question

Although early writing was produced using pointed sticks, Sumerian scribes c. 3100 B.C.E. advanced writing with durable reeds that:

answer

produced wedgelike script called cuneiform.

question

The Egyptian system of hieroglyphics was:

answer

deciphered by Champollion using the Rosetta Stone.

question

Slavery in Sumerian society was

answer

usually the result of capture during war.

question

The Egyptians developed elaborate tombs and burial techniques:

answer

to provide the dead with all they would need in the afterlife.

question

The vast majority of Egyptians who built the pyramids were slaves.

answer

False

question

Social relationships in the ancient city of Çatalhöyük were largely

answer

egalitarian

question

One of the contributors to the Neolithic revolution was:

answer

climate change

question

Egyptian society

answer

consisted of a tiny minority of royalty and nobility and a majority class of the poor, including peasants and artisans.

question

Which of the following was an important element in the development of early settlements?

answer

the establishment of first local and then long-distance trade routes throughout the Near East

question

The important administrator of the pharaoh Djoser who initiated pyramid building in the "step" style was

answer

Imhotep

question

An individual who successfully led the city-state's army in battles was:

answer

able to acquire prestige and power as a lugal

question

The penalties in Hammurabi's Law Code

answer

were different depending on the class of an individual.

question

The Akkadian rulers of Sargon and Naram-Sin

answer

ruled from cities and kept their empires through conquest and commerce.

question

While ancient Sumerians shared a common religion, warfare was frequent because

answer

residents of each city believed themselves to be the servants of different gods.

question

Jericho, one of the world's oldest villages, began an impressive building program of structures to protect their grain surplus around:

answer

6800 B.C.E.

question

The common religion of the Sumerians

answer

included many gods, with a different god worshiped in each city-state.

question

One distinct belief that later Western religions took from Zoroastrianism is the idea

answer

of a Day of Judgment

question

The accomplishments of King Darius of Persia included

answer

building roads for transport and postal service.

question

Twelfth-century popes, like their secular counterparts, sought to establish their authority by building and expanding bureaucratic structures to increase papal visibility and to show it in the daily lives of all Christians.

answer

true

question

The seven liberal arts that the universities of Europe established as their curriculum consisted of the

answer

trivium and quadrivium.

question

The political power of some queens of the High Middle Ages in Europe is reflected in the

answer

power of the queen in the game of chess.

question

The Waldensians were declared heretics because they did not believe in transubstantiation.

answer

true

question

The term universitas originally meant

answer

corporation

question

Peter Abelard was a controversial and popular teacher who made the University of Bologna a center of theology.

answer

false

question

The rapid growth of monastic houses, such as the Cistercians, in the twelfth century meant that more men and women were becoming professional religious and that

answer

a religiously engaged laity was supporting the Church through the donation of money and lands.

question

The Babylonian Captivity of the Hebrews affected Judaism by:

answer

enabling the Hebrews to sustain an identity outside of a Hebrew kingdom

question

By the end of Solomon's rule, the cult of Yahweh had expelled all worship of foreign deities and acted as a glue to hold the Hebrew Kingdom together after the Davidic dynasty ended.

answer

false

question

Thutmose I was remarkable for

answer

ruling over Egypt, Palestine, and the lands from Nubia in the south to the Euphrates River in the north.

question

The system of writing developed by the citizens of Ugarit

answer

used an alphabet of about thirty symbols for the consonants

question

By the fourteenth century B.C.E., international relations were marked by:

answer

diplomatic standards, polite forms of address, gifts, and alliances

question

"Indo-European," as used in historical or anthropological texts, refers to

answer

linguistic and cultural patterns found in India, the Near East, Europe, and perhaps the Far East.

question

When the Hyksos conquered Lower Egypt in the Egypt's Second Intermediate Period, they

answer

adopted the machinery of pharaonic government.

question

The division of the ancient kingdom of Israel was

answer

provoked by Solomon's oppressive regime

question

The Heroic Age of Greece described by Hesiod and other ancient poets was long thought to

answer

be legends or fables with little basis in historical reality.

question

Unlike other rulers, Cyrus of Persia (559-529 B.C.E.)

answer

granted self-rule and religious freedom to conquered peoples.

question

The center of Mycenaean society was the village, which gave a sense of family and responsibility to the people and encouraged loyalty to the king, who was depicted as a father to his people.

answer

false

question

Due to a period of captivity in Babylon, ancient Hebrews

answer

developed a religion that transcended local politics and geography.

question

Thutmose I was the pharaoh who expelled the Hyksos and restored Egyptian confidence and reunification.

answer

false

question

The origins of Greek democracy can be identified, in part, in the rule of the Athenian aristocrat

answer

Solon

question

Which sentence best describes the structure of the Spartan government circa 600 B.C.E.?

answer

Sparta was ruled by a citizen assembly, a council of elders, and two kings.

question

The growth of Athenian democracy, with its emphasis on equality between citizens, led to

answer

greater inequality between men and women.

question

Why was the Peloponnesian War deadlocked for an extended period of time?

answer

Athens could not defeat Sparta on land, and Sparta could not defeat Athens at sea.

question

Greek symposiums excluded all women.

answer

false

question

The Athenian strategos Pericles expanded democracy in Athens by

answer

giving every Athenian citizen the right to propose legislation.

question

The Delian League became a policy tool of which Greek polis?

answer

athens

question

Aristocrats of Archaic Athens believed commerce to be a disreputable career.

