Human growth and development Final exam study guild - Flashcards

Q: Harris is a 3-week-old newborn. A test of habituation reveals that he prefers listening to his mother\'s language over any other language. What is the best explanation for this? Harris _____.

recognizes the rhythm, sound, and cadence of his mother\'s language

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The term "ageism" refers to _____.

answer

judging people on the basis of chronological age

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In the research performed by Tronick & Weinberg, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by copying their babies' facial expressions, and then on cue to show no emotional reaction at all. This procedure is called the _____.

answer

still-face technique

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The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called

answer

pruning

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Which specific part of the brain is responsible for emotional self-regulation?

answer

the anterior cingulate gyrus

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Synchrony depends on _____.

answer

responsiveness and timing

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Janie is a 3-month-old infant participating in an experiment. She's lying in her crib with one end of a ribbon tied to her foot and the other end tied to a mobile dangling over her crib. She quickly learns that she controls the movement of the mobile with her kicking. One week later, the researchers return, tie the ribbon to her foot and hang the mobile above her crib. Immediately, Janie starts vigorously kicking her leg. What does this experiment demonstrate?

answer

Three-month-olds can remember things for at least a week.

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When Birgitta gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the newborn. This sort of caregiving by someone other than the baby's parent is called _____.

answer

allocare

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At what point in development is the sense of hearing already quite acute?

answer

at birth

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Shirley returned to full-time employment six weeks after her baby's birth. She exclusively breast-fed during her maternity leave, and then pumped her breast milk when she returned to work. Now her baby is 3 months old and drinks some formula when at daycare. Shirley wants to stop breast-feeding. If you were a pediatric nurse, what would you say to her?

answer

She should keep breast-feeding as long as possible since breast-fed babies are less likely to get sick.

question

Harris is a 3-week-old newborn. A test of habituation reveals that he prefers listening to his mother's language over any other language. What is the best explanation for this? Harris _____.

answer

recognizes the rhythm, sound, and cadence of his mother's language

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Piaget believed children begin to develop cognitively at _____.

answer

birth

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Compared to mothers, fathers are more likely to make their infants _____.

answer

laugh

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According to psychoanalytic theory, the child's prime focus of pleasure in the first year of life is the _____.

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mouth

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Erikson's second stage of development is called _____.

answer

autonomy versus shame and doubt

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According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one's own actions is most closely identified with _____.

answer

shame and doubt

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Dendrite growth is the main reason that brain weight _____ from birth to the age of 2.

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triples

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Proximal parenting tends to produce children who are _____.

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compliant

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Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness, are partially dependent upon _____.

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memory

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Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver, but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food preference?

answer

social referencing

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Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or guilt?

answer

social awareness

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Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk before learning to crawl. What advice would a pediatrician give to Renee?

answer

She should not be worried since some babies do not crawl.

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The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called _____.

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synchrony

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Center-based day care is common in countries like France, Israel, and China, where _____.

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it is heavily subsidized by the government

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Developmentalists have found that social learning takes place _____.

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throughout life

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Adriana and her mother have been playing patty-cake, but mother is now trying to engage Adriana in a picture book. Adriana wants to play patty-cake again, so she grabs mother's hands and puts them together as if in a clap. Adriana is clearly in which stage of sensorimotor development?

answer

stage four

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Clean water, immunizations, and nourishing food have all had a dramatic impact on _____.

answer

infant and child mortality

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Dominique was an infant with very few toys, but she concocted things to play with out of what was available in her home in order to develop her brain. This is an example of _____.

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self-righting

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According to the social-pragmatic theory, infants communicate because

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humans are social beings

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Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

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the social smile

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How do people become "fixated" in a Freudian stage?

answer

Their normal developmental urges are frustrated.

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The new emotions that appear toward the end of a child's second year are _____.

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pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt

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Roseanne is several hours old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent?

answer

Pain

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While playing a game, a 9-month-old infant tries to grab slow-moving balls, but doesn't try for fast-moving balls. Research by van Hof suggests that 9-month-olds _____.

answer

understand that slower moving balls afford catching more than faster moving balls do

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Fine motor skills are _____.

answer

Small movements

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Annalise is an adult who requires predictability and regularity in all aspects of her life. She eats the same breakfast every day, organizes her clothes by color in her closet, and gets distressed when the milk is put on the wrong shelf in the refrigerator. Annalise appears to be fixated at the _____ stage.

answer

anal

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Increased levels of cortisol are associated with an infant experiencing _____.

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sadness

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In which of Piaget's sensorimotor stages do infants respond to people and objects and seek to make interesting events last?

answer

stage three

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When they practice walking, babies average between _____ steps per hour.

answer

500 and 1,500

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Mary is playing with her infant daughter Rosalie. Mary responds to Rosalie's facial expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden, Mary's face becomes blank and she does not show any emotion. How is Rose likely to respond?

answer

Rose will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her mother.

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A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations. This is called _____.

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social referencing

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Sigmund Freud was a(n) _____.

