE
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indempendent variable
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an experimenter claims that going to church increases marital happiness. in order to make this claim the experimenter maust have used what type of study
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experimental study
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in a study of the effects of sex education on teenage pregnancy
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the incidence of teenage pregnancy would be the dependant variable
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in an experiment, researchers can be reasonably confident that the treatment brought about the observed results if they use
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random assignment of study participants to treatment groups
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allowing only memebers of your target population who volunteer to participate in the study will likely result in
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self selection bias
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which of the following topics could be tested ethically using the experimental method
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the effects of viagra on male sexual response
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before participating in a sexual research project, a participant reads a document that describes the nature of the study and potential risk and benefits, this is called
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informed consent
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a researcher cannot expose human fetuses to sex hormones to learn whether they cause a participant's sexual orientations because
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the fetusmay be subjected to physical harm
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which best describes what is normally included in infromed consent
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individuals are informed about procedures, risk, and benefits of the study
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Jessica participated in an experiment when it was over, she was provided with an explanation of the experiment's purpose and potential contributions to science this is an example of
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debriefing
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when a researcher intentionally doen not inform participants about the true purpose and methods of a research study,t he reasearcher is using
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deception
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a friend of yours tells you that he is interested in volunteering for a study on human sexuality. he is nervous that he might have to do things that he does not want to do. given the information in the text, which of the following is the most accurate response to your friends concern
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sex researchers will inform you of what is involved in the study and you can choose whether you want to take part after knowing mor efully what is involved in participating
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which of the following is the most important ethical safeguard in human sexuality research
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researchers must protect participants from all types of harm
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another term for the vulva is
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pudendum
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which of the following is the technically correct way to refer to a woman's frontal genitalia
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vulva
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the female structure that consist of fatty tissues that covers the pubic bones in the front of the body is
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mons veneris
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the outermost folds of skin that protect the inner female genitalia are the
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labia majora
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the labia majora
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are large fleshy folds of skin on each side of the vaginal opening
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wich of the following join at the hood of the clitoris
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labia minora
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during sexaul stimulation, the labia minora may
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darken and swell
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the sex organ whose only known function is to provide plesure
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clitoris
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a clear difference between the clitoris and the penis is that the clitoris has
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no known function other than sexual pleasure
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the sheath of skin or hood that covers the clitoral shaft is known as the
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prepuce
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the clitoral shaft consist of erectile tissue that contains two spongy masses called
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corpora cavernosa
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the tissue that partially or fully covers the glans of the clitoris is the
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clitoral hood or prepuce
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the clitoris responds to sexual stimulation by
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engorging with blood
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a rite of initiation into womanhood in many islamic cultures consist of
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removal of the clitoris
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women pass urine from
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the urethral opening above the vaginal opening
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urine passes from the females body through the
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urethral opening
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cystitis is
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bladder inflammation
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a good friend of yours tells you she is experiencing pain during urination, frequent urnination, and a mild fever. she is likely to have
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a urinary tract infection
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proponenets of the practice claim that removal of the clitoris is an attempt to
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ensure chastity
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all of the following statements regarding the clitoridectomies are true, except
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the labia minora and majora are removed always
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which of the following is not a medical complication due to the clitoridectomy
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headaches
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the female circumcision that involves complete removal of the clitoris along with the labia minora and inner layes of labia majora is called
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excision
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in order to prevent cystitis, it is recommended that women
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urinate after intercourse
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the vaginal opening is called the
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introitus
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the ring of tissue that partially or fully covers the vaginal opening is the
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hymen
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the hymen or maidenhead is
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a fold of tissue across the vaginal opening
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a common myth about the female hymen is that
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the hymen will always break and bleed during first intercourse
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under what condition might it be necessary for a woman to have her hymen surgically incised
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an imperformate hymen
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when a hymen is almost completely, or completely, closed it is called
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imperforate hymen
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wihich of the following statements is true base on cross species comparisons of female sexual structures
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the hymen is not present in other primates and has no known function
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the skin and tissue between the baginal opening and the anus is called the
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perineum
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the vagina is
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able to expand in length and width during sexual arousal
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douching and vaginal sprays
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can irriate the vagina
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the lower end of the uterus that connects it to the vagina is the
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cervix
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all of the following are true of the cervix, except
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it expands in length during sexual arousal
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the primary cause of cervical cancer
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HPv
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cervical cancer is more common among women who
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are infected with human p v
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regarding her cervix, a woman
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can feel her cervix by insertin her finger to the back of her vagina
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which of the following is true of HPV
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a vaccine is available to make women immune to HPv
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death from cervical cancer is relatively uncommon in the us due to
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screening programs
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in a pap test what type of cells are examined for abnormalities
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cerviacal cells
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all of the following are true of the uterus, except
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the uterus shrinks back to it original size after pregnancy
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a womans womb is technically called