answer

true

question

The Sophist claim that "man is the measure of all things" means that

answer

goodness, truth, and justice are not absolutes, but vary according to the needs and interests of human beings.

question

Hoplites were organized into formations called a:

answer

Phalanx

question

Homosocial relationships between men of the aristocratic class in Ancient Greece were part of

answer

A mentoring process for young men.

question

After Hoplites were introduced in Greece:

answer

aristocrats lost their monopoly on military prowess.

question

Ionians transmitted the Lydian invention of _________ to the Greek world.

answer

coinage

question

Because of their successful colonial and trading activities, the Miletus:

answer

became extraordinarily wealthy

question

Greeks made contact with the _____ in the ninth century B.C.E.

answer

Phoenicians

question

The social center and organizational hub of the Greek polis was:

answer

the agora

question

The most important cultural center in the Hellenistic world was:

answer

Alexandria

question

Alexander's successors in Egypt ruled their Macedonian subjects in the same way they ruled their Egyptian subjects, as pharaoh.

answer

false

question

Aristotle argued that the universe could only be understood by exploring the natural world in which people lived.

answer

True

question

Alexander sought to fuse his Greco-Macedonian Empire with Persia by:

answer

arranging for hundreds of his officers to marry Persian noblewomen.

question

The complex, busy, and cosmopolitan life of the Hellenistic world led to the popularization of

answer

pastoral verse

question

After the Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.E.), Sparta:

answer

was defeated by Thebes, under the leadership of Epaminondas.

question

In the Republic, Plato argues for a return to the democratic state.

answer

false

question

Philip II secured the support of many neighboring kingdoms through

answer

marriages

question

The ultimate aim of the military and political policies of Philip II was to

answer

invade Persia.

question

In the fourth century B.C.E., the Greeks of the poleis considered Macedonians to be

answer

barbarians.

question

With the expansion of population in the Hellenistic world and the creation of larger cities:

answer

the average Greek male was less connected to his community and had little or no stake in society.

question

The Theban Sacred Band was

answer

an elite military unit composed entirely of male couples.

question

All of the male rulers of Macedonian Egypt took the name

answer

Ptolemy

question

Macedonian military reforms under Philip II most closely resemble earlier reforms undertaken by:

answer

Thebes

question

Whereas Plato conceived of politics as a means toward living the good life, Aristotle regarded politics as

answer

an end within itself

question

The _________ War represented the beginning of the end of the political dominance exercised by the Greek poleis.

answer

Corinthian

question

Although some emperors who followed Augustus in the Julio-Claudian dynasty were able individuals, many were not; arguably the worst of these was

answer

Caligula

question

Prior to the establishment of Rome as the dominant state in Italy

answer

Etruscans, skilled metalworkers and artists, lived there

question

After a plebeian rebellion in the early fifth century B.C.E.

answer

the patricians accepted the elected tribunes and written laws

question

According to legend, Rome was first ruled by a(n)

answer

monarchy

question

Roman historians of the Principate regularly wrote glowing reports of the competent governance of the emperors.

answer

false

question

Once the Romans had effectively gained control of Italy (265 B.C.E.), they

answer

started a series of wars for control of the western Mediterranean.

question

Rome played a crucial role in the development of European civilization because

answer

Rome connected Europe to the cultural heritage of the Near East.

question

The Romans were the first people to use _________ on a massive scale in their buildings.

answer

concrete

question

Among the titles Augustus had been awarded were all the following EXCEPT

answer

dictator supremus

question

Pax Romana refers to

answer

long period in which there were no major wars within the Roman Empire.

question

Roman law consisted of three branches: civil law, natural law, and:

answer

The Law of Nations

question

Central to Roman identity was a conservatism expressed in an unwritten code of:

answer

mos maiorum

question

The Latin Right of the early Romans guaranteed that

answer

contracts, marriages, and citizenship were valid across Latium.

question

The war between Pompey and Caesar was a direct result of Pompey's election as sole consul in 52 B.C.E.

answer

True

question

The geographic site of Rome has many advantages, including

answer

hills that increase the defensibility of the city.

question

Traditional Roman religion included ancestor worship and:

answer

oligarchs who played dual roles as priests and politicians.

question

Historians now refer to the period from 284 to 610 C.E. as Late Antiquity because:

answer

it is a period with its own themes and developments, neither wholly Roman and not yet medieval.

question

Romans regarded the Germans as barbarians because:

answer

German society was illiterate, and Germans did not live in cities

question

Most of what we know about Jesus was written down:

answer

Between 70 and 100 CE

question

In Late Antiquity, the pope enjoyed acknowledgment and support for his primacy from the other western bishops.

answer

False

question

As seen in the life of Perpetua, Christianity challenged the traditional Roman values of

answer

obedience to the Roman gods and one's ancestors.

question

What point was in dispute between the Arians and Christian orthodoxy?

answer

whether Jesus was of the same being and substance as God the Father

question

The monastic way of life in the West was influenced greatly by establishing a set of rules written by

answer

Benedict

question

Byzantium was of little strategic import when Constantine moved his capital there in 324 C.E.

answer

False

question

Boethius's interest in logic while remaining thoroughly Christian:

answer

established a link between classical Greek thought and intellectual Christianity.

question

According to historical interpretations, Jesus was crucified because he

answer

was convicted of sedition by a Roman governor.

question

According to the discipline of history, faiths

answer

are the products of historical processes.

