question

the years from 2 to 6 are often called "the _____ years"

answer

play

question

as estimated 28% of U.S. preschoolers have ______, a figure that rises to 60% by age 18

answer

tooth decay

question

In Western nations, _____ percent of the population is right-handed

answer

90

question

aids in balance and control of body movement

answer

cerebellum

question

Fibers linking the ______ to the _________ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination

answer

cerebellum;cerebral cortex

question

maintains alertness and consciousness

answer

reticular formation

question

an inner-brain structure plays a vital role by releasing two hormones that induce growth

answer

hippocampus

question

located at the base of the brain, plays a critical role by releasing two hormones that induce growth

answer

pituitary gland

question

children who lack ________ reach an average mature height of only 4 to 4.5

answer

growth hormone (GH)

question

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) prompts the thyroid gland in the neck to release ______, which is necessary for brain development and for growth hormone (GH) to have its full impact on body size

answer

thyroxine

question

by the school years, low-SES U.S. children are, on average ______ than their economically advantaged counterparts

answer

1/2 to 1 inch shorter

question

Worldwide, ___ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are _____________.

answer

98; in developing countries

question

often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly 1 million childhood deaths each year

answer

Diarrhea

question

Developmental impairments and deaths due to diarrhea can be prevented with oral re-hydration therapy (ORT), which consist of....

answer

a solution of glucose, salt, and water

question

about 30% of U.S. preschoolers....?

answer

lack essential immunizations

question

the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations

answer

unintentional injuries

question

the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old

answer

motor vehicle collisions

question

Boys are ____ times more likely to be injured during childhood than girls

answer

1.5

question

by age 2 or 3, most children can......

answer

use a spoon effectively

question

idea that certain physical characteristics of objects remain the same, even when their outward appearance changes

answer

conservation

question

Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by _______ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features

answer

centration

question

Piaget called children's self-directed utterances ______ speech, reflecting his belief that young children have difficulty taking the perspectives of others

answer

egocentric

question

refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less participants, without specifying the precise features of communication

answer

guided participation

question

involves thinking about thought

answer

metacognition

question

children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences

answer

emergent literacy

question

the ability to reflect on and manipulate the sound structure of spoken language

answer

phonological awareness

question

a central component of Montessori education

answer

child-chosen activities

question

Preschool viewing of educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with.......

answer

getting higher grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school

question

Between ages 2 and 6, most children acquire about ___ new words each _______.

answer

5;day

question

ability to engage in effective and appropriate communication

answer

pragmatics

question

adults often provide indirect feedback about grammar by using ______, which restructures inaccurate speech into correct form.

answer

recast

question

elaborate on children's speech, increasing its complexity

answer

expansions

question

as self-awareness strengths, preschoolers begin to develop a......

answer

self-concept

question

a major means through which caregivers imbue the young child's self-concept with cultural values

answer

self-evaluative narratives

question

Around age ___, children first become certain that a video image of themselves replayed a few minutes after it was filmed is still "me"

answer

4

question

involves the judgments an individuals makes about his own worth and the feelings associated with those judgments

answer

self-esteem

question

contributes to preschoolers' improved emotional self-regulation

answer

language

question

an important motivator of prosocial behavior

answer

empathy

question

According to Mildred Parten, two forms of true social interaction are ________ and ________ play.

answer

associative; cooperative

question

perspective regards children as active thinkers about social rules

answer

social learning

question

Preschoolers distinguish _________, which protect people's rights and welfare, from __________, which do not violate rights and are up to the individual

answer

moral imperatives; matters of personal choice

question

verbally and relationally aggressive acts are particularly frequent

answer

reality TV shows

question

In the United States, _______ has hampered efforts to regulate TV content

answer

first amendment right to free speech

question

allows parents to block undesired TV programming

answer

V-Chip (or Violence-Chip)

question

Typical parents give their sons toys that emphasize..

answer

competition

question

According to social learning theory, ________ come(s) before ________ in the development of gender identity

answer

behavior; self-perceptions

question

According to cognitive-developmental theory, ________ come(s) before ________ in the development of gender identity

answer

self-perceptions; behavior

question

child-rearing style is the most successful approach

answer

authoritative

question

Mothers engage in _______ more often than fathers, whereas fathers engage in _________ more often than mothers

answer

neglect; sexual abuse

question

at the greatest risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse

answer

preschool; school age children

question

in an evaluation of its effectiveness, Healthy Families home visitation alone reduced only neglect, not abuse. But adding ______ dramatically increased its impact

answer

cognitive component

question

At age 6, the average North American child weighs ___ pounds and is ____ feet tall.

answer

45; 3 1/2

question

After age 8, girls _____________than boys

answer

begin accumulating fat at a faster rate

question

Between the ages of 6 to 12, ________ primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones.

answer

20

question

most common vision problem in middle childhood

answer

myopia

question

Middle-ear infections become _______ frequent in middle childhood because the Eustachian tube becomes ____________.

answer

less; longer,narrower, and more slanted

question

most common chronic disease or condition of children in the United States

answer

asthma

question

Heritability evidence suggests ________ genetic influences on various aspects of executive function, including combining information in working memory, controlling attention, and inhibiting inappropriate responses.

answer

substantial

question

are often used to identify highly intelligent children and to diagnose children with learning problems

answer

Stanford-Binet and Wechsler intelligence tests

question

contains nonverbal subtests that do not require spoken language

answer

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, fifth edition

question

was the first test to be standardized on children representing the total population of the United States

answer

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

question

Individuals whose ______ systems function more efficiently appear to have an edge in intellectual skills.

answer

nervous

question

Arthur Jensen's 1969 monograph, "How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?" was controversial because he argued that........

answer

heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES variations in intelligence

question

Herrnstein and Murray's 1994 book, The Bell Curve, implies that....

answer

heredity plays a sizable role in the black-white IQ gap

question

On the basis of twin studies and other kinship evidence, researchers estimate that about _________ of the differences in IQ among children can be traced to their genetic makeup

answer

half

question

During elementary school years, on average, children learn about ____ new words each day.

answer

20

question

emphasize a specific area of interest

answer

magnet schools

Human Development Exam Chapter 7-9 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards