Human Growth & Development Final 1
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According to Sigmund Freud, the
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id is the source of basic biological needs and desires.
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The information-processing perspective views development as
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continuous.
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_____________ was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents by writing child-rearing books.
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Arnold Gesell
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Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are _____________ and ____________.
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correlational; experimental
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A major strength of the clinical interview is that it
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permits participants to display their thoughts in terms that are as close as possible to the way they think in everyday life.
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In a(n) __________ design, researchers look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development.
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correlational
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According to ___________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.
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social learning
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Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if
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the benefits to society justify the risks to the participants and special precautions are taken.
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According to _______ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.
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operant conditioning
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Theories are vital tools for developmental researchers because they
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provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people.
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According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,
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children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
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Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on
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how culture is transmitted to the next generation.
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A(n) _______________ is a number that describes how two measures are associated with each other.
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correlation coefficient
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The ______________ variable is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.
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independent
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In a __________ design, investigators study the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.
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longitudinal
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The lifespan perspective on development assumes that
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development is affected by a blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.
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Albert Bandura is unique among behaviorists because he
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emphasized cognition and granted people an active role in their own learning.
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Albert Bandura's social learning theory emphasizes the role of __________ in guiding children's responses to particular situations.
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cognition
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Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized ______________ and _______________.
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natural selection; survival of the fittest
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In classical conditioning,
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a neutral stimulus is paired with another stimulus that produces a reflexive response.
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In the lifespan perspective, every age period of human development
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has its own agenda and its unique demands and opportunities that yield some similarities in development across many individuals.
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Research that combines ____________ and ______________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.
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experimental; developmental
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Behaviorism focuses on
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stimuli and responses.
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Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon addressed practical educational concerns by
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constructing the first intelligence test.
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Unlike Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a __________ process.
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socially mediated
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A dependent variable is the
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one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable.
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According to the psychoanalytic perspective, personality development is greatly influenced by
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how children resolve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations.
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According to social learning theory, as children grow older they
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become more selective in what they imitate.
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Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem consists of
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cultural values, laws, customs, and resources.
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Jean Piaget believed that
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children move through four broad stages of cognitive development.
