HPE-110 Unit 2 Exam – Flashcards
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Angina Pectoris
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Chest or arm pain resulting from reduced oxygen supply to the heart muscle.
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Arteriosclerosis
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Hardening of the arteries due to conditions that causes the arterial walls to become thick, hard, and non-elastic.
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Atherosclerosis
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The deposition of materials along the arterial walls--a type of arteriosclerosis.
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Chronic Disease
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A disease or illness that is associated with lifestyle or environmental factors as opposed to infectious diseases (hypokinetic diseases are considered to be chronic diseases).
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Congestive Heart Failure
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The inability of the heart muscle to pump the blood at a life-sustaining rate. Coronary Collateral Circulation Circulation of blood to the heart muscle associated with the blood-carrying capacity of a specific vessel or development of collateral vessels (extra blood vessels).
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
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Diseases of the heart muscle and the blood vessels that supply it with oxygen, including heart attack.
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Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
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A broad classification of disease of the heart and blood vessels that include CHD, High blood pressure, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.
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Coronary Occlusion
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The blocking of the coronary blood vessels.
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Diastolic Blood Pressure
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The second blood pressure often called "resting pressure". It is the pressure in the arteries at its lowest level occurring just before the next beat of the heart.
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Emotional Storm
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A traumatic emotional experience that is likely to affect the human organism physiologically.
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Fibrin
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A sticky, threadlike substance that in, combination with blood cells, forms blood clots.
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High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
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A blood substance that picks up cholesterol and helps remove it from the body; often called "good cholesterol."
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Hyperkinetic Condition
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A disease/illness or health condition caused by or contributed to by too much physical activity.
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Hypertension
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High blood pressure.
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Hypokinetic Diseases?
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Hypo means "under" or "too little," and kinetic means movement or activity. Thus, hypokinetic means "too little activity." A hypokinetic disease or condition is associated with lack of physical activity or too little regular exercise. Examples of such conditions include heart disease, low back pain, type II diabetes, and obesity.
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Insulin
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A hormone secreted by the pancreas that regulates levels of sugar in the blood.
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Insulin Sensitivity
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A condition that occurs when insulin becomes ineffective or less effective than is necessary to regulate sugar levels in the blood.
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Insulin Resistance
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A person with insulin resistance has decreased insulin sensitivity-the body's cells are not sensitive to insulin so they resist it and sugar levels are not regulated as they should be.
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Lipids
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All fats and fatty substances.
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Lipoprotein
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Fat-carrying protein in the blood.
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Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
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A core of cholesterol surrounded by protein; the core is often called "bad cholesterol."
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Osteoporosis
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A condition associated with low bone density and subsequent bone fragility leading to high risk of fracture.
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Branch of the autonomic nervous system that slows the heart rate.
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Peripheral Vascular Disease
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Lack of oxygen supply to the working muscles and tissues of the arms and legs resulting from decreased blood supply.
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Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident or CVA)
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A condition in which the brain, or part of the brain, receives insufficient oxygen as a result of diminished blood supply; sometimes called apoplexy.
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity by speeding up the heart rate.
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Systolic Blood Pressure
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The upper blood pressure number often called working blood pressure. It represents the pressure in the arteries at its highest level just after the heart beats.
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Triglyceride
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A type of blood fat associated with increased risk of heart disease.
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Facts about Physical Activity, Fitness, and Disease Prevention/Treatment
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•There are three major ways in which regular physical activity and good fitness contribute to optimal health and wellness. •Too many adults suffer from hypokinetic diseases. •The link between regular physical activity and good health is now well documented. •Regular physical activity may overcome the effects of heredity over a lifetime. •Hypokinetic diseases and conditions have many causes.
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The Facts about Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Diseases
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•There are many types of cardiovascular diseases. •The various forms of cardiovascular disease are the leading killers in automated societies. •A wealth of statistical evidence led to the conclusion that physical inactivity is a primary risk factor for CHD.
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The Facts about Physical Activity and the Healthy Heart
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•There is evidence that regular physical activity will increase the ability of the heart muscle to pump blood as well as oxygen.
