question

Known as Starches, Sugars and Fibers

answer

Carbs

question

Known as Triglycerides, Phospholipids and Sterols

answer

Fats (Lipids)

question

Made (synthesized) from basic building blocks called Amino Acids

answer

Proteins

question

Subdivided into two separate groups by solubility in water or fat so we have water-soluble and fat-soluble.

answer

Vitamins

question

Subdivided into two separate groups by the amount present in the body, Major or Trace.

answer

Minerals

question

__________ and __________ has 4 kcals for each gram

answer

Carbohydrate, Protein

question

_____ has 9 kcals per gram

answer

fat

question

The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of one liter of water one degree Celsius. In this course, we talk alot about calories in food, a measurement of the heat energy in the food.

answer

Calorie

question

means the body cannot make them

answer

Essential

question

_________ is considered a psychological response to the environment

answer

Appetite

question

substances in plants that may possess health-protective effects, even though they are not essential for life

answer

Phytochemicals

question

Carbohydrate __% to __% of total calories

answer

45 to 65

question

Fat __-__% of total calories

answer

25-35

question

Protein __-__% of total calories

answer

10-35

question

a "spreadsheet" listing the known essential nutrients and the amount of each nutrient a person needed each day to remain healthy.

answer

RDA

question

Standards for nutrient intake

answer

RDA

question

RDA=Recommended _________ _____________

answer

Dietary Allowances

question

DRI= ________ ________ __________

answer

Dietary Reference Intakes

question

Dietary Guidelines messgage is that you should balance ______ and _______ ___________.

answer

Foods, physical activity

question

__________ ___________ reflects the nutrient content of a food in relation to its energy (kcal) content.

answer

nutrient density

question

________ _________ indicates that there isn't enough data to estimate an EAR, thus it is defined as the quantity of intake consumed by groups with no evidence of inadequate nutrient intake.

answer

Adequate Intake (AI)

question

Nutrients with an ___ do not have an _____

answer

AI, RDA

question

recommended daily amount of a nutrient; used on food labels to help people see how a food fits into their diet

answer

Daily Value

question

Represent standards derived from the 1968 RDA (Recommended Dietary Allowances) known as the RDIs (Reference Daily Intakes) and DRVs (Daily Reference Values). , recommended daily amount of a nutrient; used on food labels to help people see how a food fits into their diet

answer

Daily Value

question

ABCDEs of nutrition:

answer

anthropometric, biochemical, clinical, dietary, and ecomonic

question

participates in the regulation of metabolism, reproduction, water balance, and many other functions.

answer

Endocrine System

question

As blood passes through the digestive tract, it picks up water-soluble nutrients for delivery to the liver through the __________ __________.

answer

portal vein

question

____________ nutrients have to take a couple laps around the body in order to get to the liver.

answer

Lymphatic

question

_____-___________ nutrients are lacteal or lymphatic nutrients

answer

fat-soluble

question

Where does most digestion take place?

answer

Small intestine

question

What two places are most digestive enzymes produced?

answer

pancreas and small intestine

question

a ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening

answer

sphincter

question

The ______ __________ sphincter separates the esophagus from the stomach

answer

lower esophageal

question

The _______ sphincter separates the stomach from small intestine

answer

pyloric

question

The _________sphincter separates the small intestine from the large intestine

answer

Ileocecal

question

______coats the digestive tract from mouth to anus, so all the chemicals associated with digestion are separated from the cells that make up the tract.

answer

Mucus

question

_____ protects the large intestine from bacterial activity and holds fecal matter together

answer

Mucus

question

Where is bile produced?

answer

liver

question

Where is bile stored?

answer

gallbladder

question

involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system

answer

Peristalsis

question

A protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. It is not altered by the reaction

answer

enzyme

question

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

answer

Chyme

question

Projection of the small intestinal wall that extends into the lumen. Participates in digestion of foods and absorption of nutrients.

answer

Villi

question

The ______ are one cell thick and absorb the nutrients to deliver them to the blood or lymph

answer

villi

question

The stomach acid flows up the esophagus causing a burning sensation called heartburn or _________

answer

GERD

question

Whe this disease goes untreated it may initiate esophageal cancer

answer

GERD

question

any of several complex proteins that are produced by cells and act as catalysts in specific biochemical reactions

answer

Enzyme

question

What rolls and mixes the contents of the colon, and divides it into smaller particles in preparation for elimination from the body.