question

When the emperor died in 192 with no heir apparent, civil war once again engulfed the Roman Empire with _________ eventually claiming the throne.

answer

Septimius Severus

question

One reason for including classical texts in the education of Christians by the fourth century was

answer

the desire of Christian intellectuals to be regarded as philosophers and to make classical learning applicable to a Christian way of life

question

Unlike the common practices of many previous civilizations:

answer

early Christian monks practiced extreme forms of self-abasement.

question

Which statement best describes the position of the Sadducees in Palestine during the first century C.E.?

answer

The Sadducees closely allied themselves with the Roman rulers of Judea.

question

Roman borders were

answer

porous and thus more symbolic than actual.

question

Constantinople remained the political and economic center of the Roman Empire until 476, when it fell to the Goths.

answer

False

question

Charlemagne regularly chose the bishops in his empire.

answer

True

question

Justinian's longest lasting reform was the

answer

organization and codification of Roman law

question

The Shiite claim to legitimacy rests on the direct connection to Muhammad through his daughter

answer

Fatimah

question

Why did the Romans of Italy and North Africa resent Justinian's efforts to liberate them?

answer

there was a heavy cost in taxes and lives

question

During the expansion of the Islamic caliphate, Muslim rule was often preferred to Persian or Byzantine because

answer

the caliphate extracted fewer taxes from conquered populations than these empires.

question

As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne

answer

took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.

question

The early Byzantine religion was known for its

answer

intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy.

question

The word Islam means:

answer

submission

question

Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid formed an alliance partially because of their shared enemy, the

answer

Umayyad

question

By the late sixth century C.E., the economy of Arabia was

answer

commercially sophisticated and was intersected by many trade routes

question

It is difficult to date the beginning of Byzantine history with precision because:

answer

the Byzantine Empire was the uninterrupted successor of the Roman Empire.

question

One result of the campaigns of Belisarius in North Africa and Italy was:

answer

the weakening of Constantinople against the Sassanids.

question

The overall unity of the Muslim world disintegrated during the tenth and eleventh centuries because of

answer

increasing intolerance of regional and ethnic differences of practice and belief within Islam.

question

Scandinavian traders turned to raiding because

answer

instability in the Abbasid empire had made travel on their traditional trade routes difficult.

question

The Vikings are generally regarded as being a destructive force in European history

answer

but such a view may not be correct in light of the principalities they established across northern Europe

question

The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia was influential in the history of architecture because it

answer

placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape.

question

The stability of Byzantine government was the product of:

answer

An efficient bureaucracy

question

The rotation of crops:

answer

Spread labor more evenly throughout the year

question

At Canossa in the winter of 1077

answer

King Henry IV did penance before Pope Gregory VII.

question

The new class of lords that arose after 900:

answer

claimed descent not from Roman or Carolingian families but Viking warlords like Rollo the Viking.

question

In 1099 the crusaders

answer

seized Jerusalem, slaughtering much of its population in the process.

question

In 1059, Pope Nicholas II issued a new decree on papal elections, which gave the power to elect future popes to the

answer

college of cardinals

question

In northern Europe, increasing use of the heavy-wheeled plow between 800 and 1050 coincided with

answer

fundamental changes in settlement patterns of peasants

question

The tenth century was known for ineffective kingship throughout Europe and:

answer

an incompetent and largely corrupt papacy

question

One factor that contributed to the growth of some urban centers such as Paris and London was

answer

their ability to draw on the wealth of the immediate area around the city.

question

The motive for knights to participate in the Crusades was clearly religious including:

answer

a promise to be freed from all penances imposed by the Church.

question

The Investiture Conflict was finally resolved by a compromise known as the:

answer

Concordat of Worms

question

The most powerful of the heirs of Charlemagne was the Saxon king Otto who:

answer

tried but largely failed to dominate the papacy and northern Italy.

question

Simony refers to

answer

the use of ecclesiastic office for personal gain

question

Compared to their Carolingian predecessors, the kings of tenth- and eleventh-century Germany

answer

relied heavily on ecclesiastical leaders to carry out royal administration.

question

Beginning in the eleventh century, the Church asserted its independence from secular rulers.

answer

True

question

The European political structure in the tenth and eleventh centuries was typified by social mobility and egalitarianism.

answer

False

question

In 1071, Byzantium lost Armenia and wealthy Anatolia to the

answer

Seljuq Turks

question

Although it represented a monumental struggle for power at the highest levels of society, the Investiture Conflict was a largely private affair that had little impact on local political or religious relationships.

answer

False

question

Modern universities can trace their origin back to the

answer

cathedral schools

question

Wolfram von Eschenbach was a German poet known primarily for his

answer

story depicting the search for the holy grail

question

By 1200, access to some form of education was

answer

open in principle to all who wanted an education.

question

The tradition of French administration that balanced local diversity of custom with bureaucratic centralization in Paris began with

answer

Phillip II

question

Venice benefited from the Crusades by

answer

providing ships and supplies to Crusaders.

question

The French Parlement never attained the importance of Parliament in England because

answer

the French nobility, unlike the English nobility, was exempt from taxation.

question

The term university originally meant a

answer

corporation or guild

question

The ultimate purpose of the Albigensian Crusade was

answer

to justify the colonization of the south of france

question

Twelfth-century literature focused on courtly themes and motifs and avoided discussion of the profane and mundane.

answer

False

question

In 1250, the most powerful guild in Arras was a guild of professional entertainers.