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The Facts about Physical Activity and Atherosclerosis
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•Atherosclerosis is implicated in many cardiovascular diseases. •Atherosclerosis, which begins early in life, is the result of a systematic build-up of deposits in an arterial wall. •There is evidence that regular physical activity can help prevent atherosclerosis. •Lipid Deposit Theory •Protective Protein Theory •Blood Coagulant (Fibrin and Platelet) Th
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The Facts about Physical Activity and Heart Attack
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•Heart attack is the most prevalent and serious of all cardiovascular diseases. •Regular physical activity reduces the risk of heart attack (coronary occlusion). •There is evidence that regular exercise can improve coronary circulation and thus reduce the chances of a heart attack or dying from one. •The heart of the inactive person is less able to resist stress and is more susceptible to an emotional storm that may precipitate a heart attack. •Regular physical activity is one effective means of rehabilitation for a person who has coronary heart disease or who has had a heart attack.
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Physical Activity and Other Cardiovascular Diseases
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•Regular physical activity and accompanying good physical fitness are associated with a reduced risk of high blood pressure (hypertension). •Regular physical activity can help reduce the risk of stroke. •Regular physical activity is helpful in the prevention of peripheral vascular diseases.
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The Facts about Physical Activity and Other Hypokinetic Conditions
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•Physical activity reduces the risk of some forms of cancer. •Physical activity plays an important role in the management and treatment of Type II diabetes. •Regular physical activity is important to maintaining bone density and decreasing risk of osteoporosis. •Active people who possess good muscle fitness are less likely to have back and other musculoskeletal problems than inactive, unfit people. •Physical activity is important in maintaining a healthy body weight and avoiding the numerous health conditions associated with obesity. •Physical activity reduces the risk and severity of a variety of common mental (emotional) health disorders Common mental (emotional) health disorders can be considered hypokinetic conditions. •Regular physical activity can have positive effects on some non-hypokinetic conditions: ◦Arthritis. ◦Asthma. ◦Chronic Pain. ◦Infections. ◦Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS).
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Facts about Health, Fitness, and Wellness Promotion
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•Physical activity enhances metabolic fitness that can reduce risk of a variety of health problems. •Good health-related physical fitness and regular physical activity are important to health promotion and feeling well. •Good physical fitness can help an individual enjoy his or her leisure time. •Good physical fitness can help an individual work effectively and efficiently. •Good physical fitness is essential to effective living. •Good physical fitness may help you function safely and assist you in meeting unexpected emergencies. •Physical fitness is the basis for dynamic and creative activity. •There are many economic benefits associated with employee physical activity.
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The Facts about Risk Factors
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•There are many different positive lifestyles that can reduce the risk of disease. •Not all risk factors are under your personal control. •Altering risk factors can help reduce the risk of more than one condition at the same time. •Risk reduction does not guarantee freedom from disease. •Reducing risk alters the probability of disease, but does not assure disease immunity. •Too much physical activity can lead to hyperkinetic diseases or conditions.
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Strategies for Action: The Facts
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•A self-assessment of risk factors can help you modify your lifestyle to reduce risk of heart disease. •A general health and medical history completed now can provide a basis for making health decisions in the future.
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Facts about Physical Activity and Aging
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•Regular physical activity can improve fitness and improve functioning among older adults. •Regular physical activity can compress illness and limited functioning into a shorter period of life.
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Describe the ways in which activity and fitness contribute to health and wellness?
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There are 3 major ways in which physical activity and fitness contribute to health and wellness. 1. They can aid in disease/illness prevention. 2. They contribute to disease/illness treatment. 3. They contribute to quality of life and wellness, the positive component of good health.
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Various types of Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?
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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) because they effect the heart muscles and the blood vessels that supply the heart. Coronary occlusion (heart attack) is a type of CHD. Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis are two conditions that increase risk of a heart attack are considered to be types of CHD. Angina pectoris (chest and arm pain) which occurs when the oxygen supply to the heart muscle is diminished or a symptom of poor circulation is considered as CHD. Hypertension (high blood pressure), Stroke (brain attack), Peripheral vascular disease, and Congestive heart failure are other forms of CVD.
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Difference between CVD and CHD?
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CVD involves not only the heart, but the arteries, capillaries, veins, and possibly the lymphatic system. CHD involves only the heart muscle itself.
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Cancer types effect of physical activity-Colon?
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Colon-exercise speeds movement of food and cancer-causing substances through the digestive system, and reduces prostaglandins (substances linked to cancer in the colon)
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Cancer types effect of physical activity-Breast?
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Breast cancer-exercise decreases the amount of exposure of breast tissue to circulating estrogen. Lower body fat is also associated with lower estrogen levels. Early life activity is deemed important for both reasons. Fatigue from therapy is reduced by exercise.
