Human Development Ch. 5 Review – Exam 2 – Flashcards
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synaptic pruning
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process of reducing number of connections between neurons so that they become more efficient
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f(MRI)
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method of monitoring brain activity in which a person lies inside a machine that uses a magnetic field to record changes in blood flow to the brain in response to different kinds of stimulation
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_____ is a condition specific to toddlerhood in which protein deficiencies lead to varied symptoms such as swollen bellies and feet, hair loss, and lack of energy.
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Kwashiorkor
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what most distinguishes early brain development in toddlerhood is ______.
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the steep increase in the density of synaptic connection among neurons
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Which statement best represents sleep during toddlerhood?
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sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures
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Garret is approaching toddlerhood, during the next year he should be able to ______.
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hold a cup and scribble with crayons
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Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in the US?
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Educational level of the parents
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In Western cultures ______.
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a sign of being "ready" is when the child can stay dry for an hour or two during the day
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You have been trying to toilet train your son, but you are not having much luck. Based on the research, what is most likely to be holding up the process?
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some children simply take months or potentially years to become fully toilet trained
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You are interested in weaning your toddler. Why is it more of a challenge to wean a toddler than an infant?
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the toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behavior
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Nandranie is a toddler from a traditional culture; she would likely _____.
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be abruptly weaned at age one
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zone of proximal development
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difference between skills or tasks that children can accomplish alone and those they are capable of performing if guided by an adult or a more competent peer
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scaffolding
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degree of assistance provided to the learner in the zone of proximal development, gradually decreasing as the learner's skills develop
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Sher's father bought him a high chair and he intentionally tipped over his water in the try over and over again. According to Piaget, Sher is at the _____ stage.
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tertiary circular reactions
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18 month old Omar saw his father stirring a pot on the stove and the next day, picks u phis toy bowl and spoon and begins "stirring" an imaginary substance. This is an example of _______.
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deferred imitation
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When children generally avoid making the A not B error, they ______.
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have attained object permanence
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According to Vygosky, _________ is required for cognitive development.
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social interaction
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According to Vygotsky, children learn best if they instruction they are provided is ______.
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within the zone of proximal development
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infinite generativity
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ability to take the work symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways
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Broca's area
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portion of the left frontal lobe of the brain that is specialized for language production
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Wernicke's area
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portion of the left temporal lobe of the brain that is specialized for language comprehension
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holophrase
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single word that is used to represent a whole sentence
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overextension
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use of a single word to represent a variety of related objects
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underextension
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applying a general word to a specific object
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fast mapping
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learning and remembering a word for an object after just one time of being told what the object is called
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telegraphic speech
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two word phrases that strip away connecting words, such as "the" and "and"
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overregularization
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applying grammatical rules even to words that are exceptions to the rule
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when it comes to learning what we consider language, the most significant difference between apes and humans is?
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the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways
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Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca's area. What is likely to result?
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she will have difficulty producing speech
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Which is an example of overextension?
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a child calling all men "dada"
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Joquain was thirsty, so he looked at his mother and pointed to the glass on the counter and said, "juice." This is an example of _______.
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overregularization
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Research has show that __________.
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direct stimulation of language development is discouraged in some cultures.
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Sociomoral emotions
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emotions evoked based on learned, culturally based standards of right and wrong; also called secondary emotions
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empathy
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ability to understand and respond helpfully to another person's distress
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pro-social behavior
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behavior intended to help or benefit others, including kindness, friendliness, and sharing
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self-recognition
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ability to recognize one's image in the mirror as one's self
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self-reflection
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capacity to think about one's self as one would think about other persons and objects
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gender identity
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awareness of one's self as male or female
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which of the following a sociomoral emotion? A. anger B. guilt C. fear D. happiness
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guilt
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Researchers secretly dabbed a red spot on the nose of babies of different ages and then placed them in front of a mirror. They were testing ______.
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self recognition
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Gender identity ______.
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refers to the ability of children to identify themselves as male or female
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Which of the following statements about gender identity is true?