answer

True

question

The earliest cities in Mesopotamia were founded by the:

answer

Ubaid people

question

Although hominid existence extends back many millennia, human civilization was fully achieved around the year

answer

3000 BCE

question

Which of the following is NOT true regarding women in Egyptian society during the Pharaonic period?

answer

They could practice sexual freedom

question

The Neolithic Revolution allowed women to

answer

have more children and devote more time to child care.

question

Labor among Paleolithic peoples was strictly divided along gender lines, as men did the hunting and women the gathering.

answer

False

question

Hammurabi's Law Code is the first law code that exacted equal punishment for crimes across the social spectrum.

answer

False

question

After 2500 B.C.E., the tombs of Sumerian lugals often included armor and jewelry. This demonstrates both the wealth of the lugals and shows that Sumerians believed

answer

items such as these would be useful in the afterlife.

question

The Egyptians made notable advances in:

answer

Measuring time

question

While both Egypt and Mesopotamia used the wheel in pottery making, in the Early Bronze Age only Mesopotamia used the wheel for transport and war chariots.

answer

true

question

One of the notable characteristics of civilization was the development of:

answer

occupational specialization

question

Although early writing was produced using pointed sticks, Sumerian scribes circa 3100 B.C.E. advanced writing with durable reeds that

answer

produced wedge-like script called cuneiform.

question

Which comparison between Egypt and Mesopotamian civilizations is NOT true?

answer

Each enjoyed significant political and cultural interactions.

question

Which period saw Egypt expand its borders, abandon its isolationism, and change its ideal of pharaoh from a god to a "good shepherd"?

answer

the Middle Kingdom

question

Sumerian distrust of nature and fear of the world were paralyzing to their culture as they lacked motivation to make significant advances in science, technology, and trade.

answer

false

question

A mysterious wave of invasions entered the Mediterranean world and destroyed almost all of the preexisting civilizations:

answer

in the second millennium B.C.E.

question

By 1500 B.C.E.:

answer

huge Mycenaean citadels were scattered across some of Greece.

question

The division of property and wealth in New Kingdom Egypt

answer

favored the pharaoh, the military aristocracy, and the temples of the gods.

question

The Mitannians introduced lighter chariots to carry archers, but

answer

their opponents soon copied them and their technological advantage was lost.

question

The followers of Zoroastrianism believed in

answer

a god of light who constantly battled a god of darkness

question

Zarathustra attempted to redefine religion

answer

as ethical practices common to all people.

question

The division of the ancient kingdom of Israel was:

answer

provoked by Solomon's oppressive regime.

question

In the 1100s B.C.E. a wave of destruction swept across the Near East and the Mediterranean world as a result of the invasions of the:

answer

Sea Peoples

question

Members of the group known in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) as the Philistines shared cultural affinities with the

answer

Mycenaeans.

question

Savage violence and terror were characteristic of Assyrian warfare and foreign policy from Assyria's rise as a power in 1900 B.C.E.

answer

False

question

When Akhenaten died and was succeeded by Tutankhaten

answer

the new pharaoh returned to traditional ways of worship

question

Darius believed that a preemptive strike against Athens and Eretria was necessary because

answer

Greek poleis in Asia Minor could always revolt against Persia when they could look for support in this endeavor from Athens, Eretria, and other Greek poleis.

question

The Archaic Age of Greece begins with the emergence of the polis and the return of writing, but most of what we know of the period comes from the particular perspective of the

answer

Athenians

question

The best men or aristoi of early Greece modeled their behavior on

answer

the heroes of the Iliad and the Odyssey.

question

The "Ionian revolution in thought," epitomized by Xenophanes and other philosophers from Miletus, can best be described as

answer

relativism

question

Hubris is:

answer

excessive pride, which was punished by the gods.

question

Although the history of Greece before the rise of the polis is largely undocumented and therefore difficult to study thoroughly, it seems clear that the

answer

early Greeks were living in a period of cultural isolation and economic stasis.

question

Cleisthenes is important in the history of Athenian government because he:

answer

championed the cause of the demos and took steps to limit the power of aristocrats.

question

The origins of Greek democracy can be identified, in part, in the rule of the Athenian aristocrat:

answer

Solon

question

The Dionysia celebrated

answer

Athenian democracy and the greatness of the polis.

question

After Hoplites were introduced in Greece:

answer

aristocrats lost their monopoly on military prowess

question

In preparation for war with Persia, Athens financed the

answer

creation of a naval fleet.

question

In portraying the human body, Hellenistic sculptors favored

answer

awkward poses and exaggerated postures

question

The beginning of the end of Alexander's conquests was his inability to fully subdue:

answer

Afghanistan.

question

After defeating Darius's armies, Alexander moved his capital to the Persian city of Persepolis.

answer

False

question

Aristarchus of Samos was unusual among Hellenistic astronomers because he

answer

believed that the earth revolves around the sun.

question

During the Corinthian War (395-387 B.C.E.), Sparta fought against

answer

an alliance comprised of Athens, Argos, Corinth, and Thebes.

question

To highlight their authority and status in the former Persian empire, Seleucid rulers

answer

used terms in proclamations reminiscent of earlier Mesopotamian rulers.

question

Xenephon's book, the Anabasis, provided Alexander with information about the

answer

culture of Persia.

question

One of Plato's philosophical concerns was

answer

to establish a just society.