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psychoanalytic theorist

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On average, which skill does an infant develop first?

answer

walking well

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Newborns perceive important experiences like breastfeeding _____.

answer

with dynamic sensory-motor systems

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The average baby will grow _____ inches in his or her first year.

answer

10

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An infant's inborn drive to remedy deficits is called _____.

answer

Self-righting

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Allocare refers to the care of children by _____.

answer

people other than their biological parents

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Bae is a Korean toddler; his cousin Troy is a Korean-American toddler. Bae is learning to speak Korean, while Troy is learning to speak English. What will be the most noticeable difference in Bae's and Troy's use of language?

answer

Bae will use more verbs than Troy does.

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Test 3

answer

chapter 8 to 10

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Four-year-old Graciela is a balanced bilingual, which means that she

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is fluent in both her native language and her second language

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Child abuse is defined as _____.

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a deliberate act that is harmful to the child's physical, emotional, or sexual well-being

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Which of the following children is likely to be the first in their class to learn to write their name?

answer

Bai, a 3-year-old Chinese-American girl

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Why are children drawn toward eating lead-based paint chips?

answer

The paint chips taste sweet.

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Play that mimics aggression through wrestling, chasing, or grabbing, but is not intended to harm, is called _____ play.

answer

rough-and-tumble

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Which scenario is an example of antisocial behavior?

answer

Mark intentionally knocks over Simon's blocks.

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Marilynn is ready to learn how to play catch. Which of the following is the model from whom Marilynn would learn best?

answer

her friend

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All of the following are potential effects of too much cortisol early in life EXCEPT _____.

answer

permanent increases in metabolic rate

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Gross motor skills such as riding a tricycle are acquired _____.

answer

through brain maturation and practice

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All of the following are reasons why parents should not try to change their child's handedness, EXCEPT _____.

answer

it may create jealousy in siblings who do not need to change their handedness

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Research has shown that the development of a theory of mind varies according to _____.

answer

social interactions with older siblings

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Many researchers believe that a preschooler with plumbism is prone to _____.

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committing violent acts as a teenager

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The preeminent psychosocial accomplishment between the ages of 2 and 6 is learning when and how to _____.

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regulate emotions

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All of the following are common concerns that parents have about raising bilingual children EXCEPT _____.

answer

that the child will surpass his or her parents in the second language

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According to Vygotsky, a child's first guided participation is provided by a mentor who is likely a _____.

answer

parent

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Ivan was playing under the kitchen table when he stood up suddenly and bumped his head. He pointed at the table and sternly said, "Naughty table!" This is an example of _____.

answer

animism

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Nine-year-old Bobby has no problem understanding that the 20-year-old woman who sometimes stays with him is both a student and a babysitter. According to Piaget, this is because Bobby's thinking has moved beyond _____.

answer

centration

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Kirsten, a 4-year-old, is playing with her building blocks. Her mother announces that they have to leave to pick up Kirsten's sister. Kirsten launches into a tantrum. What is the best explanation for Kirsten's reaction?

answer

Kirsten is perseverating on the building blocks.

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Logical extension involves _____.

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linking a newly learned word to other objects in the same category

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If you want to find reliably high-quality group care for your preschooler, what term should you look for?

answer

none of these labels reliably indicates quality

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Authoritarian parents often _____.

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seem stern to their children

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Britney understands that her father is crying because his best friend died. This shows that Britney has developed _____.

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theory of mind

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Today's children, especially those living in urban areas, spend more time _____ than playing outdoors.

answer

using electronic media

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Christopher's mother is considering different wallpapers for decorating Christopher's room. She asks him, "Which one do you like better: the striped or the plaid?" Christopher's vocabulary doesn't include the word "plaid," but he's able to figure out what the word must mean based on the context. Christopher is using _____ to add a new word to his vocabulary.

answer

fast-mapping

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An activity that requires fine motor skills is _____.

answer

buttoning a coat

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Younger children tend to be better at playing kickball than they are at playing baseball. That's because all aspects of kickball rely more heavily on _____.

answer

gross motor skills

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Davone hired an expert to help her baby-proof her house for her increasingly mobile toddler. The expert emphasized that when striving to protect toddlers from injury, it is important to think about _____ instead of _____.

answer

injury control; accident prevention

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Rough-and-tumble play has been associated with the development of the _____ area of the brain since it helps children to regulate their emotions, practice social skills, and strengthen their bodies.

answer

prefrontal cortex

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Piaget called the stage of human cognitive development between the ages of 2 and 6 "preoperational intelligence" because children do not yet _____.

answer

use logical operations

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At what age does any specific disease overtake accidents as a cause for human mortality?

answer

40

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Irreversibility refers to the preoperational child's tendency to _____.

answer

believe that what has been done cannot be undone

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Writing your name is a _____, whereas kicking a ball is a(n) _____.

answer

fine motor skill; gross motor skill

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Mia and Claire are 3-year-olds at free play in their preschool. Mia has a lacy apron tied around her head like a wedding veil, and Claire has a sheer curtain tied over her shoulders like a cape. Each is holding a wand—one is a stick with a star on the end, and the other is a long Tinker Toy stick with one wheel connector at the end. When asked what they're doing, Mia says, "We're playing fairy. We're both fairies." What kind of play are they engaging in?

answer

sociodramatic play

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Parents who set limits, enforce rules, and listen receptively to their children are exhibiting the _____ pattern of parenting.

answer

authoritative

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To ensure adequate nutrition and vitamin intake, what is recommended?

answer

Eat well-balanced meals with a variety of foods.

