Horticulture IPM – Flashcards
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What is the biological control of plants pests?
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using living natural organisms or material for control of plant pests and the oldest pest control method
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Crop rotation can help control some soil diseases and some insects. To be effective rotations should be..
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three or four years long
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Baciullus Thruingiensis is a biological control agent that will control..
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most caterpillars
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why is it important to know the life cycle of a pest in order to effectively control it?
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so we can figure out when the best time is to control the pest
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Why is it so important to be looking to natural pest control at this time?
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to save money, avoid poisoning the environment, and to produce chemical free crops.
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What is the first step in selecting a pesticide?
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Identify the pest
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What are the three routes by which pesticides can enter the body?
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oral, dermal, and inhalation
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Acute toxicity is a measure of how poisonous a pesticide is after ( ) exposure.
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single
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Chronic toxicity is a measure of how poisonous a pesticide is after ( ) exposure.
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repeated
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The more poisonous a pesticide, the (higher, lower) the LD50 number is.
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lower
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Stomach poison insecticides work best on what?
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chewing insects
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An example of inorganic insecticide is?
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sulfur
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Systemic insecticides are most effective in killing insects that feed by what?
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sucking and chewing
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Insecticides that remain active in the environment for the longest period of time are what?
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chlorinated hydrocarbons
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The insecticides that are the most toxic to human beings are the what?
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organophosphates
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Fungicides are chemicals used to control what?
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plant rust disease, fungus diseases, and plant mildew
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fungus diseases are spread by small reedlike structures called what?
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spores
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Fungicides cause a protective film to coat plant leaves and....
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kill the fungus spore before it can enter the plant cell
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A weed is a plant that is....
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growing where it is not wanted
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Weeds can be controlled without the use of herbicides by what?
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Hand weeding and cultivation, mulches and cultivation of crop, or hoeing and weeding.
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The herbicide 2, 4-D controls the serious weed problem cause by what?
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dandelions
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Post emergence application of an herbicide means that the chemical is applied when?
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after the crop is up
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herbicides kill plants how?
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preventing photosynthesis, upsetting cell division and respiration, and preventing seed germination.
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the three different times for applying weed killers are what?
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preplant, preemergence, and postemergence
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What is integrated pest management?
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how to reduce pest damaging with the least disruption
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What happens in the first phase of IPM?
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Nonchemical, pest identification, monitoring, and see if thresholds exceed
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What happens in the second first of IPM?
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biological, evaluate all possible control measure and choose the one that has the least impaction to the environment
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A key component to an IPM program is what?
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regular monitoring
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What is the relationship between the EIL and the action threshold?
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AT is lower than EIL at 80%, this allows a buffer
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If the number of pests exceed the AT what control methods should be used first? second? third?
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Cultural/mechanical, biological, lastly chemical
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if the number of pests does not exceed the threshold what actions are taken?
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continuing monitoring the pest
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Examples of cultural pest control
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crop rotation, erosion, proper plant spacing, and management techniques to control pest
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Examples of biological pest control
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gmos, trap cropping, predator, and natural pesticide
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Examples of chemical pest control
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timing and pesticide selection
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Why does crop rotation work as a pest management strategy?
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different crops have different pests and it disrupts the life cycle
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What is the different between biotic and abiotic?
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abiotic- nonliving, non infectious, caused by nonliving harmful thing biotic- living, infectious, caused by pest, insect, fungus, or virus
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What are inorganic compounds?
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mineral organism/stomach poison
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What are organic compounds?
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derived from plant/stomach poison/ contact
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What are synthetic organic compounds?
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toxic to human
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Which synthetic organic pesticide stays in the environment for the longest?
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chlorinated hydrocarbons
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Which synthetic organic pesticide is the most toxic?
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Organophosphates
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What is the difference between an organic pesticide and a synthetic organic pesticide?
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Organic- can be denied from plant syn- they break down rapidly
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How does a systemic pesticide work?
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poison in sap and the pests suck the juice
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How are polymers being used in IPM?
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they are initially applied to keep in moisture (cultural)
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How do farmers prevent slugs from eating their crops?
