question

Free radicals __________. A.are calorie-free micronutrients in the diet B.are not directly affected by any specific nutrients C.are inactivated by carbohydrates in the diet D.can damage a cell's membrane, low-density lipoproteins, cell proteins, and DNA

answer

D

question

Antioxidants work in all the following ways EXCEPT __________. A.breaking down fatty acids that have already been oxidized B.donating electrons to free radicals in order to stabilize them C.converting free radicals to less damaging substances D.oxidizing fatty acids in cell membranes

answer

D

question

Which of the following is NOT an antioxidant enzyme? A.radicalase B.glutathione peroxidase C.catalase D.superoxide dismutase

answer

A

question

Formation of free radicals can increase your risk for cancer and heart disease. True False

answer

true

question

Which of the following statements regarding free radicals is FALSE? A.Free radicals contain an unpaired electron. B.Free radicals steal electrons from phospholipids found in cell membranes. C.Free radicals donate electrons to unstable compounds. D.Free radicals can be neutralized by antioxidants.

answer

C

question

Selenium is considered an antioxidant. True False

answer

true

question

Which of the following micronutrients does NOT function as an antioxidant? A.vitamin C B.beta-carotene C.vitamin E D.vitamin K

answer

D

question

Light-sensitive cells found in the retina that react to dim light are __________ cells. A.cone B.opsin C.rod D.beta

answer

C

question

Night blindness is associated with a vitamin __________ deficiency. A.D B.E C.C D.A

answer

D

question

Selenium is found most reliably in __________ foods. A.animal B.plant C.orange D.starchy

answer

A

question

Which of the following would NOT be a significant source of beta-carotene? A.spinach B.cauliflower C.mangos D.carrots

answer

B

question

Vitamin C is abundant in all of the following foods EXCEPT __________. A.grapefruit B.strawberries C.whole wheat bread D.green peppers

answer

C

question

__________ is protected by antioxidants from oxidative damage, thus reducing risk for CVD. A.ROS B.Chromium C.LDL-cholesterol D.Beta-carotene

answer

C

question

The precursor for vitamin __________ is __________. A.D; retinol B.A; beta-carotene C.E; opsin D.C; citrus foods

answer

B

question

Patty is trying to increase her dietary sources of vitamin C. However, she does not like citrus fruits. What are some good alternatives you might suggest to her? A.liver, yogurt, milk B.Brussels sprouts, broccoli, strawberries C.whole grains, pork, fortified rice Chex D.banana, peanut butter, canned tuna fish

answer

B

question

It is often advised that vitamin E supplements should be avoided for at least one week prior to surgery. What is the BEST explanation for this? A.Vitamin E might increase free radicals during surgery. B.Vitamin E might cause an increased risk of red blood cell hemolysis. C.Vitamin E supplementation could increase the risk for hemorrhaging. D.Vitamin E might cause anemia.

answer

C

question

Your best friend has recently joined the Peace Corps and will be working to improve the nutritional status of children in Somalia. Once there, she observed many children suffering from night blindness. What food might she recommend to improve this condition? A.sweet potato B.whole wheat bread C.orange juice D.peanut butter

answer

A

question

Which form of vitamin A enables the eye to react to changes in light? A.retina B.retinoic acid C.retinol D.retinal

answer

D

question

The retina is composed of rods and cones. True False

answer

true

question

The pigment molecules responsible for night vision are called __________. A.rhodopsin B.retinoid molecules C.beta-carotene molecules D.opsin hormone molecules

answer

A

question

When light energy hits the retina, the retinal changes from a trans to a cis configuration. True False

answer

false

question

When our diet is deficient in vitamin A, mucus production by epithelial cells increases. True False

answer

false

question

Which of the following is NOT a proposed mechanism by which the antioxidant nutrients help to prevent cancer? A.They strengthen the immune system so that it can remove precancerous cells from the body. B.They decrease the need for exercise, thus reducing oxidative stress in the body. C.They stop the chain reactions associated with oxidized molecules. D.They inhibit the growth of cancerous tumors.