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According to the text, people in _____ believe that preschoolers do not need instruction. As a result, their 3-year-old children spend little time engaged in structured learning activities.

answer

Brazil

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To focus on one aspect of a situation and simultaneously exclude all other aspects is called _____.

answer

centration

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A child's inability to understand that undoing a sequence of events will bring about the original situation is called _____.

answer

irreversibility

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Freud's term for the formation of a conscience that internalizes parental morals is _____.

answer

the superego

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The characteristic of preoperational thought in which a young child thinks that nothing changes is called _____.

answer

static reasoning

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Each time Juan puts a puzzle together, his father gives him a little less help. Which theorist would be MOST pleased with Juan's father?

answer

Vygotsky

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The individual most likely to have grown up with permissive parents is _____.

answer

Paul, who is unhappy and lacks self-control

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Salim is in a teacher-directed preschool. Which activity would his parents NOT expect him to be doing?

answer

working on a long-term individual project about birds

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While attending a carnival at Jia's preschool, Jia's mother told her, "Stay here while I get us some cookies over there." Instead of waiting where she was, Jia followed her mother to the cookie table. What is the best explanation for Jia's behavior?

answer

Jia didn't understand what her mother meant by "here" and "there."

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The long band of nerve fibers that connects the brain's hemispheres is _____.

answer

the corpus callosum

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Researchers now believe that Piaget _____ cognition in infancy and _____ cognition in early childhood.

answer

underestimated; underestimated

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Benjy is a preschooler. He can put a dish into the microwave and press the "2" button to cook for 2 minutes. One day he sees his mother wipe the front of the microwave with a damp paper towel before she presses a number button. After that, Benjy rubs the front of the microwave with a napkin before he presses the number button. Why?

answer

He is overimitating his mom.

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A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The contents of one container are then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount, then the child understands the concept of _____.

answer

conservation

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Eduardo is in the fourth grade. Part of the instruction in his classroom is conducted in English and part is conducted in Spanish. His classroom uses _____.

answer

bilingual schooling

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With respect to Gardner's multiple intelligences, a successful farmer is likely to excel in _____ intelligence.

answer

naturalistic

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Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's performance is called _____.

answer

metacognition

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In most nations other than the United States, _____ make(s) decisions regarding public education.

answer

the central government

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With respect to asthma, the hygiene hypothesis is supported by data showing all of the following EXCEPT _____.

answer

city children have less asthma and fewer allergies

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At what age is a child likely to understand what the word "unbreakable" means?

answer

7

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Jane is in the third grade but reads at the level of a preschooler. Jane's teacher thinks that she reverses letters and may have _____.

answer

dyslexia

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Each of the following is a general principle of developmental psychopathology EXCEPT _____.

answer

disability does not change year by year

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Research suggests that classrooms deprived of _____ are often considered harder to manage.

answer

recess

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One method of educating gifted and talented students that has become popular in the United States is _____.

answer

educating all gifted and talented children of the same age together

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Strategies for processing information within working memory _____.

answer

can be culturally specific

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An expert team of scientists compared 1,000 sets of monozygotic twins reared by their biological parents (Caspi et al., 2004). The researchers asked the mothers to describe each twin. Descriptions ranged from very positive to very negative. The researchers measured personality at age 5 (including antisocial behavior as reported by kindergarten teachers) and then measured each twin's personality two years later. The results revealed _____.

answer

if mothers were more negative toward one of their twins, that twin became more antisocial at age 7 than at age 5

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Monica brought her 10-year-old son to see the doctor because he was having problems breathing. The doctor informed Monica that her son had inflammation of the airways. Monica's son was diagnosed with _____.

answer

asthma

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Jordan is asked to list all of the people in his family. He is being asked to report his _____.

answer

family structure

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What is a sign of autism spectrum disorder?

answer

impaired social responses

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Siegler has studied the day-by-day details of children's cognition in math. He has found that children _____.

answer

gradually acquire math knowledge and strategies

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One important factor with respect to children coping with adversity is a child's _____.

answer

interpretation of the events

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In one study highlighting the role of culture in relation to IQ, Sudanese children averaged 40 points lower when IQ tests required children to _____.

answer

use pencils, which they had not used before

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Seamus is very talented at drawing and obsessive about details when drawing pictures. His speech is close to normal, but he tends to shy away from other children and is awkward when trying to relate to others. Which diagnosis would BEST fit Seamus's behavior?

answer

Asperger syndrome

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Emma studied for the spelling test all week and spelled each of the tested words correctly. Emma's ability to do well on her spelling test was based on her ability to _____.

answer

retrieve the correct spelling of words from long-term memory

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Most bullies pick on _____.

answer

members of their own sex

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Since Carter's mother suffers from depression and his father is an alcoholic, Carter is often neglected, but he has a supportive group of friends. Despite his circumstances, he maintains a positive outlook. What may be helping Carter to maintain his positive attitude?

answer

his circle of friends

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The three signs of an autism spectrum disorder are _____.

answer

inadequate social skills, impaired communication, and unusual play

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Which is NOT a common value among 6- to 11-year-old children?