question

The fourth century B.C.E. in Greece witnessed a confused political terrain, with many attempting to discover a direction for the Greeks; among these was _________ , who believed that the Greeks could rediscover their lost unity by an invasion of Persia.

answer

Isocrates

question

The greatest Roman Stoic, Cicero, believed that

answer

virtue leads to happiness, and peace of mind is the highest goal.

question

After Rome had twice defeated Carthage, a third Punic War:

answer

was provoked by war hawks who thought Carthage must be destroyed.

question

The division between Roman patricians and plebeians was

answer

between the wealthiest (2 percent) and the rest (98 percent) of the people

question

Since the Romans employed slaves for all forms of manual labor

answer

little technological innovation took place, and urban underemployment was common.

question

The Augustan system refers to

answer

the political reforms instituted by Augustus and continued under his successors.

question

Changes in the Roman law of marriage in the second century B.C.E. meant that

answer

wives retained control of their own property, guaranteeing them more independence

question

Prior to Julius Caesar's appointment as Dictator for Life, only one other Roman had been appointed to that position without the traditional six-month term, and he was

answer

Sulla

question

Rome's conquest of the Hellenistic world reinforced its commitment to strict paternal authority.

answer

False

question

The war between Pompey and Caesar was a direct result of Pompey's election as sole consul in 52 B.C.E.

answer

True

question

When Julius Caesar adopted Octavian as his heir

answer

Octavian had to fight his rivals and kill his republican opponents

question

The death of Cleopatra

answer

meant that Egypt became a Roman province

question

Roman religion was not exclusive; new gods could be added and honored or removed.

answer

True

question

Our knowledge of the Etruscans is extensive because of their prolific writing.

answer

False

question

On the City of God

answer

was a new, Christian interpretation of human history by Augustine.

question

Christianity went from being a persecuted faith in the early fourth century to being the recognized faith of the empire; this last step was the result of the action by the emperor:

answer

Theodosius, who prohibited pagan worship.

question

By 300 C.E., Christians accounted for no more than 10 percent of the population of the Roman Empire; this low percentage might be due to

answer

Diocletian's policy of persecuting any group deemed to be subversive.

question

Once the Christian Church gained ascendancy in the Roman Empire, the highest authority in deciding doctrine was

answer

the emperor, as a newly styled pontifex maximus of the Christian Church

question

Boethius's interest in logic while remaining thoroughly Christian:

answer

established a link between classical Greek thought and intellectual Christianity.

question

Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it

answer

Diocletian divided the empire in half and appointed a co-emperor to rule the western part.

question

The differences between the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire

answer

in culture, economy, and language were great and grew larger over time.

question

By the end of the third century, the involvement of women in the Church had:

answer

shrunk to the point that they were completely excluded from all positions of power.

question

During the third century, Rome underwent a prolonged period that came very close to destroying the empire. This period is known as the time of

answer

the Barracks Emperors, when Rome had no fewer than twenty-six emperors in about fifty years.

question

Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy is a(n)

answer

excellent example of the pairing of classical philosophy and the Christian worldview

question

Augustine's theological ideas revolved around

answer

human sinfulness and divine omnipotence.

question

Augustine is recognized as one of the greatest early fathers of Christianity and Christian thinkers of all time; he believed that what he did was to

answer

draw out the basic truths from the Bible so that people could understand the text.

question

As a result of the Iconoclastic Controversy:

answer

political legitimacy was fundamentally linked to the defense of religious tradition.

question

An important figure who founded several Merovingian monasteries was:

answer

Columbanus.

question

In their worship of Allah, Muslims worship

answer

the same deity worshiped by Christians and Jews.

question

Charles Martel is regarded as one of the founders of the Frankish kingdom due to his defeat of a Muslim force near Paris.

answer

True

question

The pandemic known as Justinian's plague spread rapidly through the eastern and western part of the Roman Empire because it

answer

traveled along well-established trade routes both within and outside the empir

question

Pope Gregory I:

answer

significantly advanced Benedictine monasticism as the major monastic movement in the West

question

Although the Iconoclastic Controversy was eventually resolved, its lasting effects included the

answer

destruction of nearly all pre-eighth-century religious art in the Byzantine empire.

question

As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne:

answer

took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government.

question

The Iconoclastic Controversy of the eighth century C.E. was about

answer

the use or prohibition of images in church, where people might worship the objects.

question

The economic base of the Abbasid caliphate lay in

answer

the Tigris-Euphrates basin of Mesopotamia.

question

Women from wealthy Byzantine families

answer

were educated at home by tutors, but did engage in more public intellectual discussions.

question

Byzantine culture was the means by which the heritage of Western civilization was preserved for the Europe where Greek had become very rare.

answer

True

question

Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that

answer

learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested.

question

The armies of Abu-Bakr were able to expand Islam northward out of Arabia largely because of:

answer

the weakness of Byzantine and Persian armies because of their wars against each other.

question

From the Islamic world come some of the best-known poetry in the world, among which is the poetry of

answer

Umar Khayyam

question

Partly as a result of the Crusades, Europe:

answer

learned much from the Islamic world that shaped European civilization in the twelfth century.

question

The merging of small individual land holdings into larger, common fields that could be worked by a whole village resulted in the emergence of:

answer

manors

question

When Alexius Comnenus asked for western help against the Seljuq Turks, he was hoping for a

answer

force of heavily armored knights to deploy against the lightly armored Turkish cavalry.

question

Although moneylending was an important factor in the success of early Italian merchant activity

answer

the Western Christian church condemned the practice as usurious.