answer

B

question

Which of the following statements about the relationship between antioxidants and cancer is true? A.While vitamin C appears to reduce the risk for most cancers, vitamin E does not seem to have any protective effect. B.Eating whole foods that are rich in the antioxidant nutrients has been consistently associated with a reduced risk of cancers. C.Taking antioxidant supplements is the best way to ensure a reduced risk for cancer. D.Antioxidants in food work separately from the other constituents in the food to reduce cancer risk.

answer

B

question

A risk factor for CVD more recently identified that would be affected by the consumption of antioxidants is __________. A.low-grade inflammation B.sedentary lifestyle C.high HDL levels D.obesity

answer

A

question

Which of the following is the BEST description of the action of a carcinogen? A.cancer-initiating substance B.cancer-inhibiting substance C.cancer treatment substance D.cancer anti-promoter substance

answer

A

question

Paul has a history of colon cancer in his family and is trying to make lifestyle improvements to lower his risk. All of the following are good strategies EXCEPT __________. A.eat a diet high in fruits and vegetables B.begin an exercise program C.eat a diet low in saturated fat D.use tanning beds instead of going out in the sum

answer

D

question

Your grandfather has survived a heart attack and recently asked if he might be deficient in selenium, which he has heard is essential for heart health. What is an appropriate reply to this question? A.Yes, selenium deficiency is the most common cause of heart disease in the United States, and he should begin a supplement as soon as possible. B.No, as long as he is consuming enough vitamin E he doesn't really need selenium. C.Yes, since he does not eat many vegetables, he is probably deficient. D.No, selenium deficiency is unlikely because it is present in a variety of foods.

answer

D

question

Lifestyle factors associated with an increased risk for cancer include all of these EXCEPT __________. A.eating a diet high in fruits and vegetables B.being physically inactive C.being overweight or obese D.using tobacco

answer

A

question

Steps to take to reduce your risk for cancer include all of the following EXCEPT __________. A.to avoid eating cured foods high in nitrites and nitrates found in sausages, hams, bacon, and lunch meats B.to eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, and phytochemicals C.to eat a diet high in trans fats and saturated fat D.to lose weight or maintain your current healthful weight

answer

C

question

All of the following are signs and symptoms of cancer EXCEPT __________. A.nagging cough or hoarseness B.unexplained weight loss C.unexplained weight gain D.fever

answer

C

question

Phytochemicals are __________. A.essential nutrients required in the diet every day B.conditionally essential nutrients required only in active individuals C.essential nutrients required in the diet at least weekly D.not considered nutrients

answer

D

question

Health-promoting properties of phytochemicals may include all of the following EXCEPT __________. A.reduce inflammation B.decrease the risk of cancer C.prevent iron-deficiency anemia D.protect against cardiovascular disease

answer

C

question

The __________ properties of many phytochemicals protect against free radical damage. A.enzymatic B.estrogenic C.antioxidant D.inflammatory

answer

C

question

Your friend Louise explains that she is trying to increase healthful phytochemicals in her diet due to a family history of cancer. Your BEST advice to her would be to __________. A.supplement with soy protein powder to decrease the risk of breast cancer B.supplement with 30 mg/day of beta-carotene to decrease the risk of lung cancer C.consume a plant-based diet with an emphasis on whole foods D.drink 3 to 4 glasses of red wine daily to increase resveratrol consumption.

answer

C

question

You are explaining the benefits of phytochemicals to your family. You should include all of the following in your explanation EXCEPT __________. A.phytochemicals can increase the effectiveness of some medications B.phytochemicals may stress our cells C.the higher the dose of phytochemicals, the more beneficial they will be D.phytochemicals can instruct cancer cells to self-destruct

answer

C

question

Phytochemicals __________. A.are only found in animal products B.are naturally occurring plant chemicals that actually protect the plant from a variety of harmful agents C.each have a specific daily recommended intake allowance people should strive to consume daily D.are considered to be a class of nutrients

answer

B

question

All of the following strategies can increase your consumption of phytochemicals EXCEPT __________. A.selecting and eating a variety of colorful fruits and vegetables every day B.eating more meat, chicken, and fish C.eating more soy and whole grain products D.buying frozen fruit when it is on sale and using it to make smoothies

answer

B

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A.Phytochemicals can act in different ways under different circumstances in the body. B.The Institute of Medicine has established an RDA for the amount of phytochemicals that can be safely consumed for any life stage group. C.There is ample evidence to support the health benefits of phytochemicals from diets rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, whole grains, and nuts. D.Phytochemicals from food appear to be more effective in improving health than phytochemicals sold in supplements.

