HSC3102 exam 3
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An injury is defined as
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Any unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to mechanical, thermal, electrical, or chemical energy, or from the sudden lack of essentials such as oxygen or heat
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Injuries are categorized according to
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Mechanism Intent Place of Injury Nature of Injury
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Mechanism
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Refers to the external agent or particular activities that precipitate the injury.
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5 mechanisms of injury are:
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Mechanical Thermal Chemical Electrical Ionizing radiation Absence of essentials: oxygen and heat
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Intent
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Refers to the purpose and/or awareness of the risk of injury.
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Place of Injury
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Refers to where the injury occurred. (Ex. On the road, at home, at the office)
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Nature of Injury
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Type of injury (Ex. Brain or spinal cord, extremities, internal organs)
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Years of Potential Life Lost (YPLL)
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Life years lost to premature injury-related deaths.
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The Haddon Injury Factors
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Factors that interact to produce an injury and its outcome (Human, agent, environmental)
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The Haddon Injury Phases
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Three phases that allow an injury to be examined as a dynamic event. (pre-event, event, post-event)
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Ways to Prevent Injuries
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Education/empowerment Engineering Environmental modifications Enactment Enforcement
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Types of Drugs
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1) Prescription 2) Over-the-counter 3) Recreational - alcohol, tobacco, coffee 4) Herbal preparations - products of plant origin 5) Illicit (illegal) - all are psychoactive 6) Commercial preparations - household cleaners, pesticides
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Injection
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1) Intravenous- into bloodstream 2) Intramuscular- into muscle 3) Subcutaneous- just under the skin
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Routes of Administration of Drugs
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Oral, Injection, Inhalation, Inunction(through the skin, like a nicotine patch)
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Types of Prescription Drugs
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-Antibiotics - fight bacteria -Sedative-Hypnotic - central nervous system depressants -Antidepressants
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Generic Drugs
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Less expensive Many brand name drugs have generic counterparts
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Synergism
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Effects are multiplied Expressed as 2+2=10 Worst combination: alcohol and barbiturates
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Polydrug Use
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Taking several substances simultaneously
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Antagonism
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Work at same receptor One drug blocks the other
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Inhibition
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Effects of one drug eliminate or inhibit another Most common examples: Antacids & aspirin Antibiotics & birth control pills
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Cross-Tolerance
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Tolerance for one drug creates a similar reaction to another drug Alcohol and barbiturates
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Marijuana
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the most popular illicit drug on colleges campuses
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Ecstasy (MDMA)
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most common club drug
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Ecstasy
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Hallucinations Paranoia Amnesia Death in some cases Chronic use can damage the brain
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Other club drugs
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GHB, Special K, and Rohypnol Includes \"date rape\" drug
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Inhalants
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Inhaled chemicals Legal to purchase Includes: glue, paint thinner, rubber cement
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Amyl Nitrate - \"poppers\" or \"rush\"
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Abused to enhance sexual function
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Nitrous Oxide
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Dental anesthesia Pain relief \"Silly feeling\" Whippets
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Cigarettes
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-Filtered -Cloved- 40% ground cloves; 60% tobacco contain higher levels of tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide. Eugenol allows people to breathe more deeply
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Cigars
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-Nicotine is still absorbed through the mucous membrane in the mouth -Smoking as little as one per day can double the risk of certain cancers; heart disease and lung disease
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Bidis
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-Made in India, small, hand-rolled, flavored cigarettes -Produce 3 times more carbon monoxide/ nicotine; 5 times more tar! -Take an average of 28 puffs to smoke; 9 puffs for a regular cigarette
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Spit (Smokeless): two types: chewing and snuff
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-Chewing: placed between gums and teeth for sucking and chewing -Snuff: can be inhaled, chewed or placed against the gums -80% of users start by 9th grade -30 minutes of use delivers as much nicotine as 4 cigarettes (2 pack/week snuffer= 10 pack/week smoker)
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Hookah
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-Also called narghile, shisha and goza -It's not safer! Hookah smokers actually inhale more tobacco smoke than do cigarette smokers
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51% of college smokers identify themselves as social smokers
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-Defined as smoking with people, rather than smoking alone -Typically smoke less often, less intensely and are less dependent on nicotine -Study findings: 3 out of 4 smokers in college have-- at one point- unsuccessfully tried to quit smoking
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% of all cancer deaths that have smoking as a primary casual factor
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30%
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50%
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of regular smokers die of smoking related diseases
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Types of Stress
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Stress, Distress, Eustress
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Sources of Stress
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Physical (hunger, pain, lack of sleep) Environmental (Pollution, noise, crowds, natural disasters, temperatures) Psychological (boredom, guilt, marriage, test taking) Social (Unemployment,prejudice, sexual harassment, public speaking)
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Personality types
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Extroversion, agreeableness, open to experience, emotional stability, conscientiousness, resiliency
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Chronic mood disorder
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experience of persistent emotional states such as sadness, despair, and hopelessness.
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Major depression
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Severe depressive disorder with physical effects such as sleep disturbance, and exhaustion, and mental effects such as the inability to concentrate; also called clinical depression
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dysthymic disorder
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type of depression that is milder and harder to recognize than major depression; chronic and often characterized by fatigue, pessimism, or a short temper
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Bipolar disorder
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Form of mood disorder characterized by alternating mania and depression, also called manic depression
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Bipolar disorder affects
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5.7 million US adults. About 2.6 percent of the population
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Seasonal affective disorder
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Type of depression that occurs in the winter months, when sunlight levels are low.
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Risk Factors You Can't Control
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Heredity Aging Environmental Conditions Organism Resistance
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Risk Factors You Can Control
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Stress Nutrition Physical activity Sleep Drug use Personal hygiene High risk behaviors
