Human Physiology Study Guide – Flashcards
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What are the 4 organic macromolecules and what are their monomers/ building blocks?(chapter 2)
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carbohydrates: made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. 1:2:1 ratio. Important 5 carbon sugars are Ribose and Deoxyribose. Important 6 carbon sugars are gluclose and fructose. (gross) Lipids: substance that are insoluble in water. ex: fats, phospholipids, steroids, prostaglandins. consist of glycerol and fatty acids. glycerols- 3 carbon chain bonded to hydrogen and hydroxyl group. Proteins: composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen covalently bonded. 20 amino acids are its building blocks. each has carboxyl group, amine group, hydrogen, R atom. Nucleic Acids: deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) is genetic material of cells in the nucleas. Ribonucleic acid is structurally related to DNA. basic structure of both is the nucleotide.
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what is the function of the lysosomes?
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lysosomes: small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the breakdown of cellular components. 1. Act in conjunction with stored food vacuoles. 2. Act in the maintenance and repair of cellular components. 3. Act as suicide agents in old and weakened cells.
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what is the function of ribosomes?
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tiny granules disrtibuted throughout the cytoplasm, they're attached to rough or granular ER. sites of protein synthesis
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what is the function of the nucleas?
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control center of the cell; fluid containing structure separated from cytoplasm by nuclear membrane
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what is the function of nucleolous?
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composed primarily of DNA, RNA, and proteins
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what is the function of chloroplasts?
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cause plants to look green.
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what is the function of the mitochondria?
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the folds of the inner membrane in the cristae is where cellular respiration occurs, where food is converted into a usuable form of chemical energy
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what is the function of the cell membrane?
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protects the cell; lets things in and out
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correctly trace the path of a protein in the cell including transcription and translation and what happens afterward
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since proteins are made in ribosomes, they must be taken from the DNA molecule in the nucleas. mRNA copies code from DNA molecule in the nucleas. this is called transcription and is assisted from the enzyme RNA Polymerase. mRNA leaves through nucleas pore, goes into cytoplasm to a ribosome or group of ribosomes. the ribosome will assist in assemblage of protein, but now it needs amino acids. tRNA will go into the cytoplasm and collect the amino acids. each will be coded to an amino acid, and the process of translation will take place. then the ribosomes will put amino acids together and form a polypeptide chain.
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what is the correct sequence of the processes of cellular respiration?
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Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
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what are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
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C6H12O6 + O2 are the reactants. CO2+H2O+36-38 ATP are the products.
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krebs cycle starts with what and yields what?
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it starts with acetyl CoA and it yields CO2, 2 ATP, and most importantly NADH and FADH
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what is the energy from electrons in the electron transport chain used to produce?
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it is used to produce CoFactor NADH2, then which produces ATP in the Electron Transport Chain
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what is homeostasis?
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homeostasis is the maintenance of (with narrowing limits) of the internal enviroment of the body
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in which cavity are the kidneys, stomach, liver, heart, and lungs located?
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it is within the ventral cavity, but more specifically the abdominopelvic cavity
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which cavity contains the nervous system?
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the nervous system is within the dorsal cavity and the spinal cavity
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define the following terms: lateral, proximal, ventral, anterior, posterior, inferior, dorsal, superior, median plane, transverse plane, frontal plane, and sagittal plane.
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lateral: away from midline, proximal: nearest point of attachment, ventral: belly/front side, anterior: towards belly/front side, posterior: towards back/tail side, inferior: the bottom(toes), dorsal: back side or back, superior: the top(head), median plane: divides the body into two equal halves, transverse: divides body into superior/ inferior, frontal: divides body into anterior/posterior, sagittal: divides body just into two halves.
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in what specific cavity is the heart located?
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the percardial cavity
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name the 4 types of tissues and give examples of each. where can each be found in the body? what are the main functions of each?
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epithelial tissue: classified as squamous, cuboidal, or columnar. 4 main functions are: protection, absorption, secretion, and execretion. it can be found in the skin or underlying tissues of the skin. connective tissue: it allows for movement and provides support. has tons of intercellular material. loose connective tissue has areolar, adipose, reticular and it surrrounds the brain/ spinal cord. dense connective tissue has tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses that covers muscle. muscle tissue: the ability to shorten and contract. 3 types of muscle tissue are smooth, striated, and cardiac. these cause movement by pulling on the bones. nervous tissue: neurons is the main unit of the nervous tissue. it makes up the brain, spinal cord, and other nerves of the body.
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what is the basement membrane?
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its the anchor for epithelial cells to each other and to underlying tissue.
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what are the 3 basic shapes of epithelial cells? describe how they can be arranged.
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Squamous: one cell layer thick. Stratified: several cell layers thick Pseudostratified: fake several layers thick, its actually only one Transitional: several cell layers thick and is stretchy.
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what is the function of the adipose tissue?
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they are cells filled with fat used to for storage. it is stored around organs and it supports blood vessels.
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what are examples of dense connective tissue?
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examples are tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses with regular arrangement, with irregular arrangement examples are muscle sheaths, dermis of skin, and coverings of body tubules.
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what determines the various shades of skin color?
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each race has the same number of melanocytes, but each melanocytes in each race produce a different number of melanin that determines color.
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what is a subaceous gland and what does it produce? what is the secretions function?
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sebaceous glands develop along walls of hair follicles and produce sebum. sebum is responsible for lubricating the surface of the skin, giving glossy appearance
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what are the layers of the skin? what are the layers of the epidermis?