answer

dressing like adults

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Aptitude tests are designed to measure one's _____.

answer

potential for learning a skill or body of knowledge

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How long it takes to respond to a stimulus is referred to as _____.

answer

reaction time

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Decades of research throughout the world have found a _____ correlation between academic achievement and socioeconomic status, largely due to language.

answer

strong

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Eight-year-old Molly is able to listen to her teacher and concentrate on what she is saying even when her friends are talking around her. Molly is able to do this because of an improvement in _____.

answer

selective attention

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A marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not caused by an apparent physical disability, by mental retardation, or by an unusually stressful home environment is referred to as _____.

answer

a learning disability

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Parasuicide refers to _____.

answer

a suicide attempt that does not end in death

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Alisha took an overdose of prescription pills, but before she lost consciousness she called her mom for help. Alisha was rushed to the hospital for medical attention. Alisha's behavior is defined as _____.

answer

parasuicide

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Mary is an adolescent. According to Erikson, her new identity will be established by choosing _____.

answer

to embrace some parental and societal values while abandoning others

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During puberty, adolescents' thoughts center on _____.

answer

themselves

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Evolutionary theory suggests that the relationship between childhood stress and onset of puberty exists to _____.

answer

insure that reproduction occurs early in stress-filled environments

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One of the most prominent aspects of formal operational thought is the ability to _____.

answer

think in terms of possibilities

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Alex has decided to pursue a career in music, even though his parents want him to study medicine. Alex has decided not to share his future career plans with his parents. Alex is most likely from _____.

answer

Chile

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Reggie has just started middle school. What is predicted to happen to his behavior?

answer

Reggie will likely experience more behavior problems.

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In recent decades, the use of technology in the classroom has _____.

answer

increased

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Which gland(s) receive(s) signals directly from the hypothalamus?

answer

pituitary

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William was an early-maturing boy in the 1930s. William would have been predicated to _____.

answer

be a school leader as an adolescent

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Nicholi's parents are restrictive and controlling. Compared with his peers whose parents engage in less psychological control, Nicholi is more likely to be _____.

answer

depressed

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Which adolescent's sexual behavior is likely to be most strongly influenced by peers?

answer

Tom, who has parents who forbid sexual behavior

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In the twenty-first century, early puberty positively correlates with _____.

answer

aggression and antisocial behavior in boys

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A female just gave birth to a baby who is preterm and low-birthweight. In addition, the female experienced high blood pressure throughout her pregnancy. This female is most likely _____ years old.

answer

14

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Three different girls tell Brian that Titanic is their all-time favorite movie. He concludes that all girls love that movie. Brian has just used _____.

answer

inductive reasoning

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The urge to conform to one's peers in behavior, dress, and attitude is referred to as _____.

answer

peer pressure

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Klaczynski's research found that logical thinking improved with age and education, but not with _____.

answer

intelligence (IQ)

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Many adolescents think carefully and answer correctly when responding to paper-and-pencil questions about hypothetical risk-taking situations, yet in the real world they engage in risky behavior. This is due in part to their _____.

answer

peers

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Elle, an adolescent, believes that government should pay for all citizens' health care. From this premise, she reasons about the particulars of how and why government-funded health care would work. This is an example of _____.

answer

deductive reasoning

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Bickering between parents and adolescents is most likely to _____.

answer

concern personal habits and dress

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In Inhelder and Piaget's balance experiment, trial-and-error problem solving was most characteristic of those of the age defined by _____.

answer

concrete operational thought

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In adolescent brain development, myelination and maturation occur in sequence, proceeding from the _____.

answer

inner brain to the cortex and from back to front

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Which of the following individuals is most likely going to take dramatic risks in order to gain peer approval?

answer

15-year-old Kevin

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Xavier, 16, invites a group of his high school friends to swim in a neighbor's pool late at night while that neighbor is away. They climb the fence and jump in, playing wildly and loudly in the water. Just a few minutes later, the police arrive. How does adolescent brain development help explain Xavier's poor decision making?

answer

His prefrontal cortex is underdeveloped.

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Data indicates a marked decline in _____ rates in most countries for the past few decades.

answer

teen birth

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Healthy communication and support from parents make _____ peer relationships more likely.

answer

constructive

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The sequence of puberty hormone production that originates in the brain and ends with glands located atop the kidneys is known by the acronym _____.

answer

HPA axis

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One reason adolescents' nutritional habits may be poor is _____.

answer

anxiety about their body image

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Some teenagers seem able to skate, play basketball, or dance for hours without rest. This increased endurance is best explained by _____.

answer

the growth of the heart and lungs

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According to Erikson, adolescents are in the stage of _____.

answer

identity versus role confusion

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Reasoning that includes propositions and possibilities that may not reflect reality defines _____.

answer

hypothetical thought

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Once the primary sexual organs begin to function, adolescents are biologically capable of _____.

answer

reproduction

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Using _____ thinking, a person might think, "If it barks like a dog and wags its tail like a dog, it must be a dog."

answer

inductive

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Taylor spends one hour getting ready for school. She insists on only wearing brand-name clothes. Taylor also wears specific sunglasses to demonstrate that she is a member of the popular crowd, and she participates in verbal bullying of students in the loner crowd. Taylor is most likely to be at what level of the education system?

