honors exam 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France
answer
-Early conservative -thought French Revolutionaries were bad because they uprooted all established authority, tradition and institutions -Monarchs keep people civil -Without authority (monarchy, aristocracy and Christianity), people revert to savagery
question
Klemens von Metternich: The Odious Ideas of the Philosophes
answer
-conservative -Wanted to suppress French Revolution movements -Denounces French philosophers because they weakened the social fabric and started the french revolution -french revolution shows hatred of God by undoing what God had set as order
question
Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions
answer
-conservative -God's (unwritten) law is good, without it people go into anarchy (disorder) -constitutional law can only proceed from unwritten law
question
John Stuart Mill: On Liberty
answer
-early liberal -Against the silencing of the minority by the majority -It's good for the community to let wrong opinions be expressed because it makes people rethink their opinions and better understand why they believe what they believe -Anything you want that doesn't harm or impede on the rights of others. -In the end its your decision to kill yourself -Constitution that protects freedom
question
Ernst Moritz Arndt: The War of Liberation
answer
-promoted German unity, behind the birth of nationalism (in Germany) -at this time, Germany is still divided
question
Giuseppe Mazzini: Young Italy
answer
-promoted Italian nationalism -Founded Young Italy- society dedicated to the cause of Italian unity -at this time, Italy was divided/fragmented
question
Flora Tristan: "Workers, Your Condition...Is Miserable and Distressing"
answer
-Encouraged workers to unite in a national Workers' Union -Workingmen and women are equal and they should have the same benefits of the working union. -Life was hard for working women because they were less educated and their husbands were mean to them -Get things accomplished by the law and not brute force
question
Alexis de Tocqueville: The June Days
answer
-The workers are unhappy and everyone should be aware because there might be a revolt -People without money will attack people with money (revolt based on social rather than political passions) -Workers revolted before because there was a struggle of class against class -Workers want to escape from their conditions (oppression)
question
Carl Schurz: Revolution Spreads to the German States
answer
-Liked the French revolution and wanted Germany to have a national parliament and a constitution that guaranteed basic liberties. -recalled the expectations of German liberal-nationalists in his work.
question
Charles Dickens: Hard Times
answer
-Depicted in detail his views of industry, mundane labor -Showed hypocrisy of a society that preached Christian morality but permitted abuses to go on -Exploitation of the working class fostered tensions -Dickens believed social institutions caused the misery of downtrodden -Showed realism in literature -Our excerpt described the dank, dirty city as being a machine in contrast with nature, which was peaceful though getting muddled by the industry
question
Henrik Ibsen: A Doll's House
answer
-His plays showed realism and drew attention to bourgeois pretensions, hypocrisy, and social conventions that thwart individual growth -Women realizing their potential -Woman—Nora—leaves her husband and children in search of self-realization -Is it more important to do what you want or to do what others expect from you?--It was expected that you would choose your duties to others first, but this play suggests that you should find who you are first, and align your duties with that, what you really want in life
question
Charles Darwin: Natural Selection
answer
-Theory of evolution -Natural selection: "survival of the fittest," species that were most suited to their environment survived hardship and the struggle for existence and passed along their genes, so that future generations shared their traits -Most people at this time adhered to the Bible's view of Genesis for creation in 6 days but Darwin held that the earth had descended from earlier living forms (descent with modification) -Human beings and other animals had evolved from previous ancestors -mate selection: the traits that make species want to reproduce will be passed on, because those are the individuals who will have the most offspring and contribute the most to future generations -new traits arise from random genetic mutation that may or not be more favorable to survival. -Evolution is a gradual process and takes TIME (like...billions of years) -Controversy: Humans want to be superior and not on the same plane as animals
question
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles: Communist Manifesto
answer
-Advocated violent overthrow of capitalism and creation of a socialist society -Socialism: economic and political theory advocating public or common ownership and cooperative management of the means of production and allocation of resources -Suggested the bourgeoisie had subjected nature's forces to human control to an unprecedented degree and has replaced feudal organization with capitalist free competition, but that they could not control the "gigantic means of production and exchange" -Capitalism is afflicted with overproduction and poor distribution of wealth -Only interaction between humans was with money -Class struggles had always existed--people need to work together!