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gentile compaction of ground after seeding
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What is DDT and what problems did it cause? d
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it doesn't break down and it is a type of synthetic organic compounds called chlorinated hydrocarbons
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what problem is the herbicide atrazine causing in frogs?
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Atrazine is thought to change testosterone to estrogens causing male frogs to female characteristics
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If chemicals are used to control pests, how are they applied?
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small areas, apply early/ use least toxic
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What the two major benefits of using less chemical pesticides?
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it protects the environment and it is cost effective
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What is biological pest control?
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the oldest pest control; natural enemies or natural substances
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What are 6 examples of biological control?
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plant resistance, produce agents that kill, eat pest, plant chemicals that are toxic, parasitizing insects, and compete for food
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Why use biological pest control? (6 reasons)
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cost effective, insects are resistant, chemicals getting into water, environmental friendly, human health hazard, and EPA restricting use of pesticides
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What are the 5 requirements for a pesticide?
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kills or control pest, doesn't injure plant, least harmful to environment, suitable for use with available equipment, and label recommends its use for plant and pest
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What is LD50 and LC50
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LD50 is acute oral and LC50 is acute inhalation
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What does EPA stand for?
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environmental protection agency
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define insect
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animal with three body region and three pairs of legs
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what is stomach poison?
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poison plant and pest eats it (rotenone)
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What are contact poisons?
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animal gets stuck on plant; not consumed (malathion)
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What are systemic poisons?
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poison in sap (orthene) (most popular)
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What are fumigants
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gases that kill pest when breathed
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What are repellents?
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drives pest away (aluminum foil)
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What are attractants and pheromones?
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lures insect to their death ( japanese beetle and gypsy moth)
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What are chlorinated hydrocarbons?
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long residual control/ accumulate in warm blooded animals
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What are organophosphates?
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controls pest/ toxic to warm blooded animals
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What are carbatmates?
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breaks down rapidly (2 to 7 days)
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What are the two types of herbicides and what do they do?
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Nonselective- kills all plants Selective- kills only certain plants with certain characteristics (monocot or dicot)
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What is atrazine?
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prevents photosynthesis and kills broad lear and grass
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What is 2,4-D?
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upsets cell division, respiration and food reserves (dicot)
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What is Dacthal?
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controls animal grasses; prevents seeds from sprouting
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What is preplanting?
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herbicide mixed in or spread on soil
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what is preemergence?
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put down on any plants; after planting but prior to weed growth
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What post emergence?
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chemical applied to root; after crops and weeds have sprouts
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Why herbicides sometimes fail...
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incorrect selection, mature of weed, excess rain, or soil type and amount of organic matter
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How does the corn borer harm the crop?
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it extracts the nutrients and moisture of the corn
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Will the new GM variety of corn kill all corn borers?
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lethal to 90%
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Why isn't the GM variety not effective on the other 10%?
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the corn DNA varies with the plant
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What is the green revolution?
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development of technology?
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what is the biological revolution?
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change over time of the research of the science research
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What is the action threshold?
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the predetermined level at which pest control is needed; usually 80% of EIL
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What is biodegradable?
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capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms
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Insect growth is affected by what two main factors?
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time and temperature
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Why do insects require a certain amount of heat to develop through their lifecycle?
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to develop from 1 stage to another
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Define minimum developmental threshold
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temp below which insect development is negligible
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Define maximum developmental threshold
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temp at which insect growth stops
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Developmental thresholds are (the same or different) for all insects
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different
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The amount of heat required by an organism to complete its development is known as what?
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physiological time
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What are degree day measures?
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insect growth and development in response to daily temps
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Why/ how degree days are used in IPM?
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They allow us to predict when significant biological events may occur
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What is the degree day formula?
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max temp+ min temp/2 - minimum threshold
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How do pest cause injury?
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damage plant parts, compete for space and nutrients, reduce quality of crops, and increase production cost
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What is the EIL?
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The lowest population density of a pest that will cause economic damage
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What caused the need for IPM?
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Invasive species
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when are conditions favorable for pest occurrence?
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spring, summer, and good conditions
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If pests are identified do you automatically implement curative treatments?
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no you have to maintain environmental integrity
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Define chemical control
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using pests and chemicals to exterminate the pest