answer

Middle School

question

While visiting an exhibit on seventeenth-century life, Hannah noticed that the adult clothing and shoes seemed to be quite small. The curator explained that current generations are taller than past generations due to _____.

answer

secular trend

question

When applied to the discussion of drug abuse, the term "generational forgetting" means that _____.

answer

the new generation ignores what adults have learned about the hazards of drugs

question

_____ are the sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by males than females.

answer

Androgens

question

Jamal and his classmates are taking a test today that will determine if they graduate from high school. Jamal and his classmates are taking a(n) _____ test.

answer

high-stakes

question

Identify the accurate statement about adolescent crime.

answer

Virtually every adolescent has broken a law by the age of 21.

question

One type of high school class that is assessed by externally scored exams that may satisfy college requirements is _____.

answer

IB (International Baccalaureate)

question

Gender refers to _____.

answer

the cultural or social attributes of being male or female

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Many high school graduates enroll in a post-secondary school (e.g., college). _____ individuals graduate from a post-secondary school.

answer

few

question

An intervention study designed to improve family communication and cohesion between parents and their sons (Brody et al., 2009) revealed that the sons' DNA was important to the outcome. Which of the following was a finding from the study?

answer

The intervention had an impact on boys with a short allele of the 5-HTTLPR gene.

question

During puberty, the growth spurt sequence typically occurs in this order.

answer

weight, height, muscles

question

In 2011, only _____ percent of adolescents consumed the recommended three or more servings of vegetables daily.

answer

15

question

During adolescence, the _____ matures before the _____ in the brain.

answer

limbic system; prefrontal cortex

question

When a person adopts parents' or society's roles and values without questioning and exploring a personal identity, it is referred to as identity _____.

answer

foreclosure

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What is rated as most important for successful marriage by Western emerging adults?

answer

faithfulness

question

Exercise helps protect _____ from serious illness.

answer

everyone

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Levi, age 23, believes that same-sex marriage should be legal. Given what is known about emerging adults and their parents, it is likely that Levi and his parents _____ about that issue.

answer

have similar attitudes

question

Which BEST describes the data on interethnic marriage in the United States?

answer

The official data underestimate the rate of such marriages.

question

In which nation are most unmarried young adults likely to live in their childhood home, regardless of economic circumstances?

answer

Italy

question

A mother offers an unsolicited comment about her 22-year-old daughter's clothing choices. Which emerging adult would be most likely to see such a comment as hostile and intrusive?

answer

a daughter who is strongly assimilated into American culture

question

Friends _____ mental health and _____ physical health.

answer

strengthen; strengthen

question

Dr. Richardson asks her class which age group is most in favor of same-sex marriage. A student raises his hand and correctly identifies _____ as being most in favor of it.

answer

emerging adults

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Organ reserve power decreases each _____, but it usually does not matter because people rarely need to draw on it.

answer

year

question

A method of reducing risky behavior that uses emerging adults' desire to follow social norms by making them aware, through the use of surveys, of the prevalence of various behaviors within their peer group is referred to as _____.

answer

the social norms approach

question

With regard to modern contraception, _____ has a failure rate of about 1 in 400 women.

answer

Depo-Provera

question

Herman and Todd, two friends, are discussing logos on T-shirts. Herman says that everyone should be able to wear whatever logos they want on their T-shirts. Todd suggests that some logos may be offensive and thus shouldn't be worn. If Herman is able to integrate those two ideas, he will have created a _____.

answer

synthesis

question

Who is an emerging adult likely to hang out with on a Friday night?

answer

friend

question

What two factors encourage exercise among individuals?

answer

friendship and communities

question

Akila loves to think about how the physical world works. She believes there are advanced civilizations on other planets. According to John Holland's six categories of people, she is MOST likely in the _____ category.

answer

investigative

question

As more is understood about brain development after adolescence, it seems that the characteristics of postformal thought are evident as the brain and, in particular, as the _____, matures.

answer

prefrontal cortex

question

The CARDIA (Coronary Artery Risk Development in Adulthood) study began with over four thousand healthy 18- to 30-year-olds; most were reexamined 7 to 20 years later. The study found that _____.

answer

those who were the least fit at the first assessment were four times more likely to have diabetes and high blood pressure in middle age.

question

Marco and Alayna have a romantic relationship, but they do not experience feelings of passion for each other and are no longer connected in an intimate way. According to Sternberg, what form of love do Marco and Alayna have?

answer

empty love

question

Which statement made by a teacher is MOST likely to activate stereotype threat?

answer

"This exam will show which gender has better grammatical skills."

question

Shelia is paying the monthly bills and realizes there is not enough money to cover all of them. She finds her partner and yells at him for not making enough money; he yells back that she wastes the money they have. Shelia slaps him, and he then shoves her away. Later they both apologize to each other for their behavior. This scenario illustrates _____.

answer

situational couple violence

question

Historically, peak newborn survival occurred when mothers were _____ years old at the time of birth.

answer

18 to 25

question

Gina reacted more strongly to going to college, living on her own, and making new friends than Carly. Gina's personality seemed to change as a result of these experiences whereas Carly's personality seemed unchanged. What could explain this is Gina's, but not Carly's, inheritance of _____ genes.

