Human Growth and Development Midterm – Flashcards
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The retention of information over time is referred to as:
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Encoding
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Which structure controls growth and regulates other glands?
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Pituitary gland
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Adam cries that the tree root tripped him. This is an example of:
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Animism
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Ross is at a risk of becoming a regular smoker if:
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All of these
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Although the maximum life span of humans has not changed, during the twentieth century life expectancy in the United States has:
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Increased by 30 years
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Gross motor skills include activities such as running, whereas fine motor skills include activities such as:
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Cutting with scissors
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Renee's baby was born just minutes ago, and the doctor is checking the baby's heart rate, respiratory effort, and muscle tone. Renee's baby is being given a(n):
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Apgar Scale Test
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Baltes describes development as multidirectional. What does this mean?
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Development is characterized by both growth and decline.
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At age 3, Jillian is beginning to participate in imaginary play. Identify the process of Jillian's life-span development.
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Cognitive
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Life-span development covers the period from __________ to __________.
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Conception; death
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Most effective weight-loss programs include:
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Exercise
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What percentage of infant sleep is spent in REM sleep?
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50%
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Which of the following impacts an adolescent's decision to engage in risk-taking behaviors?
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All of these
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Becoming a grandmother is an example of _____ age.
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Social
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Which of the following principles is demonstrated when one gene overrides the effect of a second gene?
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Dominant-recessive genes
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Dr. Cook encourages her students to wonder, probe, analyze, question, and reflect rather than learn facts by rote memorization. She values:
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Critical thinking
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The _____ connects a baby to the placenta.
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Umbilical cord
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Which of the following statements BEST describes the relationship between biological, cognitive, and socioemotional development?
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The development of these processes is intricately interwoven.
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Fertilization results in the formation of a(n):
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Zygote
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Conditions, such as phenylketonuria or sickle cell anemia, are produced by _____ abnormalities.
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Gene-linked
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Which type of memory is more likely to be forgotten?
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Implicit
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According to Baltes, childhood and adolescence is marked by continuing growth, maintenance, and regulation, while adulthood and old age are characterized by:
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Slowing grow thing with an INCREASE in maintenance and regulation.
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Adaptive, built-in reactions to stimuli are called:
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Reflexes
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_____ are both genetic disorders that are both caused by the presence of an extra chromosome.
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Down syndrome and Turner syndrome
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In the final analysis, most developmentalists tend to believe that:
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Development is best explained by the interaction of nature and nurture.
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Which of the following is the prenatal development period that takes place during the first 2 weeks after conception, includes creation of a zygote, and ends with attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall?
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Germinal
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Which of the following is 70-year-old Leo MOST likely to forget?
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Items on that day's grocery list
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What do MOST developmentalists today believe about the contributions of heredity and the environment to development?
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Heredity and environment interact to produce development.
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The cellular clock theory holds that our cells divide:
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Approximately 75-80 times before they die.
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During which part of the life span is expertise most likely to appear?
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Middle adulthood
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Deb gorges on large amounts of food. After a binge, she "compensates" by exercising for as long as 2 hours and sometimes makes herself vomit. Deb appears to be suffering from:
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Bulimia nervosa
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Which of the following would handle information processing at the cellular level?
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Mitochondria
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Which statement summarizes what Perry (1970) believes about the cognitive level of a typical adolescent?
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"Right is right, and wrong is wrong."
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Currently, there is an increased demand for home care workers because of which of the following?
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Older adults' preference to stay out of nursing homes
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Which brain lobe is responsible for vision?
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Frontal
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The global term for a neurological disorder in which the primary symptom is deterioration of mental functioning is:
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dementia
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Harley's ophthalmologist is glad he came in. She gives him eye drops to treat a buildup of fluid that can damage his optic nerve or destroy his vision if it goes untreated. Harley has:
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Glaucoma
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Just as _____ has been coming earlier, _____ has been coming later.
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puberty; menopause
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Troy wants to reduce his risk of heart attack. His doctor recommends that he:
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Exercise several times a week.
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According to the dynamic systems theory, how do infants develop motor skills?