question

Islamic theology and philosophy had no influence on Catholic philosophy and theology.

answer

False

question

The importance of the Investiture Conflict was that it

answer

formally, though not in practice, separated the church and the state in European politics

question

Monasteries and secular lords often supported the founding of towns in their territories because

answer

they saw the economic advantages of having towns in their territory.

question

The agricultural revolution was the foundation on which the commercial revolution of the High Middle Ages rested.

answer

True

question

In 1099 the Crusaders:

answer

seized Jerusalem, slaughtering much of its population in the process.

question

A major source of mechanical power in medieval Europe after 1050 was the

answer

water mill, which was used to grind grain, crush paper pulp, and press oil.

question

The genre of literature most representative of urban culture during the High Middle Ages was the

answer

fabliau.

question

The first ruler to rule a united crown of Aragon was

answer

King Alfonso II.

question

The first proponent of scholasticism is thought to have been

answer

Saint Anselm of Canterbury.

question

The Magna Carta, signed by King John of England, was a

answer

legal document defining particular rights of nobles and freemen and limiting royal power.

question

Which religious themes did Saint Francis of Assisi emphasize in his ministry and his new monastic order?

answer

apostolic poverty and an imitation of the life of Christ

question

In the late Middle Ages, Jews were routinely expelled from Italy, England, France, Germany, and Spain.

answer

True

question

The last emperor who effectively ruled all the disparate pieces of the Holy Roman Emperor was

answer

Frederick II

question

Marie de France

answer

wrote romances

question

King Henry II's important dispute with Archbishop Thomas Becket was related to

answer

whether priests should be tried in royal courts like other subjects of the king.

question

One of the crusading orders founded during the Crusades that maintained a sovereign political presence in the eastern Mediterranean long after the Crusades was over was the

answer

Knights Hospitaller.

question

In the twelfth century, the central act of worship for Christianity was

answer

prayer

question

Students who attended medieval universities

answer

generally drank to excess, gambled, fought, and were generally rowdy.

question

Historians typically divide ancient Egyptian history into _________ to facilitate the discussion of Egyptian politics and culture.

answer

kingdoms and periods

question

Due to recent research, the method of numbering Egyptian dynasties now begins with the _________ dynasty.

answer

Zero

question

One of the earliest civilizations, Sumer, flourished in what the Greeks called Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-day

answer

Iraq.

question

Before entering an enjoyable afterlife, the deceased Egyptian supposedly

answer

would be judged by Osiris and other divine judges.

question

Sumerian mathematics was very sophisticated and based on multiplications and divisions of

answer

30s and 60s.

question

Myths can be considered an early form of history.

answer

True

question

Hierarchical structures of leadership were uncommon in early hunter-gatherer societies.

answer

True

question

Hammurabi's empire was founded on

answer

political strategy and diplomacy.

question

Human cultures down to the fourth millennium B.C.E. are referred to as belonging to the Stone Age because they

answer

made most of their tools out of stone.

question

The Hebrew people, according to archaeological and linguistic evidence, were essentially

answer

Canaanite.

question

Hatshepsut was regularly portrayed as masculine in Egyptian statuary because

answer

she needed to demonstrate that, like male pharaohs, she ruled in her own right.

question

During the Late Bronze Age (1500-1200 B.C.E.) in the ancient Near East, the two great imperial powers were

answer

New Kingdom Egypt and the Hittite empire.

question

In the Book of Judges, the Hebrew people

answer

begin to settle and organize themselves into twelve tribes.

question

The priests at the greatest Egyptian temple complexes at Thebes

answer

received special favor from the Eighteenth Dynasty, which worshiped Amon-Ra.

question

The Eighteenth Dynasty in Egypt produced many strong pharaohs, among them:

answer

Hatshepsut.

question

As part of his religious reform, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten and

answer

founded a new capital called Akhetaten, located between Thebes and Memphis.

question

The Phoenicians are also known as the

answer

Canaanites.

question

As part of his religious reform, Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten and

answer

founded a new capital called Akhetaten, located between Thebes and Memphis.

question

Unlike other rulers, Cyrus of Persia (559-529 B.C.E.)

answer

granted self-rule and religious freedom to conquered peoples.

question

Heinrich Schliemann and Sir Arthur Evans

answer

were archaeologists who dug up Troy, Mycenae, and Knossos.

question

Socrates' aim was to show that

answer

truth is real and absolute standards of goodness and virtue do exist.

question

Lyrical poetry like that written by Sappho demonstrates

answer

that individual feelings could differ greatly from the dominant Greek culture.

question

The Greek historian Herodotus believed

answer

both the Greeks and Persians were great peoples.

question

What form of government did Sparta impose on the defeated Athenians and their allies?

answer

oligarchy

question

One major result of the Persian wars was:

answer

the vindication of hoplites in battle and a boost to Athenian and Greek confidence.

question

All Greek poleis except Athens and Sparta immediately surrendered to Xerxes' invasion forces.

answer

False

question

During the Persian invasion of Greece in 480 B.C.E., Themistocles persuaded his fellow Athenians to

answer

abandon the city of Athens and let the Persians burn it.

question

A result of the defeat of the Athenian expedition to attack Syracuse was:

answer

the Athenian assembly replaced its democracy with oligarchy.

question

One major result of the Persian wars was:

answer

the vindication of hoplites in battle and a boost to Athenian and Greek confidence.

