Human Dev Chap 7 & 8 – Flashcards
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Experts recommend that young children get __ hours of a sleep each night.
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11-13
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Children can experience a number of sleep problems, including narcolepsy which is characterized by:
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extreme daytime sleepiness
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Researchers have found children who have sleep problems:
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are more likely to show depression and anxiety than children who do not have sleep problems
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's categories for obesity, overweight, and at risk for being overweight are determined by:
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body mass index, which is computed by a formula that takes into account height and weight.
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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, only children and adolescents at or above the __ percentile are classified as obese
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97th percentile
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Young children from __ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia.
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low-income
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The leading cause of death in young children in the United States is:
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motor vehicle accidents, followed by cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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The negative effects of high lead levels in children's blood include:
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lower intelligence, lower achievement, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and elevated blood pressure.
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The poor are the majority in nearly __ of the world.
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one of every 5 nations
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Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:
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with high rates of poverty and low levels of education
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The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the emergence of:
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children begin to use primitive reasoning and want to know the answers to all sorts of questions.
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When teachers adjust their level of support and guidance to the level of skill of the student, it is called:
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scaffolding
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This use of language for self-regulation is called:
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private speech
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Vygotsky's view of the importance of __ on children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
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sociocultural influences
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Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:
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social interaction
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__ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
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sustained
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After the age of __, children attend more efficiently to the dimensions of the task that are relevant.
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6 or 7
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When experimenters ask children to judge whether two complex pictures are the same, preschool children tend to use a haphazard comparison strategy, not examining all of the details before making a judgment, exhibiting a lack of:
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planfulness
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In short-term memory, individuals retain information for up to __ if there is no rehearsal of the information.
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30 seconds
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By __ of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what's in front of her own eyes instead of what's in front of the child's eyes.
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2 years
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The realization that people can have false beliefs—beliefs that are not true—develops in a majority of children by the time they are __ old.
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3 to 5 years
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Approximately __ children is estimated to have some sort of autism spectrum disorder
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1 in 150
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It now is accepted that autism is linked to:
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(shows a number of behaviors different from children their age, including deficits in social interaction and communication as well as repetitive behaviors or interest.)
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By the time they enter first grade, it is estimated that children know about __ words.
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14,000
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Around __ years of age, children learn to change their speech style to suit the situation.
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4 to 5
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In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and poor education for young children in the United States through:
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Project Head Start
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Early Head Start was established in 1995 to serve children from __ of age.
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birth to 3 years
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According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:
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initiative versus guilt
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According to Erik Erikson, the "great governor" of initiative is:
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conscience
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Self-conscious emotions do not appear to develop until self-awareness appears around __ of age.
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18 months
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At about what age are children when they understand that the same event causes different emotions in different people?
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4 to 5 years
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Feelings of anxiety and guilt are central to the account of moral development provided by __ theory.
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Freud's psychoanalytical
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According to Freud, to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment, and maintain parental affection, children identify with parents, internalizing their standards of right and wrong, and thus form the:
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superego
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__ is responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.
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empathy
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From about __ years of age, children display heteronomous morality.
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4 to 7
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__ involves a sense of one's own gender, including knowledge, understanding, and acceptance of being male or female.
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Gender identity
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Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as:
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Gender roles
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Most children know whether one is a girl or boy by about __ of age.
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2.5 years
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Low levels of __ in the female embryo allow the normal development of female sex organs.
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androgens
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Gonads are:
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(ovaries in females and testes in males) the two main classes of sex hormones, estrogens and androgens, are secreted by these
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__ promote the development of female physical sex characteristics.
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Estrogens
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__ promote the development of male physical sex characteristics.
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Androgens
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__ psychologists propose that men have gradually changed over time to have dispositions that favor competition and risk-taking.
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evolutionary
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According to Freud, at which age does the child renounce the sexual attraction he or she feels toward the parent of the opposite sex because of anxious feelings?
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5 or 6
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According to the __ theory of gender, children's gender development occurs through observing and imitating what other people say and do, and through being rewarded and punished for gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behavior
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social cognitive
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Around the age of __, children already show a preference to spend time with same-sex playmates.
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3
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Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in groups that are made up of:
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same sex
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Girls are more likely to engage in __, in which they talk and act in a more reciprocal manner.
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collaborative discourse
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A parent who uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children is a(n):
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authoritarian
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A parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life, showing neither responsiveness or control, is a(n):
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neglectful
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A parent who encourages his/her children to be independent, but still places limits and controls on their actions is a(n):
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authoritative
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A parent who expects mature, independent, and age-appropriate behavior from his/her children is a(n):
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authoritative
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Which parenting style is demanding and controlling, while also being accepting and responsive?
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authoritative parenting
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In a recent national survey of U.S. parents with 3- to 4-year-old children, about __ reported that they frequently yelled at their children.
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67%
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Which of the following countries has the most favorable attitude toward corporal punishment? South Korea
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South Korea
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In which of the following countries are adults most likely to remember that their parents used corporal punishment?
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South Korea
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The support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a child is known as:
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coparenting
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__ of victims of child abuse in the U.S. were abused by their parent(s).
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84%
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Punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, and shaking a child constitutes:
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Physical abuse
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Commercial exploitation of a child through prostitution or the production of pornographic material constitutes:
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sexual abuse
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__ is almost always present when other forms of child maltreatment are identified.
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Emotional Abuse
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Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families?
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US
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It is estimated that approximately __ percent of children born to married parents in the United States will experience their parents' divorce.
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40
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Following divorce, custodial mothers experience the loss of about __ of their predivorce income.
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1/4 to 1/2
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Approximately __ of lesbians are parents.
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20%
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Approximately __ of gay men are parents.
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10%
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The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families:
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have a heterosexual orientation
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Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another is known as __.
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acculturation
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Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson considered play to be valuable because:
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it helps children master anxieties and conflicts as well as relieving tensions to cope with life's problems and work off excess physical energy and release pent-up tensions.
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Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky considered play to be valuable because:
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play is a child's work play advances children's cognitive development play permits children to practice their competencies and acquired skills in a relaxed, pleasurable way play provides the perfect setting to exercise these cognitive structures
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Which type of play increases dramatically during the preschool years?
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Social Play
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Constructive play:
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Play that combines sensorimotor and repetitive activity with symbolic representation of ideas.
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Which type of play is most common among 10- to 12-year-olds?
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game playing
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Children's Saturday morning cartoons show about __ violent acts per hour.
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25
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Children's shows like Sesame Street are:
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positive social interchanges
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