Human Diseases: Ch 9 Gastrointestinal – Flashcards
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Pyloric sphincter
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the sphincter muscle through which food passes from the stomach into the small intestine
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peristalsis
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muscle contractions that propel food during the digestive process
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duodenum
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first section of the small intestine; receives digested material from the stomach
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bile
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substance secreted by the liver and necessary for fat digestion; consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin
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regurgitation
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passage of stomach contents into the esophagus
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proctoscope
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instrument consisting of a hollow tube with a lighted end used by physicians to observe the lining of the colon
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prolapse
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falling or dropping down of an organ or internal structure, such as the uterus or rectum
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stomatitis
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inflammation of the lining of the mouth often caused by bacteria or fungi
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dysphagia
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difficult or painful swallowing
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esophageal varices
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varicose veins of the esophagus
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esophagitis
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inflammation of the esophagus caused by acid reflux
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gastroesophageal reflux disease
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regurgitation of acidic contents into the esophagus
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cardiac sphincter
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muscular gateway between the esophagus and stomach
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hiatal hernia
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the protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm at the point where the esophagus joins the stomach
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gastritis
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inflammation of the stomach caused by irritants such as aspirin, excessive coffee, tobacco, alcohol, or an infection
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gastroscopy
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a procedure in which a camera is attached to a gastroscope, and the entire inner stomach is photographed
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atrophic
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a degenerating, wasting condition
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peptic ulcers
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ulcers of the stomach and small intestine due, in part, to the action of pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme secreted by the stomach
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gastric ulcers
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ulcers of the stomach
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duodenal ulcers
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ulcers of the small intestine caused by an excessive secretion of hydrochloric acid and helicobacter pylori infection
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helicobacter pylori
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a bacterium associated with ulcers
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hematemesis
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vomiting of blood
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melena
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stool with a dark, tarry appearance caused by blood from the upper part of the digestive tract
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perforation
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an ulcer that breaks through the intestinal or gastric wall, causing sudden and intense abdominal pain
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peritonitis
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inflammation of the lining of the abdominal cavity. usually results when the digestive contents enter the cavity, because this material contains numerous bacteria
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achlorhydria
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lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach
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gangrene
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condition in which bacteria infects and destroys dead tissue
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malabsorption syndrome
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the inability of a person to absorb substances from the small intestines
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lipase
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a digestive enzyme that breaks down lipid or fat
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diverticula
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little pouches or sacs formed when the mucosal lining pushes through the underlying muscle layer
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diverticulosis
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condition when little pouches or sacs are formed when the mucosal lining pushes through the underlying muscle layer
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diverticulitis
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inflammation of the diverticula, usually occurring in the colon or small intestines
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regional enteritis
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an inflammatory disease of the intestine that most frequently affects young adults, particularly females
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anorexia
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a loss of appetite
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chronic ulcerative colitis
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a serious inflammation of the colon, the origin of which is unknown
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pipestem colon
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term used to describe the colon in patients suffering from chronic ulcerative colitis; colon appears straight and rigid
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colostomy
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an artificial opening in the abdominal wall with a segment of the large intestine attached
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lumen
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the inner space of a hollow organ such as a blood vessel or intestine
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familial polyposis
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a hereditary disease in which numerous polyps develop in the intestinal tract
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organic obstruction
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a material blockage that prevents the contents of the intestinal tract from moving forward
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paralytic obstructions
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caused when the contents of the intestinal tract are unable to move forward due to a decrease in peristalsis, preventing propulsion of intestinal contents
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volvulus
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a condition in which the intestine is twisted on itself
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adhesions
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condition caused by connective tissue fibers that anchor adjacent structures together; a kinking of the intestine
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intussusception
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a type of organic obstruction in which a segment of intestine telescopes into the part forward of it
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flatus
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intestinal gas
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irritable bowel syndrome
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a functional condition of the colon with diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, and gas
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spastic colon (irritable colon)
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a functional condition of the colon with diarrhea and cramping
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dysentery
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an acute inflammation of the colon, a colitis
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occult blood
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blood detected in stool by means of a chemical test but not apparent to the naked eye
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glycogen
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a form of glucose that is stored in the liver and muscle
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kupffer cells
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specialized cells that line the blood spaces within the liver. they engulf and digest bacteria and other foreign substances, thus cleansing the blood
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jaundice
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a yellow-orange discoloration of the skin, tissues, and whites of the eyes caused when bilirubin (an orange pigment) accumulates in the plasma
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icterus
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jaundiced, yellow discoloration
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immunoglobulin
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antibodies
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fulminating
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having a rapid or sever onset
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cirrhosis
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a chronic destruction of liver cells and tissues with a nodular, bumpy regeneration
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ascites
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fluid that develops as a result of liver failure and accumulates in the peritoneal cavity
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hypoalbuminemia
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an albumin deficiency
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gynecomastia
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a condition in which the breasts become enlarged
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hepatic coma
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develops in the final stages of advanced liver disease; it is caused by an accumulation of ammonia in the blood, which has a toxic effect on the brain and may cause death
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hepatocarcinoma
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cancer of the liver
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biliary calculi
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gallstones; consist mainly of cholesterol, bilirubin, and calcium
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cholecystectomy
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the surgical removal of the gallbladder
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cholecystitis
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an inflammation of the gallbladder usually associated with gallstones
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biliary cirrhosis
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a form of cirrhosis resulting from cholecystitis
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pancreatitis
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a potentially life-threatening inflammation of the pancreas
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adenocarcinoma
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a cancerous glandular tumor
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cholelithiasis
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the formation or presence of gallstones
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general disorders of the digestive tract
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vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, hemorrhoids
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diseases of the mouth
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oral inflamation: stomatitis; streptococci, neisseria gonorrhea, trepomema pallidum, herpes simplex, candida albicans, cancer of the mouth: squamous cell carcinoma
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diseases of the esophagus
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dysphagia, esophageal cancer, esophageal varices, esophagitis, GERD, hiatal hernia
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diseases of the stomach
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gastritis, chronic atrophic gastritis, peptic ulcers; helicobacter pylori, non-steroidial anit-inflammatory drugs, inherited acid hypersecretion, gastroenteritis and food poisoning, cancer of the stomach
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diseases of the intestines
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appendicitis, peritonitis, malabsorption syndrome, celiac disease, diverticulitis, regional enteritis (Crohn's Disease), chronic ulcerative colititis, cancer of the colon and rectum, familial polyposis
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intestinal obstructions
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organic:material blockage, paralytic: decrease in peristalsis, tumors and hernias can cause blockage, vulvulus: twisting, adhesions: linking of two surfaces, itussusception, spastic colon: irritable bowel syndrome; diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, gas; no lesion, no tumor, no ulceration, dysentery: inflamation of the colon; diarrhea containing blood, pus, and mucus, severe abdominal pain
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diseases of the liver
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jaundice or icterus, build-up of billirubin, viral hepatitis, cirrhosis of the liver, hepatic carcinoma,
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diseases of the gallbladder
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gallstones: bilary calculi, cholelithiasis, cholecystitis,
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diseases of the pancreas
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pancreatitis, cancer of the pancreas,