question
L. T. Hobhouse: Justification for State Intervention
answer
-Before now, liberalism was protecting individual rights from the demands of the state . but at this point liberalism had evolved into social democracy—maintained that the government had an obligation to assist the needy -Was not charity, but justice
question
Herbert Spencer: The Man Versus the State
answer
-Committed to traditional liberalism, laissez-faire policy -Thought state intervention threatened personal freedom and betrayed central liberal principles -Warned that increasing govt intervention would lead to socialism and slavery
question
Poulett Scrope: Evictions
answer
-Member of parliament -Advocated tenant rights -Ideas: Landlords destroy the lives of tenants by driving them from their homes; Peasants are unprotected by the law
question
Nicholas Cummins: The Famine in Skibbereen
answer
-Skibbereen was among hardest hit by famine and received no government aid -Ideas: Area in an appalling state of misery; Horrible sickness and starvation → people needed help
question
Jeanne Bouvier: The Pains of Poverty
answer
-trade unionist/feminist recounting early working days -Young girl working in factory, pressed by mother to provide for family, mistreated by all and struggled daily -Basic description of poor life: Long hours and little pay; Landlords were very hard on the poor; Rarely could sleep or eat
question
Nikolaus Osterroth: The Yearning for Social Justice
answer
-German coal miner turned Social Democrat organizer, prompted by poor working conditions and mistreatment -Story: poor conditions in mine, priest said it was his duty to work, found information on social democrats, joined party and becomes an active member -Social Democrat ideas: Anti-government and anti-bourgeois; Concerned with the welfare of the working class; Wanted new work rules
question
William Booth: In Darkest England
answer
-Describes misery of poor -Ideas: Turmoil of the poor equals that of those in Africa (long analogy); "Submerged Tenth" - no income or food for the very poorest; Spiritual salvation can be achieved through helping the poor
question
Henry Mayhew: Prostitution in Victorian London
answer
--negative reaction to prostitution -Girls (poor and/or alone) try to get by with honest work, then crime (stealing, etc.), but eventually turn to prostitution because they have no other choice -Girls live together in a lodging-house and all go out at night -Many girls are changed by prostitution (morals, etc.)
question
William W. Sanger: Prostitution in Hamburg
answer
--positive reaction to prostitution -Brothels (public prostitution) are necessary because they result in less sexual crime and less spread of disease when compared to "private prostitution." -Brothels are impossible to control anyway -refers to prostitution as a necessary evil -Prostitutes live idle lives, doing same thing (i.e. nothing) all day before going out at night
question
John Stuart Mill: The Subjection of Women
answer
-feminist -Champion of women's rights -Ideas: Male dominance of females is an abuse of power that hindered the progress of humanity; Women (mistakenly) accept this domination; Men try to enslave women's minds and only want two main things from women - obedience and sentiments; Women should be allowed into politics and other professions from which they were excluded
question
Emmeline Pankhurst: Why We Are Militant
answer
-feminist -Peaceful attempts to gain suffrage had failed -Women only resort to violence because it is the last available option -Women have no protection from the law (marriage laws, property laws, wages, etc.) -Men do not think women to be human as they are --if you were being treated unfairly you would revolt too
question
Hubertine Auclert: La Citoyenne
answer
-feminist -Political rights will lead to all other rights for women (politics = "keystone"). this would help ease economic problems, improve education, and increase social rights -Women need the vote to be free from "masculine tyranny" -men will never help
question
The Goncourt Brothers: On Female Inferiority
answer
-extreme antifeminists -Women are inferior, stupid, useless, etc. -Women who try to be equal are unbearable -refer to women as animals, not good enough to be human
question
Almroth E. Wright: The Unexpurgated Case Against Woman Suffrage
answer
-antifeminist -Women's vote would be a "social disaster", would result in a loss of the nation's (Britain) prestige, which could lead to war and revolt and other nations would not take them seriously -Women overestimate themselves and would act based on emotional interests -Women and men working together would lead to sexual complications and create obstacles to working
question
Houston Stewart Chamberlain: The Importance of Race
answer
-Naturalized German citizen -Ideas: Races differ not just physically, but spiritually, morally, and intellectually as well -Germans, descended from Aryans, are superior and will be weakened if mixed with non-German blood
question
Pan-German League: "There are Dominant Races and Subordinate Races"
answer
-Nationalists calling for German expansion -Ideas: Germans are superior race; Should conquer others and expand, and have right to do so
question
Hermann Ahlwardt: The Semitic Versus the Teutonic Race
answer
-Jews are dangerous because of their racial traits, not their religion, don't want them to ruin superior German traits -Jews try to profit off of others and betray German trust -Wanted a clear separation of Jews and Germans
question
Edouard Drumont: Jewish France
answer
-Contrasts Semitic Jews with the Aryan French - long list of characteristics of each -Ideas: Jews have poor morals, behave inappropriately, take advantage of people, greedy, selfish, etc.
question
The Dreyfus Affair: The Henry Monument
answer
-Jew Alfred Dreyfus found guilty of selling secrets to Germans based on forged evidence -Shown to be innocent, but many still sided against him -Henry had framed him, then committed suicide... still celebrated by nationalists and anti-Semitics
question
Theodor Herzl: The Jewish State
answer
-Jew who advocated an independent Jewish state (Palestine) -Ideas: Jews are oppressed and persecuted; everyone wants to kick Jews out, but they have nowhere to go.