answer

plasticity

question

Friendships reach their peak of functional significance during _____.

answer

emerging adulthood

question

Although the health of many emerging adults is good, some may be diagnosed with a chronic disease. All of the following are common diagnoses for this age group EXCEPT _____.

answer

cancer

question

In what proportion of families around the world does arranged marriage occur?

answer

one-third

question

After auditioning for a play Carlos hears Henrietta say, "Carlos was the worst actor at the auditions! I can't believe that he got the lead!" Carlos thinks, "I know I am a fine actor. Henrietta is just upset right now because she did not get a part in the play." Carlos is using _____.

answer

subjective thought and objective thought

question

Research indicates that the process of moral thinking _____.

answer

improves with age

question

Diagnosis of _____ is most common from ages 18 to 24, with men more likely to develop the disorder than women.

answer

schizophrenia

question

Developmentalists cluster adults into chronological age groups for all of the following reasons EXCEPT _____.

answer

developmental variations are nonexistent

question

A person between the ages of 18 and 25 is considered to be in the developmental stage of _____.

answer

emerging adulthood

question

Which emerging adult is most likely to experience serious risks to his or her health and safety?

answer

an emerging adult living independently who has not had a close, supportive relationship with parents

question

Emerging adult Afton is a heavy social media user. She tends to have _____ face-to-face friends than do nonusers.

answer

more

question

Carl, age 23, just had an athletic check-up. He was told that as he gets older his _____ heart rate will remain stable, but his _____ heart rate will decline.

answer

resting; maximum

question

Grace is in her early 20s and exercises regularly. As she ages, what is likely going to encourage her to continue to exercise regularly?

answer

having an active friend

question

Claudia began using an IUD, a long-acting form of contraception, at age 18. While using the IUD, she became pregnant and proceeded to have her first child. Claudia's case is _____.

answer

atypical because IUDs rarely fail

question

According to John Gottman, disgust in romantic relationships is _____ predictive of divorce, and conflict in romantic relationships is _____ predictive of divorce.

answer

more; less

question

A violent and demeaning form of abuse in a romantic relationship, in which the victim is frightened to fight back, seek help, or withdraw, is referred to as _____.

answer

intimate terrorism

question

Fatal disease is _____ worldwide during emerging adulthood.

answer

rare

question

An arrangement in which a couple lives together in a committed romantic relationship but are not formally married is referred to as _____.

answer

cohabitation

question

Which emerging adult is more likely to experience psychopathology?

answer

Jana, who has a family history of depression and recently experienced a romantic relationship break-up

question

Karla is 27 years old and is a college graduate. Statistically, she is least likely to be a citizen of which country?

answer

the United States

question

Hugo is a recent college graduate. He is more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT _____.

answer

smoke more

question

Who is least likely to engage in domestic abuse?

answer

an older individual

question

College-student Trina is exploring her ethnic identity. As she connects to traditions from her ethnic heritage, Trina can expect _____.

answer

less anxiety

question

Which of the following is NOT true about the sexual-reproductive system of emerging adults?

answer

Serious birth complications are usual.

question

With respect to personality, emerging adults typically become _____ self-centered and _____ caring toward others.

answer

less; more

question

All of the following impact commitment in a romantic relationship EXCEPT _____.

answer

common backgrounds

question

Which statement does NOT describe the effect of SES on a person's life span?

answer

The impact of SES on life span is decreasing in the U.S.

question

All of Paulo and Geneva's children have moved out, started families, and are working on their careers. According to the text, Paulo and Geneva's home is now a(n) _____.

answer

empty nest

question

Paula is a middle-aged doctor who is an expert at laser eye surgery for the correction of myopia (nearsightedness). She graduated from medical school 35 years ago. Daryl is a young doctor who also does the surgery; he graduated from medical school 5 years ago. According to the textbook, who would likely be the better choice for operating on your eyes?

answer

Paula; she has done the operation so often that she is more strategic and flexible

question

A couple has been trying to conceive a child for 12 months. They decided to consult a doctor about their inability to conceive. After several tests, the doctor suggests that perhaps they will need to use _____ because of a low sperm count.

answer

assisted reproductive technology

question

According to a study in the U.S., which population scored highest in openness?

answer

New Yorkers

question

Couples who cohabit due to convenience are _____.

answer

less likely to have a happy marriage

question

One of the MOST influential factors in divorce is _____.

answer

whether it is a first or subsequent marriage

question

A psychologist who is studying the mathematical abilities of adults finds significant differences between the scores of adults born 50 years ago, when rote learning was stressed, and those born 25 years ago, when more "progressive" approaches to education were popular. This is an example of a(n) _____.

answer

cohort difference

question

In the United States, about _____ of employees work a traditional work schedule.

answer

half

question

What is one crucial factor for success at the "implementation" stage of breaking a habit?

answer

social support

question

All of the following contribute to the development of expertise EXCEPT _____.

answer

gender

question

According to the text, middle age, if it exists _____.

answer

could begin at 35 or 50

question

In which of these situations would an individual MOST likely engage in religious coping?

