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whether one is biologically female or male based on genetics and anatomy

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sex

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ones chromosomal and hormonal sex characteristics such as whether the chromosomes are XX or XY

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genetic sex

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physical sex such as gonads, and anatomy.

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anatomical sex

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gender given by others at birth

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assigned gender

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the gender an individual believes they are

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gender identity

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attitudes, behaviors, rights, and responsibilities that particular cultural groups associate with each sex

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gender roles

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rigidly held oversimplified and overgeneralized belief about how each gender should behave

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gender-role stereotype

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the belief's a person has about him/herself and others regarding appropriate male and female personality traits and activities

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gender-role attitude

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the actual activities or behaviors a person engages in as female or male

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gender-role behavior

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what gender is perceived by other based off of bodily habits or personality

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gender presentation

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biological component= genetic and anatomical sex. Psychosocial component= assigned gender and gender identity

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sex and gender identity

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discrimination against people based on their sex rather than their individual merits. Often associated with gender stereotypes and may prevent an individual from expressing their full range of emotions.

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sexism

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In western culture, males and females are viewed as opposites (males= instrumentality- task oriented, females= expressiveness- emotion oriented)

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masculinity and femininity: opposites or similar?

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-If a man is gay, he cannot be masculine and if a women is a lesbian she cannot be feminine -If a man is gay, he must have some feminine characteristics and if a women is a lesbian, she must have some masculine characteristics

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Certain beliefs about homosexuality

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developed to explore the role of gender in society. A society may be best understood by how it is organized according to gender focuses on: 1-How gender is created in what it's purposes are 2-How specific traits, behaviors, and roles are defined as male or female and how they create advantages for male and disadvantages for females. The basis of gender inequality may lie in the belief that men and women are "opposite" sexes

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Gender theory

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derived from behavior psychology. Behaviorists help to explain our actions and behaviors by emphasizing observable events and consequences over feelings and drives. We learn attitudes and behaviors as a result of social interactions with others (social learning)

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cognitive social learning theory

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focuses on children's active interpretation of the messages they receive from the environment. Differs from social learning because emphasizes that children learn differently than adults.

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cognitive development theory

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views gender as a set of practices and performances that occur through language and a political system. Acknowledges that language mediates how gender will be expressed.

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social construction theory

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identify sexuality as a system that cannot be understood as gender neutral or by actions of heterosexual males and females

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Queer theories

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different standards of behavior and permissiveness based on gender.

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Sexual double standards

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•Manipulation- treating a daughter gently versus a son roughly. •Channeling- encouraged to play with certain toys based on their sex •Verbal appellation- parents use different words with boys and girls to describe the same behavior •Activity exposure- boys are discouraged from the activities of imitating mother, versus girls are encouraged to do so. •Fathers act to enforce gender appropriate roles more than mothers. •African Americans'- have more fluid gender roles. Socialize their daughters to be more independent than white families do

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Parents as socializing agents and their processes

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schools reinforced the idea that women are concerned with children whereas men are not. Teachers tend to encourage males to be better in math and science and girls to be better in language skills.

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Teachers and socializing agents

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provide standards for gender-role behavior in several ways •Provide information about gender- role norms through play activities and toys •Influence the adoption of gender role norms through verbal approval or disapproval "that's for boys" •Perceptions of friends gender- role attitudes behaviors and beliefs encourage children to adopt similar ones

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Peers and socializing agents

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treat objects and behaviors as if they are male or female (organizing the world by gender)

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gender schemas

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typically traits include aggressiveness, emotional toughness, feelings of superiority and decisiveness • Men who are part of an ethnic group are expected to conform to both gender- role normal and ethnic norms.

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Traditional male gender roles

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script acts rules and expectations associated with a specific group. Male sexual scripts include the following: • Men should not have certain feelings, performance is the things that counts, the man is in charge, a man always wants sex and is ready for it, all physical contact leads to sex, sex= intercourse, sexual intercourse leads to orgasm

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Male sexual scripts

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females are expected to put the family first (African American men are typically more supportive of egalitarian gender roles for men and woman than Whites or Latinos) • Marianismo- being faithful and subordinate to husbands and maintaining family relations and culture- Latino culture

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Traditional female gender role

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focuses on feelings over sex •Sex is good and bad (meaning sex is good with commitment but bad when it's promiscuous), it's not ok to touch themselves, sex is for men, men should know what women want, women shouldn't talk about sex, women should look like models, women are nurturers, there is only one right way to achieve orgasm (only through sex with a male)

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Female sexual scripts

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with changing gender roles, sexual scripts change for both genders (but especially for females): sexual expression is positive, sexual activities involve a mutual exchange of pleasure, sexuality is equal- both partners are equally responsible, wide variety of types of sexual expression, sexual activities may be initiated by either partner, both partners can experience orgasm, sex is acceptable within a relationship context

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Contemporary sexual scripts

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atypical chromosomal and hormone conditions a person is born with anatomy different than standard male/ female anatomy. Ambiguous genitalia occurs in 1:2000 births

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Intersexed

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fewer or more X's and Y's than typical

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Chromosomal anomalies

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1:2000, appear female externally but have no ovaries. Body does not gain mature look or height. Hormonal therapy is many times used to produce adolescent changes, but many times they will still be infertile

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Turner syndrome

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one or more extra X chromosome- they are males. They may never know they have it but they could have some female traits such as gynecomastia. XXY boys tend to have mental impairments

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Klinefelter syndrome

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passed through X chromosomes. Male is born with XY and testes develop, but estrogen influence prevails. At puberty it shows up because the male starts to develop hips, breasts, but does not grow pubic hair or menstruate

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Androgen-insensitivity syndrome

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genetic female XX develops externally as a male because of a malfunctioning adrenal gland where it produces androgen instead of androgen inhibiting cortisone. At birth appears to have a penis and an empty scrotum

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Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

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DHT is required for the normal development of external male genitals. Children have internal male organs but female-like external such as a clitoris-like penis, and a closed vaginal cavity. They tend to "grow into" men. Shows children are not just influenced by social factors because would probably stay female in that case.

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DHT deficiency

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opening of the penis, rather than being at the tip is located somewhere on the underside, glans or shaft. Many techniques can be used to repair

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Hypospadias

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gender identity and anatomy are not the same.. often feel they have been given the body of the wrong sex. Many times will seek surgery to bring their genitals in line with their identity.

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Transsexuality

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describes someone who lives fulltime in a gender role different from the gender role presumed by society to match the person's genetic sex. No burning desire to alter his or her genitals to live in society

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Transgenderist

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