HUM2230 – Flashcard
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CHAPTER 10
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1-15
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What in the Sutton Hoo burial ceremony did Christianity forbid?
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Cremation
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What advantages did feudalism offer the nobles
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Military support and goods or produce
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What advantages did feudalism offer the fiefs?
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Use of land and protection
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Why did Europe's Christians embark on pilgrimages?
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To atone for their sins
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What pilgrimage destination was most difficult to reach?
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Jerusalem
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Why was the wergeld (life-price) of a thane higher than that of a thrall?
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Thralls were slaves
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What literary work describes a scene similar to the Sutton Hoo discovery?
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Beowulf
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Why is Beowulf considered an English poem even through its events take place in Scandinavia?
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It is written in Old English
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Why does Beowulf travel from Denmark to Sweden?
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To kill the monster Grendel
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What was the main task of Christian missionaries in England?
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To transfer the people's allegiance from their king to God
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Why was the Book of Kells moved from Iona off the Scottish coast to Kells in Ireland?
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.To protect it from Vikings threatening the Scottish coast
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Why did Pope Leo III crown Charlemagne the first Holy Roman Emperor?
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For Christianizing the people of his vast empire
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In the Song of Roland, why are the Saracens able to ambush Roland's army?
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Roland is betrayed by Ganelon
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What leads to Roland's death in the Song of Roland?
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His sense of pride
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Why did Charlemagne insist upon a Christian education for his people?
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To gain more favor from Pope Leo
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CHAPTER 12
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1-14
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Why was "Gothic" as applied to France's new architecture originally a derogatory term?
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B) The Goths had destroyed classical traditions
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Why was light vital to Saint Denis's design?
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A) It is the physical and material manifestation of God
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Why was Saint Denis not completed during Suger's lifetime?
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C) Louis VII left for the Crusades and withdrew funding
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Why were so many of the cathedrals called Notre Dame ("Our Lady")?
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D) They were dedicated to the Virgin Mary, Queen of Heaven
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What from Chartres Cathedral survived the devastating fire of 1194?
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B) Mary's tunic and a window portraying her
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Why did the Gothic cathedrals contain stained-glass programs?
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A) To tell Bible stories to a mostly illiterate audience
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Why is the Jesse tree a common stained-glass motif?
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D) It establishes Mary's royal lineage from King David
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Which of the following innovations was key in Gothic architecture?
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C) Rib vaulting
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Why did the Gothic cathedrals include flying buttresses?
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B) To help spread out the weight of the vaults
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What musical instrument became popular in the cathedrals?
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A) The organ
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Where was the first university founded?
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D) Bologna, Italy
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On whose method did Peter Abelard base his teaching?
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C) Socrates
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On whose relationship was the popular poem the Roman de la Rose based?
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A) Peter Abelard and Heloise
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What two subjects did Scholasticism seek to reconcile?
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A) Christian faith and classical reason
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CHAPTER 13
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1-
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CHAPTER 14
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1-
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What 150-year time period in Italy did nineteenth-century historians label the Renaissance?
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B) Mid fourteenth to early sixteenth
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What were the Renaissance humanists aiming to understand?
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C) The nature of humanity and its relationship to the natural world
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Why in 1401 did the Florentines sponsor a competition?
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A) To choose a designer for the city's baptistery doors
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What biblical scene were the baptistery-design entrants to create?
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C) The Sacrifice of Isaac
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Why are Ghiberti's doors known as the Gates of Paradise?
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C) They open onto the paradiso, the area in front of the cathedral
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Which is the only panel on the Baptistery doors to represent a single event?
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D) Meeting of Solomon and Sheba
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Who won the competition to create a dome for Florence Cathedral?
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B) Filippo Brunelleschi
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How did Brunelleschi construct his dome without temporary wooden scaffolding?
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D) The dome's ribs function as support, so scaffolding is part of the design
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Why probably did Brunelleschi use nine circles of horizontal ribs for the dome?
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A) As the reverse of Dante's nine circles of hell
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Why does Masaccio place the vanishing point in The Tribute Money behind Christ's head?
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D) To identify Christ as the fresco's most important figure
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What distinction does Donatello's David hold?
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B) The first life-size freestanding male nude since antiquity
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Why did Donatello depict his David as a young adolescent?
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C) To symbolize Florence's youthful vitality and ability to conquer tyrants
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Why were the Medici the most powerful family in Florence from 1418-1494?