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Motor skills are initial influenced by biology but become increasingly dependent on environmental factors
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The BEST way to prevent fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is to:
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completely abstain from drinking during the entire pregnancy.
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Which brain lobe is responsible for hearing, language processing, and memory?
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Temporal
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Object permanence is important because it means that infants are able to:
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Mentally represent objects
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The upper boundary of the human lifespan is approximately __________ years.
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122
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What are the disorders characterized by a slow onset and long duration?
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Chronic
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As measured on the Snellen chart, a newborn's vision is estimated to be:
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20/240
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More similarities are seen among twins than among siblings who are different ages because twins may have:
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More shared environmental influences.
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Memory about life's events is labeled:
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Semantic
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_____ is a genetic disorder that can be controlled by diet.
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Phenylketonuria (PKU)
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Which of the following is an important skill for learning in the classroom?
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Selective attention
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Henry's family and friends believe that he is too old to take up skydiving and urge him to "act more his age." These expectations are based on Henry's _____ age.
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Social
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While studying for a history exam, Michael finds it easier to recall details if he creates a mental picture relating to the information he is reviewing. What memory strategy is he using?
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Imagery
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What skills involve keenly tuned movements such as buttoning a shirt or typing?
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Fine motor
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Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests would detect spina bifida?
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Ultrasound sonography
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Which brain lobe is responsible for registering spatial location, attention, and motor control?
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Parietal
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The Moro reflex is a response to _____, whereas the grasping reflex is a response to _____.
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Sound; touch
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Rob is listening to Katie's anecdote amidst the loud music and laughter of many others at the party. This is an example of _____ attention.
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Selective
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Ms. Whitaker incorporates peer tutoring in her classroom. With whose theory does this method fit?
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Vygotsky
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Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's cognitive developmental stages?
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sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
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Stacy is vigilant in her watch for any change in her baby's breathing. This is an example of _____ attention.
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Sustained
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Which of the following may help older adults compensate for declines in processing speed?
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Exercise
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The eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation is called:
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Anorexia nervosa
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Incidences of diseases such as bacterial meningitis, measles, rubella, mumps, and chicken pox have been nearly eradicated, due to:
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Immunizations
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The extreme hypothesis of parent infant bonding (insistence that the newborn MUST have close contact with the mother) is very true.
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FALSE
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Jungle gyms, slides, and climbing equipment can help young children develop:
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Gross motor skills
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Which two theories claim that damage incurred by unstable oxygen molecules precipitates the aging process?
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Mitochondrial and free radical
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Biological processes such as puberty and menopause are:
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Normative age-graded influences
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Alec is almost completely dependent on his parents and is quietly developing many cognitive processes. What period of development is he most likely in?
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Early childhood
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According to Piaget, what is a child's motivation for change?
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An internal search for equilibrium
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_____ is a specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm.
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Meiosis
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A kindergarten teacher instructs parent volunteers to take a Piagetian approach when interacting with his students during learning center time. He recommends the volunteers:
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allow the children to learn by doing things themselves and ask open-ended questions to stimulate thinking.
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Age-related loss of muscle mass and strength is called:
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Sarcopenia
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Which brain lobe is responsible for voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose?
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Temporal
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Activities that use large muscles develop:
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Gross motor skills
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Which neurotransmitter has been associated with increased reward-seeking and risk-taking in adolescence?
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Dopamine
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What are the three processes required for memory?
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Encoding, storage, retrieval
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Adolescents who eat dinner with their parents _____ or more days a week have lower rates of smoking, getting into fights, and initiating sexual activity.
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5
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The preoperational stage lasts from ages:
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2 to 7.
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Most traditional college students are considered to be in what developmental period?
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Emerging adulthood
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The cognitive process of assimilation occurs when individuals:
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adjust old schemes to fit new information.
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Which of the following factors affects puberty's timing and makeup?
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All of these
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Research shows that _____ can be effective in treating depression in older adults
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Regular exercise
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Jinni finds certain concepts from her human development class easy to remember, because she is able to associate the information with many of her own childhood experiences. What memory strategy is she using?