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uterus
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which of the following is not a layer of the uterus
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hysometrium
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the uppermost part of the uterus
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fundus
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fertilization of the ova usually occurs in the
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fallopian tubes
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fallopian tubes
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connect the uterus and extends to , but does not connect with an ovary
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what percent are ectopic
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2%
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an ectopic pregnancy is defined as a pregnancy where a fertilized ovum attaches and establishes a placental relationship
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outside the utuerus
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most often, and ectopic pregnancy occurs in the
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fallopian tube
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all of the following are true of the ovaries, except
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the ovaries are connected to the fallopian tubes
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which of the statements is true regarding the ova
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a woman is born with all the ova she will ever have
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of a womans two million immature ova present at birth, about how many will be released for possible fertiliazation during her reporductive years
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400
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women most at risk for ovarian cancer are those who
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who have a blood relative who had the disease
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a complete hysterectomy involoves the removal of
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the uterus, cervix, fallopian tubes, and ovaries
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a partial hysterectomy
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does not involve removing the ovaries and fallopian tubes
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what is true regarding hysterectomy
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many gynecologist believe that hysterectomies may be performed too often
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if a female has not become sexually acitve, when it it recommended that she first have a pelvic exame
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by the time she reaches her late teen
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the bimanual vagianl exam is a technique use do
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examine the size and shape of internal sex organs
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the breast are
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secondary sex charactherstics
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the size of a womans breast is related to
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the amount of fatty tissue
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the dark ring surrounding the nipple is
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the areola
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most case of breast cancer are being detected because of
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the increased use of mammography
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in order to help mazimize the detection of breast cancer, the american cancer society continues to recommend,
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?
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is not true regarding the risk or development of breast cancer
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abortion increeases a womans risk of breast cancer
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menstruation is the cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of
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endometrium
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the latin term mensis means
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month
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the corpus luteum
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the name for a follicle that secretes hormones after releasing an ovum
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as a result of the menstrual cycle, a womans body creates
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optimal conditions inside the uterus for conception and pregnancy
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a follicle that releases an ovum and then functions as an endocrine gland is called
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corpus luteum
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the term corpus luteum refers to
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the follicle that releases and ovum
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a young womans first menstrual period is called
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menarche
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what is a female goand
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an ovary
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not ture regarding female or male gonads
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they secrete sex hormone indirectly into the blood stream
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the brain structures most directly involved in the menstrual cycle are the
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hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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the pituitary gland releases what
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oxytocin, prolactin, lH and FSH
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the two pituitary hormones that produce gonadotropins which stimulate the ovaries are the
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fsh and Lh
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which pitutitary homone stimulates milk production
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prolactin
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which pituaitary homrome stimulates contractions
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oxytocin
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what is the pituatiry called
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mastergland
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the first phase of the menstrual cycle is
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proliferative phase
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the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle is also known as the
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follicular phase
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the menstrual phase that is associated with the initital thinkening of the uterus and a thin cervical mucus is the
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proliferative phase
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during the proliferative phase of the menstural cycle
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estrogen increases, ova ripes, and threre is a proliferation of endometrial tissue
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fsh and lh are released by which gladn
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pituitary gland
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2nd phase of the menstrual cycle
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ovulatory phase
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what hormonal event triggers ovulation
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surge of LH
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the menstural phase that is associated with graafian follicle rupturing is
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ovulatory phase
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a brief lowering and then increasing of a woman's basal body temp occurs during which phase of the cycle
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ovulatory phase
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during the ovulatory phase
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estrogen reaches peak levels and an ovum is released
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during the secretory phase of the cycle
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large amounts of progesterone and estrogen and produced
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the last phase is the
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menstrual phase
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list the phases in order
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prolifeatory, ovulatory, secretory and menstrual
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what does the woman shed during menstruation
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ceslls from the endometrial lining
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the menstrual flow does not contain
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hormones
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most women lose about
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2-3 ounces of blood
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toxic shock is cause by
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bacteria
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in many cultures, women who are menstruating are viewed as
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unclean or contaminated
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the term that refers to the beginning of menopause
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perimenopause
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the perimenopausal sensations like hot flashes and night sweats are cause by
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a deficit of estrogen
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long term estorgen deficiency had been linked to
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osteoporosis
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which of the following may be a risk of using HRT
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increased risk of breast cancer
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the most common type of menstrual problem is
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dysmenorrhea
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the swelling of breast is a premenstural discomfort calls
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mastalgia
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which of the following medical term for the absence of mensturation in a woman who has not mesturated at all by 16 or 17
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primary amenorrhea
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what is the term for a woman with out periods who had regualr periods in the past
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secondary amenorrhea