answer

B

question

All of the following foods contain phytochemicals EXCEPT __________. A.blueberries B.peanut butter C.rib-eye steak D.onions

answer

C

question

__________ is the fluid in the bloodstream and lymph. A.Intercellular fluid B.Interstitial fluid C.Intravascular fluid D.Intracellular fluid

answer

C

question

Approximately 66% of our body water is found in the extracellular fluid. True False

answer

false

question

Which of the following choices BEST describes the functions of water in the body? A.transporting nutrients B.protection and lubrication C.digestion D.Water is essential for all of these functions.

answer

D

question

Water evaporates into the air, carrying heat away from the body core. True False

answer

true

question

Electrolytes control fluid balance in the cells. True False

answer

true

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A.A cell will shrink when the concentration of electrolytes is greater inside the cell than outside the cell. B.Electrolytes are charged particles. C.Diffusion is one method of maintaining fluid balance. D.Sodium and potassium can cross cell membranes.

answer

A

question

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is held as __________. A.extracellular fluid B.electrolytes C.intracellular fluid D.metabolic water

answer

C

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major minerals found in cell and tissue fluids? A.sodium B.chloride C.magnesium D.phosphorus

answer

C

question

__________ is an electrolyte that stimulates muscle contraction. A.Potassium B.Sodium C.Renin D.Calcium

answer

D

question

Electrolytes are __________. A.electrically charged minerals B.not critical for bodily functions C.only positively charged D.any electrically charged particles

answer

A

question

Renin is an enzyme released by the __________ in response to a decrease in blood pressure. A.liver B.pituitary gland C.kidneys D.adrenal glands

answer

C

question

Because the body can store water, humans can survive for 10 to 15 days without water as long as they have food to eat. True False

answer

false

question

Which of the following statements regarding water balance is TRUE? A.Food provides approximately 300 milliliters of water per day. B.An 8-ounce glass of water contains about 500 milliliters of fluid. C.The body produces about 100 milliliters of metabolic water per day. D.A woman on a daily diet of 2,500 calories needs approximately 2,700 milliliters of water.

answer

D

question

The amount of urine your body produces depends on your age. True False

answer

false

question

The majority of excess water is excreted through __________. A.the feces B.the lungs C.the skin D.urine output

answer

D

question

A diuretic is __________. A.a substance that increases fluid loss via the urine B.a substance that increases blood volume C.a substance that causes diarrhea D.an important negatively charged electrolyte

answer

A

question

You are watching a demonstration on osmotic pressure. The demonstrator puts red blood cells into a test tube filled with water. What is the MOST likely effect on the red blood cells? A.The red blood cells will be unaffected. B.The red blood cells will shrink. C.The red blood cells will clump. D.The red blood cells will burst.

answer

D

question

You are planning a presentation on electrolytes for your nutrition class and would like to include a demonstration of an electrolyte solution. Which of the following would be the correct procedure to make this solution? A.Dissolve a teaspoon of sugar in a glass of water. B.Dissolve a teaspoon of salt in a glass of water. C.Vigorously shake a mixture of olive oil and water. D.Dissolve a teaspoon of corn starch in a glass of water.

answer

B

question

Which statement MOST accurately describes the relationship between blood volume and blood pressure? A.When blood volume rises, blood pressure increases. B.When blood volume rises, blood pressure decreases. C.When blood volume rises, the liver will release hormones to bring down blood pressure. D.Release of antidiuretic hormone is triggered by increased blood volume in an effort to reduce blood pressure.