question

The Corinthian League was the first political and religious confederation of independent poleis pledged to support each other in times of need.

answer

false

question

The Greeks referred to some people with whom they came into contact as barbarians because they

answer

did not speak Greek.

question

Milesian philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics:

answer

looked to physical explanations of the workings of the universe.

question

The decisive Greek military victory over the Persians at Salamis was won by the

answer

Athenian fleet.

question

Panhellenic festivals in ancient Greece included

answer

athletic contests honoring the gods.

question

Due to the Persian Wars, the center of Greek philosophical speculation shifted from Ionia to

answer

the Greek "far west."

question

"Hellenism" led to political cooperation between the poleis.

answer

false

question

Spartan soldiers were forbidden to engage in trade.

answer

True

question

Socrates urged his followers to

answer

understand the principles of proper conduct and one's actions.

question

Lyrical poetry like that written by Sappho demonstrates

answer

that individual feelings could differ greatly from the dominant Greek culture.

question

One purpose of tragedy was to help the audience purge their emotions.

answer

True

question

Those Greeks who were able to accumulate wealth during the chaotic, isolated period

answer

eventually emerged as the Greek aristocracy.

question

Homer's poetry describes a world in which:

answer

warrior aristocrats competed for status and power and reinforced social ties through hospitality and gift-giving

question

The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E., represent

answer

the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey.

question

In the early Roman Republic, Rome was technically a democracy, but

answer

the Roman constitution essentially ensured oligarchic rule.

question

The Gracchi brothers were farmers who pressured the Senate to pass land reform laws in the second century B.C.E.

answer

False

question

Italy was the least slave-based economy known to history.

answer

False

question

One way by which the Romans were able to maintain their empire was through

answer

a system of roads constructed to be able to move army units throughout the empire.

question

The Romans did not usually impose heavy taxes or tributes on the cities they conquered, but demanded soldiers to contribute to their army.

answer

True

question

The greatest honor a Roman could hope to achieve was to

answer

sacrifice himself, his family, and his friends for the state.

question

Why couldn't the Greek city-states unite during the fourth century B.C.E.?

answer

The independent temper of Greek political life made unity impossible.

question

The leading political figure urging Greek resistance to Macedonian expansionism under Philip II was

answer

Demosthenes.

question

Social and political crises occurred in many Greek city-states during the fourth century B.C.E. due to

answer

rising food prices, stagnant wages, and high unemployment.

question

Philip's elite cavalry squad, the Companions, was made up of freed slaves who owed their freedom and position to Philip

answer

False

question

What similarities did Stoicism and Epicureanism share?

answer

a desire to explain the meaning of human existence

question

Mystery cults were popular mainly with the elite members of society.

answer

false

question

The _________ believed that the cosmos is an ordered whole in which all contradictions are resolved for ultimate good.

answer

stoics

question

The Romans did not usually impose heavy taxes or tributes on the cities they conquered, but demanded soldiers to contribute to their army.

answer

True

question

Cicero, one of the most famous Stoics of the later republic, believed in all the tenets of Stoicism EXCEPT

answer

withdraw from pubic life

question

The myth of the rape of Lucretia appealed to Roman patriotism by emphasizing:

answer

the corruption of Etruscan morals and government.

question

The greatest honor a Roman could hope to achieve was to

answer

sacrifice himself, his family, and his friends for the state.

question

The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 B.C.E., represent

answer

the codification of existing laws for all to see and obey.

question

The Augustan system of government:

answer

is known as the early empire or Principate, because Octavian ruled as first citizen.

question

The equestrian order (Roman knights) was established by:

answer

businessmen whose wealth made it possible for them to own and equip warhorses.

question

Revolts in Judea in the first and second century C.E. resulted in

answer

the destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem.

question

According to the patria potestas provision of the Twelve Tables, a Roman father

answer

had absolute power over his family, up to and including the power of life and death.

question

Cultural and intellectual developments in Rome reached their pinnacle during

answer

the Principate

question

In invading Persia, Alexander began to follow the example of Cyrus the Great and:

answer

offered amnesty to cities that surrendered and no mercy to those that did not

question

Hellenistic sculpture is best described as

answer

realistic and alive

question

After a period of instability, __________was finally able to establish rule over the homeland of Alexander's Empire—Macedonia and Greece.

answer

Antigonus.

question

The Aetolian and Achaean Leagues differed from previous Greek attempts at political organization between poleis because:

answer

they represented a real political unification, with some centralization of government functions.

question

Aristotle argued that good conduct is virtuous conduct and that virtue resides in aiming to

answer

act moderately in all things.

question

n comparison to classical Greek art, Hellenistic art became

answer

more of a commodity to be bought and sold.

question

Following Sparta's victory in the Peloponnesian War:

answer

Sparta alienated the other Greek cities by trying to dominate them.

question

The Greeks referred to some people with whom they came into contact as barbarians because they

answer

did not speak Greek.

question

By the sixth century B.C.E., Greeks founded numerous colonies around the Mediterranean basin, the most significant of which were located where?

answer

Anatolia and Italy.

question

Aristotle argued that all members of Greek society ought to participate in democracy.

answer

False

question

Social and political crises occurred in many Greek city-states during the fourth century B.C.E. due to

answer

rising food prices, stagnant wages, and high unemployment.

question

Alexander the Great is said to have taken two books with him on his conquest of Persia; one was Homer's Iliad and the other was

answer

Xenophon's Anabasis.