answer

Large intestine

question

The ______ __________ absorbs water and some minerals from chyme. It collects any material that won't be absorbed and "packages" it for disposal.

answer

large intestine

question

The bacteria in the _____ ________have large amounts of foodstuffs to metabolize which produces gas.

answer

large intestine

question

_______ _______are polysaccharides and that we cannot digest them

answer

Dietary fibers

question

_______ protects the body from having to use body or dietary protein as a replacement for the blood sugar, glucose

answer

Starch

question

Extra glucose is converted to ______, the plant's storage form of energy

answer

starch

question

On a 2000 kcal diet, 55-60% is ___-___ grams of carbohydrate per day.

answer

275-300

question

A _______ _________ can be absorbed into the body without any change in its chemical structure

answer

simple carbohydrate

question

enzyme in saliva that breaks the chemical bonds in starches

answer

Amylase

question

undigested _____ provides energy to the cells that make up the large intestine.

answer

starch

question

Lactose intolerance is cause by a deficiency of what?

answer

lactase

question

3 symptoms of lactose intolerance.

answer

Diarrhea, gas, cramps

question

What is the bodies primary energy source?

answer

glucose

question

Insulin in the hormone that treats what disease?

answer

Hyperglycemia

question

Glucagon corrects what disease?

answer

Hypoglycemia

question

What causes an immediate increase in blood glucose?

answer

Epinephrine

question

__________ is the storage form of carbohydrate in humans and other animals.

answer

glycogen

question

__________ in muscle and liver tissue provides a constant supply of glucose, so that we can go without eating between meals, and most of overnight.

answer

glycogen

question

Where is glycogen stored?

answer

muscles and liver

question

For fiber intake, it is recommended that men have about _____ grams, while women have about ____ grams

answer

38, 25

question

once dietary carbohydrates are in the liver they are all changed to ________.

answer

glucose

question

the liver releases the glucose into the______for delivery to all tissues needing glucose.

answer

blood

question

Excess glucose won't be wasted because the liver will change it into ______, and hold it in liver tissue until it is needed. If, the ******** stores are full and the body doesn't need energy from glucose, the extra glucose will be converted to____.

answer

fat, glycogen

question

Digestion begins in the _______

answer

mouth

question

•_________ obesity (a waistline over 35 inches in women and 40 inches in men) •__________ of 150 of higher •Low ______ (lower than 40 in men and lower than 50 in women) •_______ __________of 130/85 mm Hg or higher •Fasting ______of 110 mg/dL or higher

answer

abdominal, Triglycerides, HDL, Blood pressure, glucose

question

A triglyceride is formed when one molecule of _________ (a common alcohol) combines with __ fatty acids

answer

glycerol, 3

question

__________ are the major form of fat in foods and the way the human body stores fat in adipocytes or fat cells.

answer

Triglycerides

question

A fatty acid is __________ if it has no double bonds on the carbon chain

answer

saturated

question

One or more double bonds make the fatty acid __________

answer

unsaturated

question

Being ___________ is nothing more than a carbon to carbon chemical bond missing 2 hydrogens.

answer

unsaturated

question

A____________chemical bond has two adjacent carbons, each carrying a full load of hydrogens

answer

saturated

question

In order to reduce LDL levels, it has been recommended that the amount of _________ fat in the diet be held at or below 10% of total calories.

answer

saturated

question

Studies show that ___________ fats are better than __________ fats at decreasing LDL.

answer

monounsaturated, polyunsaturated

question

the process of converting unsaturated fats to saturated fats by adding hydrogen

answer

hydrogenation

question

__________ __________ can attack the emulsified fat particles and change them into monoglycerides and free fatty acids so they can be absorbed through the intestinal wall.

answer

pancreatic lipase

question

juice with lipid-digesting enzymes

answer

lipase

question

______ is good cholesterol

answer

HDL

question

Lipoprotein made of triglycerides and cholesterol surrounded by a shell of phospholipids and proteins. They are made in the intestinal wall from absorbed dietary lipids, and travel through the lymphatic system to the blood by way of the right side of the heart.

answer

Chlyomicron

question

Transports lipids from the intestinal cells to the body

answer

Chlyomicron

question

The 2 essential fatty aacis

answer

Alpha-Linolenic , Linoleic

question

Essential fatty acis are impornat for vision, immunity and _________

answer

prostaglandins

question

________ sources of cholesterol are foods of animal origin.

answer

Dietary

question

Unsaturated fatty acids that make almost all ________at room temperature can be saturated with the addition of hydrogen

answer

oil liquids

question

By adding hydrogen to the carbon-to-carbon double bonds, it is possible to create single bonds, thus producing a ______ _____ at room temperature.