answer

A

question

Through the process of __________, electrolytes attract water toward areas where they are concentrated. A.metabolism B.osmosis C.dehydration D.evaporation

answer

B

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of sensible water loss? A.water loss that is noticed by the person B.exhalation from the lungs during breathing C.urine output D.evaporation of sweat from the skin during exercise

answer

B

question

__________ is a positively charged electrolyte that works to maintain fluid balance and blood pressure. A.Sodium B.Phosphorus C.Chloride D.Hydrogen phosphate

answer

A

question

__________ is a condition that can occur in active people who drink large amounts of water and fail to replace sodium. A.Hyponatremia B.Hypertension C.Hypernatremia D.Salt sensitivity

answer

A

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A.Metabolic processes provide an insignificant amount of water. B.Our bodies cannot store extra water. C.It is impossible to become over-hydrated. D.Eight glasses of water per day may not be enough for all people

answer

C

question

Which of the following individuals is MOST at risk for hyperkalemia? A.an individual on a DASH diet B.an individual with kidney disease C.an individual who drinks 3 to 5 cans of soda daily D.an individual taking a diuretic

answer

B

question

Which of the following comparisons between sodium and potassium is accurate? A.Both are major intracellular ions. B.Both are found primarily in processed foods. C.Both will cause high blood pressure if consumed in large quantities. D.Both participate in maintaining fluid balance.

answer

D

question

All of the following are mild symptoms of dehydration EXCEPT __________. A.weakness B.fatigue C.clear to pale urine D.thirst

answer

C

question

Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe a feature of water? A.Water is oxidized to yield ATP. B.Water is an essential nutrient. C.Water is generated during metabolism of energy nutrients. D.Water is found in foods and beverages.

answer

A

question

Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes the relationship between water and health? A.Dehydration is a serious risk for the elderly. B.Dehydration occurs only when the temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. C.Overhydration is more common than dehydration. D.Most of the body's water is lost through the feces.

answer

A

question

Which individual would be MOST likely to benefit from drinking a sports beverage such as Gatorade? A.Tom, a 36-year-old male, who bicycles 5 miles to and from work each day B.Mike, a 42-year-old construction worker, who builds houses in Florida and works 8- to 10-hour days C.Margo, a 54-year-old female, who teaches 1-hour yoga classes three times weekly D.Susie, a 22-year-old female, who walks 30 minutes every morning before going to work

answer

B

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A.The amount of caffeine in tea is about twice as high as the caffeine in coffee. B.Moderate consumption of caffeinated beverages such as coffee and tea is safe and potentially healthful. C.Green tea is the only type of tea that offers health benefits. D.Caffeinated beverages do not contribute to hydration due to the diuretic effects of caffeine.

answer

B

question

If your systolic blood pressure were greater or equal to __________, you would be diagnosed with hypertension. A.80 mm Hg B.90 mm Hg C.120 mm Hg D.140 mm Hg

answer

D

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A.Observing the color of your urine is a good method for monitoring your fluid levels. B.Symptoms of severe water loss include sleepiness, nausea, and flushed skin. C.Elderly people have a reduced risk for dehydration. D.Dehydration occurs when fluid excretion exceeds fluid intake.

answer

C

question

Which of the following statements is FALSE? A.Alcohol consumption can worsen high blood pressure. B.In 90% to 95% of people, high-sodium diets are the reason for their hypertension. C.Increasing physical activity can help to reduce blood pressure. D.The DASH diet can help to reduce hypertension.

