Human Development Chapter 4 – Flashcards
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An infant expresses _____ at 6 weeks of age and expresses _____ between 2 and 4 months of age.
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a social smile; laughter
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At what age do infants typically begin to express obvious anger?
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6 months
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A child who is described by her parents as active, social, and "not shy" would be high in which component of temperament?
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exuberance
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A child with an insecure-avoidant attachment to her caregivers is likely to show:
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indifference
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When 12-month-old Nicholas looked at his mother to see her expression as a stranger entered the room, he was demonstrating:
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social referencing
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Highly active, exciting play tends to occur more with:
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fathers
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Freud's first stage of psychosexual development is:
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oral
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_____ would relate a person's excessive eating, drinking, or talking to how that person's mother handled his or her urge to suck during infancy.
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Freud
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What is Erikson;s second crisis of life?
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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Between now and the year 2021, it is estimated that approximately _____ million babies will be born around the world each year.
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134
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In which country are mothers paid their full work salary for a total of 47 weeks while they stay home to care for their babies, followed by state-funded high-quality free day care for children older than 1 year of age?
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Norway
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Your author suggests that separation anxiety in young children is actually a good thing. What is the rationale behind this argument?
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It indicates that the child's memory is active and engaged.
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Pretending and using the words "I," "me," "mine," and "myself" are evidence that the child has developed
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self-recognition
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The MOST critical factor in the synchrony between an infant and his or her caregiver is:
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timing
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According to _____, a caregiver's responses to her infant's basic needs determine the infant's future emotional health
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Erikson
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When an infant looks to another person for information about how to react in an uncertain or ambiguous situation, (s)he is engaging in:
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social referencing
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Satisfying a child's basic needs with care and consistency relates to:
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Erikson's first crisis of life.
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At a trip to the local shopping mall one December, young Darius is surprised when he overhears the man dressed as Santa Claus speaking in a harsh tone to his "elf helpers." He thought that Santa Claus was supposed to be permanently happy and jolly! These expectations for Santa's behaviors make up Darius's _____ of the beloved Christmas character.
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working model
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Which statement is TRUE?
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Good preschool education is beneficial for young children.
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One essential factor for quality infant day care is:
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attention to health and safety
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High-quality day care during infancy has the following characteristic:
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low turnover rate
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Which part of the brain was activated in adults who were asked whether certain adjectives did or did not apply to them?
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the medial prefrontal cortex
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The MOST critical factor in the synchrony between an infant and his or her caregiver is:
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timing
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Which attachment pattern involves an infant who both resists and seeks contact when reunited with his or her caregiver?
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insecure-resistant/ambivalent
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_____ theory examines development by connecting biological and social growth.
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psychoanalytic
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The cognitive model of development holds that the pivotal factor in a child's life is:
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their interpretation of their own experiences
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In which of the following countries is center-based day care for children NOT subsidized by the government?
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Brazil
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As the country of Australia has attempted to increase its birthrate, which of the following is NOT a perk given to parents when they have a child?
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The parents are given a state-funded house that is big enough for their family size.
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At about 9 months of age, infants usually begin to demonstrate:
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stranger wariness and separation anxiety
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According to the text, temperament involves:
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inborn differences between babies in emotions, activity, and self-regulation
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Infants seek social bonds. Which of the following is a social bond?
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social referencing attachment synchrony All of these answers are correct.
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Albert crawls after his father when his father leaves the room. In doing so, Albert is exhibiting:
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proximity-seeking behavior
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Freud and Erikson were _____ theorists.
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psychoanalytic
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Which perspective suggests that parents mold an infant's emotions and personality as they reinforce or punish their child?
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behaviorism
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Research by Pilarz and Hill (2014) finds that children with _____ maternal caregiving are more likely to be aggressive by 3 years of age.
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unstable
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Pretending and using the words "I," "me," "mine," and "myself" are evidence that the child has developed:
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self-recognition
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An infant's realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose actions are separate from those of other people is:
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self-awarness
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A combination of the 7-repeat allele of the DRD4 VNTR gene and the 5-HTTLPR gene has been found to result in a(n) _____ temperament in 6-month-old infants.
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difficult
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Synchrony between infant and parent becomes _____ frequent and _____ elaborate as the child matures.
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more;more
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Which attachment pattern involves an infant who continues playing when his or her mother leaves the room and ignores her when she returns?
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insecure-avoidant
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According to Freud, an oral _____ could develop if a child's urge to suck is frustrated. This could happen, for example, if a child is weaned too early from breastfeeding or is not allowed to suck her thumb or on a pacifier.
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fixation
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_____ would relate a person's excessive eating, drinking, or talking to how that person's mother handled his or her urge to suck during infancy.