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...A) They were bankers to the papacy
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Why did Cosimo de' Medici found the Platonic Academy in Florence?
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C) To provide a place for the study and discussion of Plato's works
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Why did Lorenzo de' Medici invite the young Michelangelo Buonarroti to live in his palace?
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...B) Lorenzo recognized Michelangelo's artistic promise
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Why did Lorenzo de' Medici prefer frottole sung in Italian, not Greek or Latin?
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...A) Italian was the most beautiful of languages for music
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According to Pico della Mirandola's Oration on the Dignity of Man, what great gift makes humans "the most fortunate of living things"?
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C) Free will
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Why did Piero Della Francesca paint Federigo de Montefeltro, duke of Urbino, in profile?
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C) Federigo was missing an eye and part of his nose
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What implicit lesson does Mantega's Camera Picta send to Ludovico Gonzaga, ruler of Mantua?
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D) A ruler always is in the public eye
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Why was Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan, so interested in Leonardo da Vinci?
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...A) Leonardo could design great machines of war for him
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Why is Leonardo's Last Supper fresco in very bad shape today?
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B) Leonardo painted dry plaster with oil, which flakes off
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Why did the Florentines drive the Medici family from the city in 1494?
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C) Piero de Medici formed an unpopular alliance with the French king
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Why did Medici supporters hurl stones at Michelangelo's David as it was moved through the streets?
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...D) They understood David's symbolism of the city standing up to tyrants
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Why does Michelangelo's Moses have horns?
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A) A mistranslation of the Bible from Hebrew to Latin
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What is meant by terribilitá, a trademark of many of Michelangelo's works?
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D) A terrifying and awesome force
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CHAPTER 15
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1-24
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Why did the late 14th-century popes refuse to live in Rome?
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...
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When the papacy returned to Rome in 1420, why did the popes consider restoring the city their sacred duty?
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A) To move visitors with extraordinary sights
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Why did Michelangelo leave Florence for Rome in 1505?
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B) Pope Julius II commanded him to come to Rome
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What was Michelangelo's first commission in Rome?
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C) A statue of Bacchus
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Why did Michelangelo present Mary in his Pietà as young and beautiful instead of middle-aged?
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D) To make her a timeless image of purity and chastity
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Why did Pope Julius II wish to identify himself with Julius Caesar?
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A) Like Caesar, he wanted to defeat the hated French
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Why did the pope elected in 1503 take the name Julius?
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C) To emphasize his imperial authority
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On which Greek's work did Vitruvius base his theory of proportion?
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B) Polyclitus
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According to the ancient Roman Vitruvius, what standard should the ideal human body be eight times the size?
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D) The head
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What musical interval corresponds with Vitruvius's theory of proportion?
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A) Octave
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What Leonardo work illustrates Vitruvius's ideas of human and geometric perfection of proportion and symmetry?
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C) Vitruvian Man
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Why did Bramante apply the Vitruvian circle inscribed with a square to his church designs?
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To symbolize the perfection of God
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Why were the people eager to buy the indulgences that Julius II sold to finance the St. Peter's project?
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A) They wanted to shorten their stay in purgatory
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Why did Michelangelo place the Drunkenness of Noah as the first scene the viewer sees upon entering the Sistine Chapel?
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C) To remind them of their own frailty
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Why did Michelangelo place the Separation of Light from Darkness at the Sistine Chapel's far end over the altar?
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A) To symbolize the viewers' distance from creation's goodness and truth
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Which of the following is not one of the four major areas of humanist learning that Julius II commissioned Raphael to paint on the Vatican's Stanza della Segnatura?
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Mathematics
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Why in the School of Athens does Aristotle direct his palm down?
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C) To indicate that knowledge comes from study of the natural world
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Upon whom did Raphael model his portrait of Heraclitus, the brooding, despairing philosopher?
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D) Michelangelo
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What did Niccolò Machiavelli study as inspiration for The Prince?
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B) Roman rulers and citizens
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In which Florence ruler did Machiavelli see the role model for his perfect prince?
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C) Cesare Borgia
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Why did Machiavelli claim that it was better for a prince to be feared, not loved?
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D) Fear is a stronger motivator
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Who was permitted to join a Venetian scuole?