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the epidermis and dermis are layers of the skin. the layers of epidermis are stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosm, stratum spinosm, and stratum germinativum.
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what vitamin is the skin actively involved in producing?
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Vitamin D
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what are the 4 functions of the integumentary system?
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four functions are: sensation, protection, secretion, and thermoregulation
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what makes up the integumentary system?
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its made up of skin, and its appendages like the hair.
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compare the structures found in the epidermis with the structurewa found in the dermis.
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the epidermis undergoes keratinization and all the layers of the epidermis are full of dead skin cells. the dermis is also referred to as true skin because it has dense connective tissue with tough collageneous fibers. hair follicles and sebaceous glands are in thr dermis.
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what are ligaments? what are tendons?
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ligaments are tough connective tissue structures that connect bones to bone. tendons are similar but attach muscle to bone.
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what is the membrane called that covers a bone?
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the periosteum is the membrane that covers bone.
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what is hematopoeisis?
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its the manufacturing of red blood cells in bones
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what are osteoclasts? osteocytes? osteoblasts? what is the function of those 3 cells?
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osteoclasts: present in all cavities of bone, responsible for reabsorption of bone. osteoblasts: spindle shaped cells that develop from undifferientiated bone cells. osteocytes: bone cells. all three have the function of bone development
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define ossification
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its the formation of bone from osteoblasts. 2 types: intramembranous ossification, and endochondrial ossification
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what is a long bone? a short bone? a flat bone?
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long bone: bones whose length exceeds their width. short bone: lack a long axis; somewhat irregular shape flat bone: thin bones found whenever there's need for extensive muscle attachment or protection for soft or vital parts of the body.
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what is yellow bone marrow and where do you find it? what is red bone marrow and what is its function?
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yellow bone marrow is the connective tissue consisting of fat cells. it is found in the shafts of long bones. red bone marrow is supplied with blood and consists of red blood cells and their precursors. its within the many spaces of cancellous bone.
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what are the functions of the human skeleton and bones?
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the function of the human skeleton is to support the body, and the function of bones is to manufacture red blood cells and storage of fall cells.
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what are the haversian canals and where do you find them?
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the haversian canals are used for an effective metabolism and it is found in the compact bone
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what is the main muscle used in breathing?
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the diaphragm
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what are the 3 types of muscle? which ones are voluntary and which ones are involuntary? which ones are striated and which ones are not? how many nuclei do they have?
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cardiac: involuntary, striated, uni smooth: involuntary, nonstriated, uni skeletal: voluntary, striated, and multi
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what controls smooth and cardiac muscle?
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it is controlled by the autonomic nervous system, they are both involuntary movements.
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what is the neurotransmitter released by the neuromuscular junction?
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acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is released
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what are the steps in muscle contraction?
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1. message is sent via motor neuron. 2. message reaches neuromuscular junction. 3. acetylcholine is released. 4. acetylcholine cause Na+ to enter the cell 5. inside of the cell becomes positive 6. action potential is triggered 7. action potential travels down t tubule 8. action potential is sent into muscle by t tubule 9. sarcoplasmic rectilium releases Ca2+ ions 10. troponin/tropomyosin block actin/ myosin binding site 11. Ca2+ attaches troponin and opens up the binding site 12-13. heads on myosin release ATP. heads link to actin to form a cross bridge 14. ATP-ADP, causes movement(sliding filament theory) 15-16. Na+ leave cell, K+ is pumped in to restore resting potential. Ca2+ goes back into sarcoplasmic reticular.
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be able to identify a neuron and label its parts. what are the functions of the those parts?
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dendrites: recieve the message from other neurons nucleas: holds the DNA cell body: holds organelles myelin sheath: insulates the axon so message is sent faster axon terminal: whose neuron sends message to next neuron
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what is the cerebrum?
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surface contains the folds(gyri) and grooves(sulci). cerebral cortex is surface
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what is the cerebellum?
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reflex center that coordinates complex skeletal muscular movement. maintains posture and balance
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what is the midbrain?
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takes impulses from cerebral cortex to pons and spinal cord. controls responses to sight, eye movement, pupil dilation, heaving and body movement
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what is the medulla oblangata?
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responsible for maintaining breathing, heart rate, swallowing, digestion, and blood vessel dilation. transfers messages between brain and spinal cord
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what is the pons varolii?
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assists the medulla, sleep center, relays messages between cerebrum and cerebellum.
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what is the frontal?
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controls voluntary muscle functions, moods, aggression, small reception, motivation, personality, intellect, speech, and morality
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what is the parietal?
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control for evaluating sensory info on touch, pain, balance, taste, and temperature.
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what is the temporal?
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processes memory, abstract thought and judgement decisions. hearing, language, and emotion
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what is the occipital?
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recieves and interprets visual input
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what is the insula?
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located deep in the lateral sulcus. integrates autonomic information and associated with function of internal organs.
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what is the hypothalamus?
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controls the autonomic nervous system. recieves sensory impulses from internal organs. controls the pituitary gland. controls feelings of rage, aggression, body temperature, thirst and hunger. sleep wake cycle regulation
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what is the thalamus?
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incoming sensory impulses from spinal cord, brainstem and parts of cerebellum are sent to the cerebral cortex through here. interpretation of pain, temperature, pressure, and touch.
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explain the evolutionary process or how our brain came to be
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it occurs to species and happens through natural selection, mutation, genetic drift, and migration. we have 3 times the body size of the predicted ape with our body size. speech and comprehension have become highly developed in the cerebrum and cerebellum of the brain.