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Cancer types effect of physical activity-Rectal?
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Rectal-Similar to colon cancer, exercise leads to more regular bowel movements and reduces transit time.
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Cancer types effect of physical activity-Prostate?
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Prostate-Fatigue from therapy is reduced by exercise. Regular exercise, especially vigorous exercise, may reduce death rate.
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Malignant Tumors?
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An uncontrolled and dangerous growth capable of spreading to other areas; a cancerous tumor.
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Benign Tumors?
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An abnormal growth of tissue confined to a particular area; not considered to be cancer.
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Diabetes Mellitus?
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A group of disorders that result when there is too much sugar in the blood.
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NonHypoKinetic conditions?
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Arthritis, Asthma, Premenstrual Syndrome, Cystic Fibrosis.
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Depression?
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Is a stress condition experienced by many adults.
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Anxiety?
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Is an emotional condition characterized by worry, self-doubt, and apprehension. Anxiety can be reduced by physical activity. Low fit people who do regular aerobic activity seem to benefit the most.
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Physical Activity?
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Is associated with better and more restful sleep. Regular aerobic activity is associated with reduced brain activity, which can result in greater ability to relax or fall asleep.
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Cardiovascular has several synonyms?
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Cardiovascular Endurance- because a person who possesses this type of fitness can persist in physical activity for long periods without undo fatigue. It has been referred to as Cardiorespiratory Fitness- because it requires delivery and utilization of oxygen, which is only possible if the circulation and respiratory system are capable of these functions. Aerobic Fitness has been synonymous with Cardiovascular fitness-because- Aerobic Capacity is considered to be the best indicator of Cardiovascular Fitness, and Aerobic Physical Activity is the preferred Method for achieving it.
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Typical Resting Heart Rate (RHR) values?
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70-80 beats per minute and highly trained endurance athlete 40-50s.
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How does the heart work?
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Blood containing a high concentration of oxygen is pumped by the left Ventricle through the Aorta (a Major Artery) where it is carried to the tissues. Blood flows through a sequence of Arteries to Capillaries and to the Veins. Veins carry the blood containing lesser amounts of oxygen back to the right side of the Heart, First the Atrium and then to the Ventricle. The Right Ventricle pumps the blood to the Lungs. In the Lungs the blood picks up Oxygen (0^2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO^2)is removed. From the Lungs the Oxygenated blood travels back to the Heart, First to the Left Atrium and then back to the Heart.
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Lack of Hemoglobin reduces oxygen-carring capacity-a condition known is called?
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Anemia.
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Delivering Oxygen to the tissue from the blood is called?
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Internal Respiration.
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The process of taking Oxygen (through mouth and nose) and delivering it to the lungs, where it is picked up by the blood is called?
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External Respiration.
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A fit Heart?
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Strong ventricles Open coronary vessels Good collateral circulation
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A fit Respiratory System and Health Blood?
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Good capillaries Healthy blood with ample hemoglobin Open coronary vessels
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Healthy Arteries?
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Elastic Large diameter No obstruction No atherosclerosis
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Healthy Veins and Valves?
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Thinner, less elastic walls Large diameter Good valves
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Fit Muscles?
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Good artery supply Efficient at using oxygen to produce energy
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Your maximal heart rate minus your resting pulse rate is known as your?
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Heart or Reserve or Rate.
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______ arteries are responsible for bringing venous blood to the lungs to retrieve oxygen?
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pulmonary.
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-------- valve allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the right ventricle?
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tricuspid
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The difference between your maximum oxygen uptake and your resting oxygen uptake is called?
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Reserve or Uptake or Oxygen.
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A major artery found in the upper portion of the leg is the?
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Femoral.
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FIT (F)?
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Frequency of physical activity to build cardiovascular fitness ranges from 3 to 5 or more.
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FIT (I)?
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Intensity of physical activity necessary to produce cardiovascular fitness depends on a person's level fitness.
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FIT (T)?
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Time for building cardiovascular fitness is typically based on minutes of activity per day.
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Heart Rate Reserve (HRR)?
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General range for HRR is 30-85 and for maxHR 57-94 percent.
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Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE)?
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Refers to the assessment of the intensity of excersize based on how the participant feels; a subjective assessment of effort. RPE scale ranges from 6 (very very light) to 20 (very very hard). 60=rest HR and 200=max HR.
