Human Geography Chapter 3 – Flashcards
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Critical Distance
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The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence a person's willingness to travel. This distance can be different by the type of trip such as: work, school, shopping.
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Migration
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Permanent/planned long-term relocation of residential place and activity space.
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Intercontinental Migration
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continent to continent
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Intracontinental Migration
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within a continent (between countries)
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Interregional Migration
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within countries
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Rural to urban/urban to rural
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industrial revolution, present day
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Forced Migration
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decision made by people other than the migrants -slave trade, nazi germany
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Step Migration
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smaller spatial transitions, farm to large city
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Chain Migration
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Migrant is part of flow from common origin to a prepared destination
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Counter/Return Migration
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all migration flows have return migration flows
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Reluctant Relocation/Involuntary Migration
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less than voluntary, unforced,
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Voluntary Migration
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majority, opportunity, poverty is a big motivator
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Push/Pull factors of migration
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-migration can be a result of perceived factors that push or pull you to a certain place/destination
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Place Utility (controls of migration)
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-a measure of an individual's satisfaction of given location -decision to migrate is a result of comparison of (perceived) place utility at home and destination -choice to migrate- effected by aspiration levels
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Raven Stein's laws of migration
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-most migrants go only short distances -longer distance favors big city destinations -most proceeds step by step -most rural to urban -each flow produces a counter flow -families less likely to make international movements -most international migrants are young males -emigrants often more educated
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Why Americans Migrating?
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-changes in life course -changes in career course -changes in residence associated with individual personality
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Spatial Interaction
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the movement of people, ideas, and commodities within and between areas such as: trade patterns, radio waves. Interaction will occur if it is cost effective. smoothes out spatial variance
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Edward Ullman's Spatial Interaction Model
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spatial interaction is controlled by 3 flow determining factors: complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity
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Ullman's model: COMPLEMENTARITY
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supply and demand. one place must have what another place wants for successful trade. double complementarity: each place has something the other place wants
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Ullman's model: TRANSFERABILITY
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expresses changing relationships between the cost of transport and value. the cost of exchange must be reasonable. mobility of a commodity has 3 conditions. 1- characteristics of value of product 2- distance- time/penalty/cost 3- ability of commodity to beat cost of movement
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Ullman's model: INTERVENING OPPORTUNITY
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if closer/cheaper opportunity shows, no need to trade further/expensive. reduces supply/demand interactions by optimizing cost and convenience. assuming there is no emotional/social attachment.
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Modeling spatial interaction within systems
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gravity models and distance decay only estimate interaction for 2 places at a time. POTENTIAL MODELS: estimate the interaction opportunities for the entire system, relative position of each point in the system, based on size and distance relationships.
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Information and Perception
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-all previous models assume rational choices BOUNDED RATIONALITY- rational choices are based on a field of information -real world choices are based on perception (cost, mobility, opportunity)
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Place Perception
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awareness and beliefs of home and different places. real decisions made based on perceptions, not reality
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Perception of environment
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-guided by media, word of mouth is most effective -more knowledge of close places -spatial decisions made by perceptions (migrations, vacations) -near places preferred, similar culture preferred, climate
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Perception of natural hazards
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-low level hazards don't seem to create negative space perceptions -places may be perceived as dangerous, but really not -places may be perceived as safe, but really not -hazards often overlooked because terrain or views -without experience people are more optimistic
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Movement Biases
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An aggregate regularity of flows (preferred flows) -all the models assume uniform surfaces with no barriers, as well as rationality -in reality we have no biases
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Distance Bias
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short movements preferred over long movements
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Direction Bias
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Certain routes are preferred over others
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Network Bias
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Movement can only occur on the network
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Distance Decay (measuring interaction)
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the decline of an activity or function with increasing distance from its point of origin. - greater distance- less interaction -friction of distance -interaction between places is inversely related to the square of distance between them. l=1/d^2
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The Gravity Concept (measuring interaction)
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Adaptation of Newton's laws of gravity and motion -the attractive pull between two objects is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. -can be used for migration patterns, commodity flows.
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The Law of Retail Gravitation- "Riley's Law" (measuring interaction)
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-more interaction between urban areas comes from area sizes and distance between. -two cities will attract trade from intermediate locals in direct proportion to the populations of the two cities and in inverse proportion to the square of the distance of two cities to intermediate place.
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Breaking Point
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the point in between two "places" where controlling retail trade influences change
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Riley's Law Equation
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BP= dij 1+square root of p2/p1
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Human Spatial Behavior
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spatial behavior decisions? - distance, time, cost effectiveness, complementarity, transferability, intervening opportunity
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Mobility (human spatial behavior)
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ability to travel has two aspects... 1. circulation- daily or temporary use of space - does not imply a change of residence 2. migration- permanent, move to new location
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Individual Activity Space- TERRITORIALITY
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emotional attachment to and defense of home ground -humans divide space into territories -humans define various shapes and sizes of personal space (culturally determined)
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Individual Activity Space- ACTIVITY SPACES
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areas within which we move freely on our rounds of regular activity -larger than territorial space -more willing to share activity space space trips dependent on... -stage in life, mobility, opportunities, spatial restriction, knowledge of opportunity
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Tyranny of Time
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-activities take place in space and time -limitations in time and place (you can't go far for lunch before class) -represented by the Space-Time Prism: -shows the volume of space and length of time that constrains our activities -boundaries denote spatial and temporal limitations -size and shape determined by mobility
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Spatial interaction and the Accumulation of information
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-critical distances for people are determined by life, stage, mobility, opportunity, interests, demand, culture, etc.
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Information Flows
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two types: 1. individual 2. mass communication
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Individual (information flow)
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-between individuals and within small groups -personal communications field- within the activity space, but reflecting information flows -size and shape dependent on interactions -social network
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Mass communication (information flow)
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- one way flow between origin and areas of reception - print, tv, radio, etc. - restrictions and barriers can be set... - davinci code, western literature, illiteracy -only effective if they can reach people
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Globalization
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affect on spatial interaction? -internet -low transportation costs -reduced barriers to trade, foreign investment, and ownership -everything is now connected
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Breaking Point
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the point in between two "places" where controlling retail trade influences change