question

Aristotle argued that good conduct is virtuous conduct and that virtue resides in aiming to

answer

act moderately in all things.

question

The league that influenced Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison as a role model of cooperation and unification was the Achaean League.

answer

True

question

Greek rational thought began to separate in the Hellenistic world:

answer

and scientific inquiry began to be its own field of study.

question

According to Stoicism, evil does not exist.

answer

False

question

During the economic decline of Greece in the fourth century B.C.E.:

answer

former soldiers often worked as mercenaries who disrupted the household-based culture of the Greek poleis.

question

Alexander the Great is a difficult figure for historians to evaluate because

answer

so many legends grew up around him during his lifetime.

question

Following Sparta's victory in the Peloponnesian War:

answer

Sparta alienated the other Greek cities by trying to dominate them.

question

Since every polis needed hoplites

answer

poleis were forced to grant more political power to them.

question

A tyrant was often able to seize power because

answer

the hoplites supported him militarily.

question

In the Book of Judges, the Hebrew people

answer

begin to settle and organize themselves into twelve tribes.

question

The earlier Assyrian empire had been devastated by the _________ , but in the ninth century B.C.E., the foundations for a neo-Assyrian empire were laid by Assurnasirpal II

answer

Sea Peoples

question

Relations after 1500 B.C.E. are more appropriately referred to as "transnational" because

answer

the political and economic networks transcended national boundaries and identities.

question

The Late Bronze Age:

answer

was an age of superpowers.

question

The Phoenicians were descendants of the Peleset, one of the Sea Peoples. They introduced the olive and the grapevine to the Near East and exerted much of their power in the area from large citadels and control over local trade routes and a monopoly over metalsmithing that made it virtually impossible for their enemies to forge their own weapons.

answer

False

question

Mycenaean Greece played a central role in Bronze Age networks as evidenced by

answer

correspondence between Mycenaean leaders and Egyptian pharaohs and Hittite kings

question

In 1786, the scholar Sir William Jones suggested that

answer

ancient Greek and Sanskrit descended from a common, Indo-European linguistic source.

question

The people who settled in Anatolia around 2000 B.C.E. and built a powerful, militaristic kingdom there over the next four hundred years are known as the

answer

Hittites

question

Around 1200 B.C.E., an inscription by Pharaoh Ramses III records

answer

an Egyptian victory over the "Sea Peoples," invaders from the north.

question

Many small kingdoms arose in the Levant during the early Iron Age as a result of the

answer

collapse of the Hittite civilization.

question

The term thalassocracy means "sea empire."

answer

True

question

Sargon of Akkad (c. 2350 B.C.E.) is significant because he:

answer

subdued Sumer and exerted influence from Ethiopia to the Indus Valley.

question

Ur-Nammu built the great ziggurat at:

answer

Ur

question

During the Middle Kingdom, Egypt turned inward and lessened its trade and diplomatic contacts.

answer

False

question

Hammurabi might have been the first ruler in history to:

answer

have most of his laws aimed at free commoners.

question

Egypt in the Old and Middle Kingdoms was maintained chiefly through conquest.

answer

False

question

To the peoples of the ancient world, the characteristic manifestations of civilization—government, literature, science, and art—were necessarily products of

answer

city life

question

One of the significant technological achievements of the Sumerians was:

answer

the invention of the potter's wheel.

question

By becoming a "lawgiver," Hammurabi:

answer

set a new standard of kingship.

question

Since human beings in the Paleolithic period had no domestic animals

answer

they had no significant wealth beyond what they could carry.

question

Hammurabi's Law Code accorded no rights to women.

answer

False

question

The Phoenicians's greatest contribution to civilization was:

answer

their alphabet.

question

The culture of the Hittites was:

answer

strongly militaristic, prone to attacks on other peoples.

question

The Hebrew people became unified in their worship of Yahweh due to

answer

prophetic insistence on the need for a united Hebrew identity under neo-Assyrian rule.

question

Socrates' most important pupil was

answer

Plato.

question

The catalyst of the Persian Wars was

answer

a revolt instigated by the Ionian Greeks against the Persians.

question

Sparta

answer

depended on the enslaved labor of helots.

question

The role of the chorus in Greek drama was to

answer

present common Athenian opinion about the themes or action of the play.

question

Central to the Skeptical worldview is the idea that

answer

one must suspend judgment concerning everything.

question

Hellenistic cosmopolitanism differed from Persian and Roman cosmopolitanism because it

answer

was cultural rather than linked directly to a particular imperial power.

question

In comparison to classical Greek art, Hellenistic art became

answer

more of a commodity to be bought and sold.

question

The Ptolemies of Egypt promoted themselves as heirs of Alexander by

answer

ensuring Alexander's body was buried in Egypt.

question

The chief characteristics of Hellenistic architecture were:

answer

grandeur and ornamentation.

question

Alexander instituted the ritual of proskynesis to allow his Persian subjects to more easily accept him as their new ruler.

answer

True

question

Macedonian rule in Egypt was characterized by

answer

a revival of ancient traditions associated with the pharaohs.

question

The early pharaohs had difficulty establishing their rule over all Egypt due to the power of local civic and religious authorities.

answer

true

question

Tens of thousands of Sumerian clay tablets have survived

answer

telling us more about Sumer than we know about any other human society at the time.

HUM 111: Traditional Roman Religion, Medieval Europe, Sparta’s Form of Government – Flashcards

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