human development exam 1 hunter college
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development
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the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span
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traditional approach
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emphasis on change from birth to adolescence
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life expectancy
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average number of years a person is expected to live when born in a particular year
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life span
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maximum years a human can live
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life expectancy has increased but
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life span remains the same
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life-span approach
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-development occurs throughout the life-span -development is constructed through biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together
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life span perspective
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-lifelong: no age period dominates development -multidimensional: biological, cognitive, and socioemotional demensions
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multidirectional
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some directions expand, others shrink/ ex: language- 6 month olds become more able to understand their language, and less able to understand sounds that are no longer in their language
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normative age-graded influences
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shared by a particular age group
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normative history-graded influences
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shared by a specific generation
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non-normative life events
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unique to individual
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periods of development: prenatal: conception to birth
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tremendous growth, approx 9 months
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infancy: birth to 18-24 months
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extreme dependence on adults, many psychological activities are beginning
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early childhood/preschool years 2-5 years
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children become more self-sufficient, develop school readiness skills, spend time playing with peers
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middle and late childhood: 6-11 years
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fundamental skills of reading, writing, and arithmetic mastered, exposure to the larger world and culture, achievement as a central theme, increase in self control
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periods of development: adolescence 10-12 to 18-21
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rapid physical changes, pursuit of independence and identity; abstract, idealistic, and logical thought; more time spent outside the family
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periods of development: early adulthood 20s to 30s
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establishing personal and economic independence, career development, mate selection, starting a family, rearing children
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middle adulthood: 40s to 50s
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expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility, assisting the next generation to become competent, reaching and maintaining career satisfaction
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late adulthood: 60s-70s to death
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life review, retirement, and adjustment to new social roles
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stability and change
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the degree to which traits and characteristics persist through life or change (plasticity)
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continuity and discontinuity
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gradual cumulative change vs. distinct stages
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psychoanalytic theories
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-development is primarily unconscious, colored by emotions -behavior is a surface characteristic of development
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Freud
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primary motivation for behavior is sexual, emphasis on early experiences, personality shaped in the first five years, five stages of psychosexual development
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erikson's psychosocial theory
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primary motive for human behavior is social, developmental changes throughout life span, experience at all ages are important, eight distinct universal stages of development
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information processing theory
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the brain is compared to a computer's hardware
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ethological theory
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behavior is strongly influenced by biology, critical periods- lasting effects
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microsystem
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environment in which the child directly interacts (school)
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mesosystem
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interaction between two microsystems (school + home)
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exosystem
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does not directly interact, but indirectly interacts (parent's work)
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chronosystem
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changes in person or environment over time
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criticism of evolutionary perspective
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can't be tested scientifically
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bidirectional view
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environment and biological conditions influence each other
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chromosomal abnormalities
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down syndrome, fragile x
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cephalocaudal pattern
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physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually works from top to bottom
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proximodistal pattern
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center of body outward to extremities, use of whole hand before fingers
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infant growth pattern
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gain 5-6 ounces per week in the first month, triple weight and 1.5x length in the first year growth slows considerably by second year
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centenarians
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number increasing, more women than men, influenced by biology, heredity, family history, coping ability
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biological theory
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natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and nonadaptive characteristics in older adults
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cellular clock
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maximum time that human cells can divide is about 75-80 telomeres (the tips of chromosomes) get shorter with each division
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children's health: poverty
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malnourishment, less access to health care
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prevention in children
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avoid accidents (leading cause of death in children), close monitoring, caregivers' roles in important in taking preventative measures immunization
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emerging and young adults' health
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twice the mortality rate of adolescents, engage in more health compromising behaviors,mental health disorders, poor lifestyle = poor health
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osteoporosis
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extensive bone tissue loss, 80% of cases are women
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dementia
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neurological disorders involving deterioration of mental function
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causes of alzheimer's disease
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acetylcholine deficiency, genes, age, shrinkage in brain tissue
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parkinsons
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degeneration dopamine-producing neurons, deep brain stimulation is treatment
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malnutrition in infancy
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as many as 50% of deaths under age 5 in developing countries are caused by marasmus and kwashiorkor
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eating disorders
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correlated to family discord and media