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Comparison
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Tim understands that vehicles may be cars, buses, trucks, or vans. This is an example of:
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What is the process by which information gets into memory?
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Encoding
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Although some child experts argue that shared sleeping benefits babies, others recommend against it. Two recent studies link bed sharing with which of the following?
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SIDS
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Anna attributes her thriftiness to having been raised during the Great Depression. This is an example of a:
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Normative history-graded influences
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Stella has just returned from the doctor and was told she has cloudy areas in the lenses of her eyes. Stella has:
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Cataracts
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Paulo is struggling to juggle school, work, and relationships while he is beginning to become more independent and responsible. What period of development is he most likely in?
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Middle adulthood
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Santiago runs 25 miles a week. What type of exercise is this?
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Aerobic
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Mimi crawls into the hallway to look for her mother after she leaves the room. According to Piaget, this shows Mimi is capable of:
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Object permanence
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During which stage of childbirth does the cervix dilate?
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First
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Well-developed gross motor skills allow infants to become more independent. Independence is important because it:
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allows more and different kinds of interactions with the environment.
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What is the BEST way to keep the effects of maternal genital herpes from harming a fetus/infant?
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A cesarean section can be performed.
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Peak physical performance usually occurs during:
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The 20s
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According to the proximodistal growth pattern, which of the following is likely to show growth earlier?
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Gross motor skills
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According to Esther Thelen, motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. Her theory is called the _____ theory.
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Dynamic system
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You notice that Lou's eyes are a unique shade of green. You have observed his:
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Phenotype
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What do childhood obesity experts recommend for overweight children?
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a combination of diet, exercise, and behavior modification
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Vygotsky believed that private speech is:
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An important tool of thought
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Which of the following would be a benefit to mothers who breast-feed?
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They are less likely to develop type 2 diabetes.
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Vygotsky differs from Piaget in how he stresses the importance of _____ for cognitive development.
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Other people
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At what age do more people claim to be happiest?
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88 years
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In addition to aerobic activity and stretching, gerontologists recommend _____ for older adults.
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Strength training
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The MOST widely used illicit drug in the United States is:
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Marijuana
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What hormone prepares the body for sleep?
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Melatonin
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Adolescents are often characterized as impulsive and emotional. This behavior may be due to immature development in which area of the brain?
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Prefrontal cortex
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Which of the following diseases is characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and partial facial paralysis?
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Parkinson Disease
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Which of the following prescription and nonprescription drugs can have harmful effects on an embryo or fetus?
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All of these
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Maria feels less pressure to achieve, has more time for leisure activities, and is highly adaptable to change. She is MOST likely in which period of development?
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Late adulthood
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Adolescence is a critical juncture in health because:
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the early formation of healthy lifestyle patterns can prevent or delay disease and disability in adulthood.
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Devin plays in the sand for the first time. Instead of digging in it, he tries to scoop and throw it, just like he plays with water in his bathtub. This is an example of:
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Assimilation
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Which of the following is an example of the plasticity of development?
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Someone who goes blind may develop better hearing as a result
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According to the cephalocaudal growth pattern, which of the following is likely to show fast growth first?
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Brain
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Mrs. B is a 66-year-old widow in remarkably good health. She is financially comfortable and will retire soon. However, she dreads retirement, saying that she has no hobbies and no ideas about how she will structure her new abundance of time. She is experiencing difficulty with _____ age.
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Psychological
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The maximum life span of human beings is approximately __________ years.
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120
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In the United States, most individuals begin school around age 5, whereas in Australia they start at 3. This is an illustration of how development is:
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Contextual
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Alzheimer disease is a type of:
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Dementia
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Research indicates that babies are first able to use their sense of taste _____ birth.
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Before
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The developmental period during which changes are rapid and primarily biological is:
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Prenatal
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What did Vygotsky believe about the development of thought and language?
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Thought and language develop independently at first and merge later in development.
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Which of the following characterizes the concrete operational stage?
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Logic replaces intuition if it can be applied to a visible example.
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Brent talks himself through his math calculation homework. This is an example of:
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Private speech
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Allan is having laser surgery to repair the deterioration of his retina. He has:
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Macular Degeneration
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Which of the following is an example of how development is contextual?
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Parents in the United States are more likely to rear their children to be independent than do parents in Japan.
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The designation preterm is determined by:
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Time of gestation
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"I remember my first vacation to Manhattan, New York, in 1949, and staying at the Casablanca Hotel," says Mabel, who is 77 years old. This is an example of:
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Episodic memory
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During which stage of childbirth is the fetus expelled from the womb?
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Second
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According to Vygotsky, how should a teacher help a student with new learning?
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Ask the student how you can help
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Leonard's blood test shows a major reduction in dopamine. The effect of this may be responsible for:
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Symptoms os Parkinson disease
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_____ provides temporary relief for those who are caring for individuals with disabilities, illnesses, or the elderly.
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A nursing home
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What mechanisms help infants survive before they have an opportunity to learn adaptive behavior?
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Reflexes
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Many preschool children are:
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farsighted, unable to see close up as well as they can see far away.
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Gina is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Compared to the baby of a nonsmoker, her baby is MORE likely to suffer from which of the following?
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Sudden infant death syndrome
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At what age do people enter the "oldest old" age group?
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85 years
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Ora's blood test shows a major reduction in acetylcholine. The effect of this may be responsible for:
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Symptoms for Alzheimer disease
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All of a person's genetic material makes up the _____, whereas the _____ consists of only observable characteristics.
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genotype; phenotype
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Hearing can start to decline by the age of 40. What usually declines first?
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Sensitivity to high pitches
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In the nature/nurture debate, one's biology is related to "nature" while one's _____ is related to "nurture."
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Environment
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Some adolescents engage in risky behaviors, because they believe they are invulnerable to the negative consequences of these actions. This is an example of:
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Personal Fable
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During which prenatal developmental period do the following changes take place? Eyes appear, four chambers of the heart take shape, spinal cord begins to form, and the intestinal tract develops.
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Embryonic
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Which of the following prenatal diagnostic tests would involve removing a small sample of the placenta?
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Chronic villi sampling
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Giving nursing home patients more control over their daily schedules is:
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Beneficial
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David hears a loud signal. The sound waves transmitted to David's auditory nerve create the _____ of sound. David interpreting the sound waves as the school bell is _____.
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Sensation; preception
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Baby Jacci is shown four drawings—a blue square, a white oval, a drawing of a face, and a black-and-white bull's-eye. Based on Fantz's work, which will she probably prefer to look at?
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The face
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Brenda sorts buttons by shape, size, type, or color. Classification is a characteristic of which Piagetian stage?
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concrete operational
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The cognitive process of accommodation occurs when individuals:
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Adjust old schemes to fit new information.
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Doctors measure and chart a baby's height, weight, and head growth at each medical check-up. What processes are being tracked?
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Biological
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Pulmonary problems, hypertension, and diabetes are common consequences of childhood:
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Obesity
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Nutritional status during pregnancy is:
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influenced by relative levels of protein, vitamins, minerals, and total calories.
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Janice strokes the cheek of newborn Robby. He turns his head toward that cheek and opens his mouth. This is an example of:
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sucking
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Communication in the synapses occurs through the release of chemical substances known as:
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Neurotransmitters
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Men have a higher incidence of _____ chronic conditions, whereas women have a higher incidence of _____ chronic conditions.
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fatal; nonfatal
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Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors such as:
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the eyes, ears, tongue, nostrils, and skin.
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What is the main difference between a reflex and a habit?
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Habits developed for evolutionary survival purposes. Reflexes are developed for cognitive stimulation.
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Jon listens to his favorite CD while he studies for tomorrow's exam. This is an example of _____ attention.
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Divided
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The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration has identified _____ as an "invisible epidemic."
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substance abuse among older adults
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Lexi calls every animal she sees a cat. This is an example of:
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Assimilation
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According to William Perry, adult thinking is:
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reflective and relativistic.
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Neither Vygotsky's nor Piaget's theory had much to say about:
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adult cognitive development.
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