answer

solid fat

question

chylomicrons pass from the intestinal cell into the _______ _________ (lacteals), not the blood.

answer

lymph vessels

question

shorter chain fats do not have to rely on the chylomicron to carry them into the body, but they can go directly into the _____ _______ just like the monosacchardies did

answer

portal vein

question

Normally, LDL particles are taken up by cells in need of cholesterol or cleared by the ______

answer

liver

question

Exposure to ultraviolet radiation (sunshine) 15 minutes per day, several times a week will allow us to make all the __________ ___ we need

answer

vitamin D

question

_______ has 7 kcal per gram

answer

alcohol

question

`We need ___________ in our diets primarily to help satisfy the calorie needs of our body cells.

answer

carbs

question

_________ is the main structural material in the body.

answer

Protein

question

_________ are the main forms of energy storage for the body.

answer

Triglycerides

question

a unit of heat equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree at one atmosphere pressure

answer

kilocalorie

question

The AMDR for carbohydrates is __ to __ percent of total calories.

answer

45 to 65

question

A state in which there is no longer a desire to eat

answer

satiety

question

Based on a 2000 kcal diet

answer

daily value

question

What macronutrient has an RDA?

answer

Protein

question

RDAs, EARs, AIs, EERs, and ULs are all considered to be what?

answer

DRIs

question

A ________ _________ makes a direct reference to a nutrient and a reduction in risk of a particular disease. There is scientific justification behind these claims and the FDA has given approval for their use on particular foods.

answer

health claim

question

can claim product affects body function (e.g.- maintains lean body mass) NOT FDA approved or necessarily valid

answer

Structure Function Claim

question

The study of how disease rates vary among different population groups

answer

epidemiology

question

Nitrogenous waste product of protein metabolism; major source of nitrogen in the urine

answer

urea

question

a muscle that constricts after food enters the stomach

answer

esophageal sphincter

question

essential for the digestion and abosorption of fat.

answer

bile

question

Most of the digestion and absorption of food occurs where?

answer

small intestine

question

The movement of molecules from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration. (NO ENERGY USED) Fats, water and some monerals are abosorbed this way

answer

passive diffusion

question

In addition to the need for a carrier protein, some nutrients also require energy input to move from lumen of the small intestine into the aborptive cells. This makes it possible fro cells to take up nutrients even when they are consumed in low concetrations. Some sugrs, such as glucose, are actively absorbed, as are amino acids

answer

Active absorption

question

a semiliquid mass of partially digested food that passes from the stomach through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum

answer

chyme

question

3 most common monosaccharides are:

answer

glucose, frustose and glactose

question

sucrose= glucose + ________

answer

fructose

question

Lactose= glucose + ________

answer

galactose

question

Maltose= glucose+ ________

answer

glucose

question

What is the main carb in our bodies?

answer

glucose

question

surgars are considered _______ carbs

answer

simple

question

fibers and starches are considered ________ carbs

answer

complex

question

________ fibers (pectin, gums, mucilages) are found in the skins and flesh of many fruits

answer

soluble

question

_________ fibers include cellulose, hemicellulose

answer

insoluble

question

When it comes to your heart health, it appears that only _________ fiber is beneficial in lowering your cholesterol.

answer

soluble

question

A hormone produced by the pancreas. It increases the synthesis of glycogen in the liver and the movement of glucose from the bloodstream

answer

insulin

question

Triglyceride is composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, a(n) ________

answer

alcohol

question

_______________ is used to convert liquid oils into more solid fats, used to make margarine and shortening. Tans fatty acids are a product of this

answer

hydrogenation

question

long chain saturated fats are _____ at room temp

answer

solid

question

Medium or short chain saturated fats are _____ at room temp

answer

soft or liquid

question

carries dietary fat from the small intestine to cells

answer

chylomicron

question

Carries lipids make and taken up by the liver

answer

VLDL

question

Carries cholesterol made by the liver and from other sources to cells

answer

LDL

question

Contributes to cholesterol removal from cells and, in turn, excretion of it from from the body

answer

HDL

question

You should keep your cholesterol to under _____mg

answer

300

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