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Freud
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The idea of a working model comes from _____ theory.
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cognitive
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Two women are talking about being new mothers, and they discuss the government-subsidized day care that they will be using so that their children can be cared for while they return to work. They each share the opinion that providing this service is an obligation of the government, just like paving roads, and paying police officers. In which of these countries would this conversation most likely be taking place?
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Israel
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Although there is a large range of actual occurrence that differs by culture, estimates suggest that approximately _____ percent of infants worldwide receive daily child care by a paid, nonrelative provider.
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15
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Lewis and Erika want to have children, but they also both value their careers. Each wants to be part of caring for their kids when they are born, so they are looking into which countries provide the most support for new parents. If they want to live in the country that provides the highest amount of partially paid or unpaid paternity leave, where would they move?
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Australia
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A person dressed in an Easter bunny costume approaches 2-year-old Robyn to give her candy. She begins to cry loudly and clings to her mother. Robyn is exhibiting:
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stranger wariness
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Emotions that require an awareness of other people are:
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pride, shame and embarrassment
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:The attachment pattern in which an infant welcomes his mother upon her return and then returns to play after a brief separation is
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secure
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A person who is high in their need for control, regularity, and cleanliness in their life would be described by Freud as having a(n) _____ personality.
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anal
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Residents of all but which region rarely put their children in day care services, because they feel that it would be harmful to an infant's well-being
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Eastern Europe
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At what age would it be normal to see stranger wariness FIRST emerge?
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9 months
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An infant's social smile normally emerges:
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at about 6 weeks of age
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How is a child's temperament usually assessed?
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The child's responses to his/her environment are monitored
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Synchrony, attachment, and _____ are crucial to the psychosocial development of infants and toddlers.
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social referencing
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Which attachment pattern involves infants who freeze in place, cry hysterically, and/or pinch themselves?
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disorganized
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Which of the following seems to predict insecure attachment?
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parents who are highly stressed about things like income, other children, or their marriage
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In the model of Erik Erikson, a child who is struggling through the "terrible twos" is attempting to establish a personal sense of:
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autonomy
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At what age do infants typically begin to express obvious anger?
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6 months
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Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of temperament?
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cognitive adaptability
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In Freudian psychoanalytic theory, what is the primary challenge of the anal stage of development?
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toilet training
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What is Erikson's second crisis of life?
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autonomy versus shame and doubt
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For which of the following reasons do immigrant parents in the United States prefer that child care be provided by relatives rather than by child care professionals?
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Because relatives will speak the language that is used in the home.
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Self-awareness usually emerges at around what age?
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18 months
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Although cultural differences exist, most infants worldwide develop special attachments to their caregivers. This discovery is attributed to:
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Mary Ainsworth
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Research measuring infant-caregiver attachment involves
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parents answering questions about their children's characteristics. All of these answers are correct. using the Strange Situation laboratory procedure. an extensive interview with parents about their relationships with their own parents.
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In the first year of life, most infants in Canada are cared for:
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only by their mothers
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In which country are mothers paid their full work salary for a total of 47 weeks while they stay home to care for their babies, followed by state-funded high-quality free day care for children older than 1 year of age?
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Norway
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A lasting "affectionate tie" between an infant and a caregiver is called:
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attachment
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_____ parenting involves close physical contact with a child, while _____ parenting involves engaging the child from some distance, using toys, food, and communication instead of physical contact.
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proximal;distal
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One essential factor for quality infant day care is:
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attention to health and safety
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The experimental practice in which adults stare at their baby and remain unmoving and expressionless is called:
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the still-face technique
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When an infant is comfortable and confident in the presence of his or her caregivers, the infant would be described as having a(n) _____ attachment.
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secure
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Research demonstrates that MOST infants are classified as having a(n) _____ attachment to their caregiver(s)
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secure
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According to Freud, the primary source of gratification during the second year of life is the
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anus
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When a toddler begins to walk and talk, the social bond with the caregiver changes from _____ to _____.
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synchrony;attachment
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Which of the following is one of the key aspects of the Strange Situation?
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exploration of the toys
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When an infant clings and cries when a familiar caregiver is about to leave, this is called:
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separation anxiety
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At what age would it be normal to see stranger wariness FIRST emerge?
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9 months
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The term _____ refers to the care of children by people other than their biological parents.
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allocare
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The importance of synchrony is that infants learn to:
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watch others' expressions. take turns. read others' emotions. All of these answers are correct.
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What was an outcome of the totalitarian political policies of dictator Nicolae Ceausescu in Romania in the 1980s?
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Illegal abortions became a leading cause of death for women between 15 and 45 years of age.