answer

B

question

The process of bone resorption is associated with __________. A.the activity of osteoblasts B.the release of calcium into the bloodstream C.only the elderly D.excess exercise

answer

B

question

The rate of bone turnover is __________. A.not affected by hormones, only by enzymes B.fastest in compact bone C.only important during the childhood years of growth D.faster in trabecular bone than in cortical bone

answer

D

question

Which of the following is NOT a way to measure the health status of bone? A.quantitative ultrasound B.T-score C.B-score D.DXA or DEXA

answer

C

question

Calcitonin is a(n) __________ secreted by the __________ gland when blood calcium levels are too high. A.mineral; kidneys B.hormone; thyroid C.hormone; liver D.enzyme; liver

answer

B

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium? A.assists with muscle contraction B.assists with acid-base balance C.part of DNA and RNA D.initiates blood clotting

answer

C

question

The most abundant mineral in the human body is __________. A.calcium B.phosphorus C.fluoride D.magnesium

answer

A

question

The bioavailability of calcium would be affected by all of the following EXCEPT __________. A.pregnancy B.time of day C.amounts of iron and zinc consumed at the same time D.level of calcium in the diet

answer

B

question

Which of the following foods has the highest calcium absorption rate? A.skim milk B.spinach C.broccoli D.yogurt

answer

C

question

What organs are involved in the synthesis of vitamin D? A.kidneys and duodenum B.liver and kidneys C.liver and pancreas D.spleen and thyroid gland

answer

B

question

Most of the body's vitamin D is stored in the __________. A.liver B.adipose cells C.bones D.stomach

answer

A

question

Which food is a good source of both calcium and vitamin K? A.milk B.cod liver oil C.turnip greens D.soda

answer

C

question

The association of soda consumption with poor bone health is most likely associated with __________. A.the soda causing a decreased acid level in the body. B.the tendency for the sodas to replace milk in the diet. C.the negative effects of the caffeine in the soda on vitamin D status. D.the phosphorus in the soda replacing the calcium in the bones.

answer

B

question

Which of the following individuals would be MOST at risk for vitamin D deficiency? A.a middle-aged woman living in Alaska B.a child living in Southern California C.a young man living near the equator D.a middle-aged woman living in Florida

answer

A

question

Which of the following statements about vitamin D is true? A.Vitamin D functions to stimulate osteoblasts to build more bone. B.Vitamin D is water-soluble. C.Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D. D.Vitamin D toxicity is only possible through too much exposure to the sun.

answer

C

question

Which of the following statements regarding vitamin K is the MOST accurate? A.Vitamin K is a coenzyme involved in the production of bone proteins and can be consumed in a diet that contains green, leafy vegetables. B.Vitamin K aids calcium absorption and can be consumed in a diet that contains green, leafy vegetables. C.Vitamin K aids calcium absorption and is only available through bacterial production in the large intestine. D.Vitamin K is a coenzyme involved in the production of bone proteins and is only available through bacterial production in the large intestine

answer

A

question

Your friend Mike tells you he doesn't trust the quality of his municipal water and gives his children only bottled water to drink. What would be the MOST likely consequence of this decision? A.dental caries B.hyperparathyroidism C.hypercalcemia D.osteomalacia

answer

A

question

Erin is a strict vegan and does not consume calcium-rich plant foods or supplements of calcium. Which of the following is most responsible for maintaining her blood calcium levels in the normal range? A.parathyroid hormone B.osteocalcin C.oxalate D.collagen

answer

A

question

Which of the following statements regarding calcium is FALSE? A.Most of the calcium in our bodies, 99%, is found in bones and teeth. B.When dietary calcium is low, calcium is removed from the bones to maintain blood calcium levels. C.Calcium makes up approximately 2% of body weight. D.Approximately 50% of calcium is found in the blood.

answer

D

question

Calcium is actively transported through the upper small intestine. True False

answer

true

question

Which statement BEST describes the role of hormones in calcium metabolism? A.Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin stimulate calcium reabsorption by the kidneys. B.The active form of vitamin D, 1,25 dihydroxycholesalciferol is required for the absorption of calcium. C.Thyroid hormone inhibits osteoclast cells in the bone. D.All of these answers are correct.