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B) Anyone regardless of political group or class
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Why did Venetian artists begin using oil instead of tempera paint
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C) Oil gave their work more luminosity and realistic details
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Why is the Villa La Rotunda considered by many to be Andrea Palladio's masterpiece?
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A) Its design is perfectly symmetrical
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According to the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, why did Titian become the most sought-after painter in Europe?
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C) His portraits revealed the subjects' character and personality
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Why in the School of Athens does Plato point toward the heavens?
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B) It's the realm of ideal forms
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CHAPTER 13
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1-20
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In what area of Italy are Siena and Florence located?
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D)Tuscany
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Why did Siena experience population growth after 1125?
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A) Its free commune status offered freedom from feudalism
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Why were Siena's guilds able to rise to such levels of power?
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A) Siena was an important manufacturing city
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Why by the end of the fourteenth century did Florence become an important banking city?
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C) The Pope conferred Siena's papal banking privileges on Florence
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What was the Florentine bankers' most important invention?
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C) Europe's first single currency
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Who in Florence was eligible to serve in the government?
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A) Only guild members
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Why is the Virgin Mary's crown in Simone Martini's Maestrá significant?
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A) It establishes her as both a sacred and a secular queen
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In the Arena Chapel frescoes, what is Giotto the first artist since antiquity to depict?
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A) People from behind
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Why is the camel in Giotto's Adoration of the Magi not exactly realistic?
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D) It has blue eyes
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What is an advantage of the buon fresco (paint on wet plaster) technique?
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C) The paint becomes part of the wall
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Why does Dante place Judas, Brutus, and Cassius in the lowest level of his hell?
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B) They were traitors
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Why does Virgil guide Dante through Hell and Purgatory?
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B) Virgil represented the embodiment of reason
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Why did the flagellants believe Europe was devastated by plague?
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A) God's wrath against human sins
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What literary trend does Boccaccio's Decameron introduce into Western literature?
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D) Social realism
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What literary form did Petrarch perfect?
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C) Italian sonnet
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In what language did Chaucer write his Tales?
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D) Middle English
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Why did Christine de Pizan become the first female professional writer in European history?
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A) A widow, she needed to support her family
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Why were England and France fighting in the Hundred Years' War?
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C) England wanted to claim Normandy from the French
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What was the main charge for which Joan of Arc was tried and executed?
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D) Cross-dressing
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According to the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, what was a positive effect of the bubonic plague?
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B) Per capita wealth increased
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CHAPTER 16
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1-2
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Why did Bruges become the financial capital of the North?
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B) It was home to the Medici banking interests in the region
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What physical attribute provided Bruges its status as an important trade center?
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A) Its waterway that led from a lock on the North Sea
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Why did Antwerp overtake Bruges in importance by the middle of the fifteenth century?
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C) Bruges' harbor became blocked by silt
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Unlike in Renaissance Italy, patronage of artists in the northern cities came from what source?
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D) The merchant class
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What is a particularly distinctive feature of Robert Campin's Mérode Altarpiece?
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B) Its setting the Annunciation in an ordinary, middle-class Flemish home
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Why did Flemish painters use oil instead of the tempera paint favored by the Italian Renaissance painters?
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A) To create layers of paint that reflected light
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In the Ghent Altarpiece, Jan van Eyck's depiction of Adam and Eve holds what distinction?
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C) The largest painted nudes since antiquity
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Who is reflected in the mirror in Jan van Eyck's double portrait Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife Giovanna Cenami?
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D) Jan van Eyck
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Characteristic of all northern painting of this time, Roger van der Weyden's Descent from the Cross displays tension between what?
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D) Material well-being and spiritual narrative
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What is an advantage of a polyptych over a diptych or a triptych?
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C) A polyptych allowed for different arrangements
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Hieronymus Bosch's famous triptych, the Garden of Earthly Delights, seems intended for what purpose?
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A) To be a conversation piece
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What question does Hieronymus Bosch's Garden of Earthly Delights seem to ask the viewers to ponder?
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D) What might the world be like if the fall had never happened
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In her Heptameron, Marguerite de Navarre expressed the northern pessimism and doubt about what institution?
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C) The Church
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What was a major advantage of tapestries as decorations?
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B) They were highly transportable
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Why were Morris dancing and its musical equivalent, the madrigal, so popular in the north?
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D) They provided light-hearted and frivolous entertainment to all the classes
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Matthias Grünewald's Isenheim Altarpiece underscores what northern European preoccupation?