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gender development has a biological basis, as well as an environmental basis
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primary attachment figure
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person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment
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stranger anxiety
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fear in response to unfamiliar persons, usually evident in infants by age 6 months
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secure base
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role of primary attachment figure, allows child to explore world while seeking comfort when threats arise
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strange situation
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laboratory assessment of attachment entailing a series of introductions, separations, and reunions involving the child, the mother, and an unfamiliar person
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secure attachment
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healthiest classification of parent child attachment in which the child uses the parent as a secure base from which to explore, protest when separated from parent, and is happy when the parent returns
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insecure - avoidant attachment
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classification of parent child attachment in which there is relatively little interaction between them and the child shows little response to the parent's absence and may resist being picked up when the parent returns
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disorganized - disorientated attachment
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classification of parent child attachment in which the child seems dazed and detached, with possible outbursts of anger, when the parent leaves the room, and exhibits fear upon the parent's return
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which of the following describes Morton, a toddler who is considered securely attached based on the strange situation test?
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the toddler usually cries upon separation, but when the mother returns he greets her happily and begins to smile
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In elementary and secondary school, Jordan showed problems, such as hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on in college he was diagnosed with various types of psychopathology. Based on the research he most likely had a _____ attachment classification.
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disorganized - disorientated
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When it comes to attachment ______.
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children develop an internal working model of what to expect about their mother's availability and supportiveness in times of need based on how sensitive and responsive she was over the first year of life
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In traditional cultures such as Uganda, ________ can be a major event in the lives of toddlers and it may have an influence on the security of attachment.
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weaning
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polygyny
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cultural tradition in where men have more than one wife
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displacement effect
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in media research, term for how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities
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During toddlerhood __________.
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friendships seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages
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Research on sibling relationships during the toddler years has found that _________.
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toddlers' attachments to their siblings tend to be secondary attachments rather than primary attachments
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Research has shown that ________.
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the effects of television and other media depend on the content
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Describe typical changes in physical growth in toddlerhood.
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pace is slightly reduced from infancy but still apparent. Toddlers in developing countries often suffer protein and micronutrient deficiencies that impede their physical and cognitive development.
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describe changes in brain development
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brain's synaptic density peaks at the end of toddlerhood followed by many years of synaptic pruning. Two most common methods of measuring brain activity: EEG and f(MRI)
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describe changes in sleeping patters and sleeping arrangements that take place during toddlerhood
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episodes of night waking increase because of teething of molars at 18-24 months. Toddlers sleep with their mothers until next child is born usually
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describe the advances in motor development that take place during toddlerhood
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toddlers learn to walk, run, climb, and kick a ball. holding a cup and building a tower of blocks.
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Distinguish the weaning process early in infancy from weaning later in toddlerhood
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when weaning takes place in the second or third year of life, toddlers often resist.
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outline the cognitive achievements of toddlerhood in Piaget's theory
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the ability for mental representations develops in the second half of the second year and is the basis for important aspects of later cognitive functioning, including problem solving and language. object permanence also reaches near completion during this period. Deferred imitation and categorization also require mental representation.
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Explain Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development and contrast it with Piaget's theory
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unlike piaget, and most other cognitive theorists and researchers, vygotsky emphasized the cultural basis of concepts such as scaffolding and the zone of proximal development to describe how children obtain cultural knowledge from adults
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describe milestones of language development that take place during toddlerhood
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at 18 months, most toddlers speak about 50 words, usually in holophrases. by 24 months, most speak about 200 words, and combine some words in telegraphic speech. by their third birthdays, most can easily use the language of their culture in full sentences
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Sociomoral emotions include:
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guilt, shame, embarrassment, envy, and pride. they are called this because they indicate that toddlers have begun to learn the moral standards of their culture
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essential features of 4 classifications of attachment
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Bowlby emphasized the evolutionary need for a person who would provide protection and care during the vulnerable early years of life. Ainsworth developed the Strange Situation to assess attachment quality, and concluded that is showed three distinct types of attachment: secure, insecure avoidant, and insure resistant. Disorganized disorientaed is a fourth classifcation added later
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Typical TV rates
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television watching in toddlerhood may promote prosoical behaviors if the TV content is prosoical, but there are concern about the displacement effect, especially for children under two years old