answer

D

question

Thyroid hormone inhibits the effects of vitamin D on calcium metabolism. True False

answer

true

question

The ultraviolet rays react with __________ in the skin to begin the process of forming vitamin D. A.calcitriol B.7-dehydrocholesterol C.calcidiol D.cholecalciferol

answer

B

question

Once absorbed into the blood, the cholecalciferol travels to the kidney for the final step in activation. True False

answer

false

question

The active form of vitamin D, also referred to as a hormone, is called __________. A.cholecalciferol B.dehydrocholesterol C.calcidiol D.calcitriol

answer

D

question

Which of the following foods is the best source of calcium? A.meat B.grains C.milk D.fruits

answer

C

question

Edgar does not like drinking milk but likes cheese, yogurt, and ice cream. What can you tell about Edgar's calcium intake? A.Edgar is getting adequate calcium from his diet. Cheese, yogurt, and ice cream are good sources of calcium. B.Unless Edgar adds dark green leafy vegetables to his diet, he will not get adequate calcium. C.Edgar is probably not getting enough calcium. Calcium is removed from milk when cheese, yogurt, and ice cream are made. D.Edgar is probably consuming excessive amounts of calcium that can lead to toxicity. Calcium is concentrated when cheese, yogurt, and ice cream are made from milk.

answer

A

question

Carol is a vegan and does not eat dairy foods. Is it possible for her to obtain the daily recommended amount of calcium from a diet without taking supplements? A.As a vegan, Carol has to carefully watch her calcium intake because very few natural products contain calcium. B.Carol is unlikely to get adequate amounts of calcium if she does not drink milk or eat cheese. C.Carol can obtain enough calcium only if she eats a lot of fruit. D.Carol can easily obtain adequate amounts of calcium from natural foods, even if she is a vegan

answer

D

question

One cup of skim milk has approximately 80 kilocalories. One ounce of cheddar cheese has approximately 115 kilocalories. How many kilocalories one would need to be consume to get approximately 250 mg of calcium from these two food sources? A.skim milk-160 kilocalories; cheddar cheese-230 kilocalories B.skim milk-80 kilocalories; cheddar cheese-230 kilocalories C.skim milk-40 kilocalories; cheddar cheese-115 kilocalories D.skim milk-80 kcalories; cheddar cheese-460 kcalories

answer

B

question

The dairy group is the only food group with a significant amount of calcium. True False

answer

false

question

Which of the following is NOT associated with an increased risk for osteoporosis? A.high body weight B.high sodium intake C.smoking D.being female

answer

A

question

Your grandmother is 63 years old and has been told she is at risk for osteoporosis. Based on current research, which of the following supplements would be MOST likely to minimize bone loss? A.vitamin K and fluoride B.magnesium and phosphorus C.calcium and phosphorus D.vitamin D and calcium

answer

D

question

Your friend Mary is 21 years old and is concerned because both her mother and grandmother have osteoporosis. She mentions that she is considering a jazz dance class to decrease her risk. What is the BEST advice for Mary? A.Dancing is not an effective activity for helping maintain bone density. B.Her idea is a good one because working the muscles places stress on bones, which promotes bone density. C.Weight-bearing activities are effective in maintaining bone mass only in those over 30 years of age. D.Only weight lifting will protect against bone loss.

answer

B

question

Osteoporosis is __________. A.more common in men than in women in the United States B.a weakening of the bone's hydroxyapatite that results from a deficiency of vitamin C C.an uncommon disease impacting only 1 in every 300 women D.a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue that leads to bone fragility and an increased fracture risk

answer

D

question

All of these factors increase the risk of developing osteoporosis EXCEPT __________. A.high caffeine consumption B.low dietary intake of calcium C.moderate alcohol consumption D.smoking

answer

C

question

Which of the following would NOT be good advice to offer someone who is selecting a calcium supplement? A.Take your calcium supplement on an empty stomach to increase absorption. B.Look for a calcium supplement that is labeled "lead free." C.Select a calcium citrate malate supplement as it is absorbed slightly better than other supplements. D.Your body cannot absorb more than 500 mg at any given time.

answer

A

question

Preventive measures to reduce the risk for osteoporosis include all of the following EXCEPT __________. A.engage in regular, weight-bearing physical activity B.avoid becoming underweight C.eat at least two servings of rice and pasta daily D.take a calcium and vitamin D supplement if your dietary intake is inadequate

answer

C

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