answer

when diagnosed with stage 4 cancer

question

Practical intelligence is supported by _____.

answer

experience and flexibility

question

The youngest of Zach and Tuila's three children has just started kindergarten. They have had to change their morning and bedtime routines, child care arrangements, discipline practices, and the family's income has suffered as a result of this shift, yet Zach and Tuila are happy to make these changes for their children. These changes reflect the fact that _____.

answer

Zach and Tuila are demonstrating generativity

question

Currently in the United States, _____ of adults are overweight.

answer

two-thirds

question

Natalie is asked by her daughter to help with making a list of all the presidents of the United States for a school project. In order for Natalie to help her daughter she will need to rely on _____.

answer

crystallized intelligence

question

In the United States, almost two-thirds of sexually active women over age _____ are sterilized.

answer

35

question

According to the results of Schaie's study, which individual would have the best number ability?

answer

Delano, born in 1924

question

People tend to display their wealth as a way of asserting their _____.

answer

status

question

Adulthood is usually a time of _____.

answer

increasing IQ, with dramatic individual differences

question

Malek is 45 years old. Research indicates that it will take him approximately _____ times as many months to impregnate a woman than it would have when he was 20 years younger.

answer

five

question

The term g refers to _____ intelligence.

answer

general

question

Baltes and Baltes found that adults use their intellectual strengths to offset their age-related declining abilities through the process of _____.

answer

selective optimization with compensation

question

Research on taxi drivers in London indicates that drivers with more experience _____.

answer

had brains that adjusted to the need for a particular kind of knowledge

question

Approximately what proportion of adults in North America become stepparents, foster parents, or adoptive parents?

answer

one-third

question

Susan's grandmother, at age 80, is engaged in the personal journey of connecting her life with the historical and cultural purpose of human society. The grandmother is in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?

answer

integrity versus despair

question

Adults choose their _____ by selecting neighborhoods, mates, hobbies, and careers at least in part based on their personality traits.

answer

ecological niche

question

Sam and Claire are in their 80s. They consistently vote against any member of Congress who may cut their Medicare benefits. At the same time, they do not want Medicare benefits extended to members of younger generations because they fear that doing so will bankrupt the nation. The reason they think this way is MOST likely due to their _____.

answer

risk aversion

question

After a recent divorce, Cheryl is entering the workforce after many years off. As a single parent with three children, she needs a livable wage, good benefits, and a retirement plan. She is focused on the _____ of work.

answer

extrinsic rewards

question

The average age of menopause is about _____ years.

answer

51

question

Major stressors and daily hassles _____.

answer

can impair cognitive functioning

question

Marie is 50 years old. Which activity is likely most difficult for her to do?

answer

dance a waltz

question

Of adults born before 1940, what percentage got married?

answer

96

question

Research finds that women typically suffer from divorce more than men do, but that many divorced men experience _____.

answer

increased loneliness

question

Secure bonds can develop between a child and an adoptive parent when the children are older (ages 4 to 7), especially if the mother had a(n) _____ attachment to her own mother.

answer

secure

question

Which statement about personality is accurate?

answer

Adult personality can be influenced by context.

question

John and Angela have been married for 6 years. According to research on linked lives like theirs, which statement is most likely true?

answer

John now works more hours than before he was married.

question

After nearly 20 years with his company, Mike's job was outsourced. He wants his new job to offer not only a good wage but also job satisfaction and a sense of accomplishment. He is focused on the _____ of work.

answer

intrinsic rewards

question

Which of Sternberg's three forms of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?

answer

practical

question

According to Erikson, the developmental crisis that occurs after intimacy versus isolation is _____.

answer

generativity versus stagnation

question

Eve is considered obese because she _____.

answer

has a BMI of 30 or more

question

Once a person has reached adulthood, oxygen dispersal into the bloodstream from the lungs drops about 4 percent _____.

answer

each decade

question

Children between the ages of 6 and 11 are within the developmental stage referred to as _____.

answer

middle childhood

question

For a class project, Casey is asked to identify why there has been a decrease in the number of deaths among children in recent decades. His research discovered that all of these factors were related to a lower death rate among children EXCEPT _____.

answer

more physical activity

question

Research suggests that children from families that _____ are less likely to see a dentist.

answer

have low incomes

question

Which activity, when a daily part of a child's life, is most associated with health problems later in life?

answer

watching about 4 hours of TV

question

The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are _____.

answer

related to their health in adolescence and adulthood

question

Physical activity can benefit children in all of the following ways EXCEPT by improving _____.

answer

oral health practices

question

Physical activity within schools has _____ over the years.

answer

decreased

question

The ratio between a person's height and weight is expressed as _____.

answer

BMI

question

Children are considered overweight when they have BMIs above the _____ percentile.

answer

85th

question

Hannah's BMI is in the 79th percentile, which is associated with being _____.

answer

normal weight

question

Childhood obesity is usually defined as a BMI above the _____ percentile.

answer

95th

question

At Devon's recent check-up, her doctor told her that she is obese. Devon's BMI is most likely in the _____ percentile.

answer

97

question

Which of the following is most often seen in children who are obese?

answer

high levels of cholesterol

question

Obesity has increased because it is common for _____.