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A) Death
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Heinrich Krämer's Malleus Maleficarum (The Hammer of Witches) set forth what attitude about women?
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C) They were cunning and deceitful
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What trend in German culture did artist Albrecht Dürer represent?
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B) Humanism
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In his landscape study The Large Turf, Albrecht Dürer was able to blend his northern interest in minute detail with what Italian Renaissance interest?
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D) The phenomenon of the natural world
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As discussed in the chapter's "Continuity and Change" section, what was the irony of monk and humanist scholar Desiderius Erasmus?
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B) He opposed the Church's excesses yet loved beauty and art
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CHAPTER 17
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1-18
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Why did Holy Roman Emperor Charles V's own troops sack Rome in 1527?
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C) He was unable to pay their wages
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What classical literary genre did Desiderius Erasmus and Thomas More revive?
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A) Satire
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Why does Erasmus attack Church officials in his In Praise of Folly?
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D) For selling pardons and indulgences
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Why did Luther reject the Church's doctrine that good deeds and work led to salvation?
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C) He believed that faith alone would provide salvation
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What was at the heart of Luther's outrage at the Church's "salvation for sale"?
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A) Class inequity and injustice
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What did Luther claim gave him the right to post his 95 Theses on the Wittenberg church door?
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B) Academic freedom
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Why was Luther's translation of the New Testament into vernacular German so significant?
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B) People no longer had to depend on the Church for biblical interpretation
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Why did Luther rebel against Church mandate about celibacy for those in a religious vocation?
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A) Faith equalized everyone, including the clergy
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Why was Thomas Müntzer so critical of Martin Luther during the Peasant War?
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B) Luther refused to support the peasants' rebellion
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What did John Calvin mean by "predestination"?
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C) God ordains salvation for certain people at birth
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Why was mid-sixteenth century Geneva known as "a paradise for women"?
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B) Geneva men who beat their wives were severely punished
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Why in his later years did Luther claim that the Jews were a race rejected by God?
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D) Luther accused Jews of denying Christ and crucifying him
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What was the first major work Gutenberg published using his printing press?
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D) The Forty-Two Line Bible
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After the advent of the printing press, who became Europe's best-selling author?
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A) Martin Luther
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Why did the Roman Catholic Church condemn François Rabelais's Gargantua and Pantagruel?
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B) For attacking medieval theology's dogmas and sacraments
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Why did Michel de Montaigne's wealthy father send him away at birth to be raised by peasants?
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C) So he would develop love and respect for common people
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What style of writing for trying out ideas did Montaigne invent?
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A) The personal essay
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What process did Dürer use in Melancholia I to create deeper and darker shadows?
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A) Stippling
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CHAPTER 20
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1-15
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Why did Spain institute an Inquisition in 1478?
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B) To convert all non-Christian Spaniards
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What does the Italian word maniera, from which Mannerist derives, mean?
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D) Style
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What does the Italian mano, the root of maniera, mean?
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C) Hand
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of Mannerist style?
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C) Classical subjects and themes
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Why in 1545 did Pope Paul III call for the Council of Trent?
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A) To reform the Church in response to Protestantism
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Which of the following was not ordered by the Council of Trent?
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B) Cessation of infant baptism
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Why did the Council of Trent insist on the use of religious imagery?
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D) To move the faithful to adore and love God
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How did Palestrina's Missa Papae Macellus conform to the Council of Trent's requirements?
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A) The words are clear above the restrained music
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What Michelangelo creation do some believe to be among the earliest Mannerist examples?
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C) The Laurentian Library staircase
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Why is Michelangelo's Victory called a serpentine figure?
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A) It has no single predominant view
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Why might Michelangelo in the Last Judgment have included his self-portrait on the flayed skin of St. Bartholomew?
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B) Michelangelo felt martyred by papal commissions
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How did Daniele da Volterra and others earn the name braghettoni ("breeches-painters")?
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D) Painting draperies on the Last Judgment's nudes
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Why in The Madonna with the Long Neck does Parmigianino paint Mary withdrawing from the Christ child?
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B) She knows his tragic fate
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What human feature do many Mannerist artists emphasize to draw attention to their skill?
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C) Hands
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What is the overarching theme of Bronzino's Allegory with Venus and Cupid?
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A) Sensual indulgence