answer

preschoolers to watch TV and drink soda

question

Austin is in the grocery store with his mom and he sees the candy-like cereal he saw advertised on television. He asks his mom to purchase it and she says no. He continues to beg, bargain, and pout until she concedes. Austin demonstrated _____ power.

answer

pester

question

Asthma is a disorder caused by _____ the airways.

answer

inflammation of

question

William was doing a class report on asthma and learned that several factors may contribute to its development, including all of the following EXCEPT _____.

answer

sunlight

question

Which child is more likely to develop asthma?

answer

a child who lives in a city

question

How long it takes to respond to a stimulus is referred to as _____.

answer

reaction time

question

The ability to concentrate on some stimuli while ignoring others is referred to as _____.

answer

selective attention

question

The process by which a sequence of thoughts and action makes the sequence routine, so that it no longer requires conscious thought, is referred to as _____.

answer

automatization

question

Aptitude tests are designed to measure one's _____.

answer

potential for learning a skill or body of knowledge

question

Originally, a person's mental age and chronological age were factors used to determine his or her _____.

answer

intelligence quotient

question

One's mental age divided by one's chronological age and multiplied by 100 results in one's _____.

answer

intelligence quotient

question

Ageism impacts the elderly by _____.

answer

undermining their feelings of competence and self-esteem

question

Caregivers can diminish the independence of the elderly if they _____.

answer

help too much

question

The study of population numbers is called _____.

answer

demography

question

What percent of the United States population is over age 65?

answer

13

question

What is the fastest-growing age group in the United States?

answer

80 and up

question

Which of the following is NOT true about most elders?

answer

Most elders rely on others for basic care.

question

When asked to think of "an elderly person," most people think of a feeble person who lives in a nursing home. Statistics show that the vast majority of people over the age of 65 are _____.

answer

young-old

question

The main reason we may not notice the young-old is that _____.

answer

they do not fit our stereotypes of the elderly

question

Which of the following groups makes up the largest group of older adults?

answer

young-old

question

The elderly who are dependent and most likely to have age-related illnesses are _____.

answer

oldest-old

question

Which of these is NOT true regarding sexuality in late adulthood?

answer

women stop intercourse earlier than men for biological reasons

question

Which of the following is NOT an example of a healthy approach to sexuality in older adulthood?

answer

Recently, Tony read an article that said that elderly couples can have just as active of sexual lives as they did in earlier adulthood. He has been pressuring his wife, Margaret, to have sex with him every night since then.

question

While having sex less frequently than they used to, more elderly couples report that their sex life had _____ rather than _____.

answer

improved; deteriorated

question

Elderly drivers have fewer car accidents than young people do because _____.

answer

elderly drivers compensate for deficiencies by driving more slowly and avoiding night driving

question

Designing settings and equipment so that they can be used by everyone—able-bodied, sensory-acute, or not—is known as _____.

answer

universal design

question

Primary aging refers to age-related changes that _____.

answer

inevitably take place as time goes by

question

The irreversible changes that naturally occur with time are called _____ aging.

answer

primary

question

Lionel has two biomarkers that are well outside the normal range. He has had a life filled with financial and familial stress, and has not always handled it well, though he has never smoked. As he ages, we can expect that _____.

answer

Lionel's lifelong responses to stress will create a biological burden

question

As bones age, they _____.

answer

become more porous

question

The concept of aging as a result of cellular duplication errors is based on the fact that the body's ability to make new cells that are exact copies of the original ones _____.

answer

is altered by mutations as time goes on

question

Which of the following statements about cellular aging is true?

answer

Aging may be caused by the inevitable loss of the ability of cells to duplicate perfectly.

question

The very ends of chromosomes in cells that may be correlated with longevity are known as _____.

answer

telomeres

question

Research on parts of the world where many people live well to advanced age indicates that these individuals usually _____.

answer

work throughout life

question

According to a comprehensive study, factors that contribute to a long life include _____.

answer

lifelong work and a diet rich in fresh vegetables

question

Maximum life span is defined as the _____.

answer

122

question

In 2012 in the United States, the average life expectancy was _____ years for men and _____ years for women.

answer

76; 81

question

Which of the following brain changes in later life surprised scientists when it was discovered?

answer

neurons are created

question

What benefit does neurogenesis provide for an older adult?

answer

increased cognitive adaptability

question

Which of the following is NOT correlated with deterioration of cognition?

answer

level of education

question

Which of the following statements is a possible explanation for greater brain activity in older adults?

answer

Older adults compensate for losses by using more parts of their brains.

question

Delores, age 75, believes her memory is fading with age, and the anxiety this causes her actually diminishes her memory. This is an example of _____.

answer

stereotype threat

question

As an individual ages, small sensory losses such as a decreased ability to hear nuances of emotion in speech _____.

answer

impair cognition

question

Which of the following is an example of prospective memory?

answer

Phyllis remembers that she is meeting friends for lunch tomorrow.

question

The elderly use _____ more often for processing information than do younger adults.

answer

prior knowledge

question

A marked decrease in brain processing and memory in some older adults may be attributed to _____.

answer

inadequate control processes

question

According to the information-processing approach to cognition, which of the following is another term for the "sensing" stage of cognition?

answer

input

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