question
Cecil Rhodes: Confessions of Faith
answer
-Supporter of British expansion because Anglo-Saxon race is best human race in the world and in expanding Britain to the rest of the world, you are spreading more of the English (best) race -Need secret society in order to achieve this - Secret society should be like Roman Church (which has experienced success)
question
Joseph Chamberlain: The British Empire: Colonial Commerce and "The White Man's Burden"
answer
-Britain depended upon preservation and extension of empire for colonies fostered trade and served as source of raw materials -Empire created, founded, and could not exist without commerce (trade) -New markets should be created and old markets should be developed -British empire had duty to civilize Africa and Asia with Christianity and British law -Goal: extend our influence and control to Africa -England cannot be maintained alone but needs foreign trade
question
Karl Pearson: Social Darwinism: Imperialism Justified by Nature
answer
-Social Darwinists argue that nations and races (like species of animals) were locked in a struggle for existence in which only the fittest survived and deserved to survive -Used idea of Social Darwinism to promote and justify Anglo-Saxon expansion and domination of other peoples -Law of survival of fitter is true of mankind. Struggle of tribe with tribe and nation with nation may have mournful side but we see as a result of its gradual progress of mankind to higher intellectual and physical efficiency -Dead people (races and nations) are stepping stones on which mankind has arisen to the higher intellectual and deeper emotional life of today
question
Friedrich Fabri: Does Germany Need Colonies?
answer
(post unification of Germany) -Supported colonization as a force for both national growth and spread of German culture -Germany is not prompted to colonize in order to not only expand power but to fulfill a national, moral duty -Rulers and leaders of nation must be bearers of a cultural mission: this guarantees the stability and growth of national prosperity, a necessary basis for enduring source of power -If new Germany wants to restore and preserve its traditional powerful position in future, it will make it a cultural mission in colonization -Germany should follow in Great Britain's lead
question
Cecil Rhodes and Lo Bengula: "I Had Signed Away the Mineral Rights of My Whole Country"
answer
-Rhodes signed contract with Lo Bengula (king in Africa) that gave Rhodes complete and inclusive charge of all metals and minerals in the king's lands and in return Lo Bengula got a financial subsidy and weapons -Essentially, Lo Bengula was tricked and Rhodes made Lo Bengula's territories his personal domain and part of the British Empire
question
Winston S. Churchill: The Battle of Omdurman
answer
-Churchill provides his account of the battle between Khalifa's army and British-Egyptian army -British Empire suppressed any unrest or revolt. This was shown by British-Egyptian Army in Battle of Omdurman (sparked by a nationalist revolt in Egypt) that re-conquered Sudan
question
The Casement Report: "We Are Killed by the Work You Make Us Do"
answer
-Leopold I was given Congo as his private possession. Casement investigated treatment of Africans in his land (Congo) -Found: villagers were forced to do killing work in order to pay rubber tax imposed on them (collecting rubber from forest)you were killed by the white, ruling men -Rubber tax required one to collect a certain amount of rubber from the forests. If they didn't do this fast enough or collect enough, -Due to report, Leopold was forced to turn over his colonial domain to Belgian government
question
Richard Meinertzhagen: An Embattled Colonial Officer in East Africa
answer
-recounts his story through his diary entries. He was stationed as a young soldier in Kenya during the British imperialism era. He lived in the African wilderness, imposing British rule on rebellious Nandi tribe (he called them bad names and savages)
question
German Brutality in Southwest Africa: Exterminating the Herero
answer
-Germany settled new colony in Southwest Africa and brutalized that native Herero people. In response, Hereros attacked German farms and killed German settlers. -German army, under commandment of con Trotha, sent to crush rebellion, driving Hereros out of the country and to kill the remaining Hereros no matter their situation. -Often considered first genocide of 20th century -Germans had racist attitude toward Herero -General von Trotha wanted total extermination and annihilation of the Herero
question
The Edinburgh Review: "We...Can Restore Order Where There Is Chaos, and Fertility Where There Is Sterility"
answer
-Praises imperialist powers of Europe for serving as "the missionaries of civilization" -Motivation behind European expansion is not purely to colonize but rather to restore order where there is chaos
question
John Atkinson Hobson: An Early Critique of Imperialism
answer
-His primary interest was social reform and he turned to economics to try to solve problem of poverty. He argued that motivation behind imperialism was for economic reasons -He believed that the motivation behind European Imperialism was purely economic and that the natives were taken advantage of, they were the ones who had to work hard for white European gain. -Imperialism led to "forced native labor, primarily for the benefit of white traders and investors and secondarily for the benefit of the world of white Western consumers"
question
Ludwig van Beethoven
answer
-composer -divided into Early, Middle, and Late periods -most known for his Middle period, where he developed his own style and character -eventually became fully deaf, but continued to compose -Romantic themes: 1. incorporated a lot of emotion and personal experiences into work 2. larger orchestra 3. expanded harmonic realm (more variation in tone) 4. created motifs and themes throughout works
question
Johannes Brahms
answer
-pianist and conductor -wrote pieces for orchestra -most famous piece: The Lullaby -Romantic themes: 1. emotion and irrationality 2. incorporates structure of classical music 3. musical nationalism (exploration of foreign cultures to bring exciting music) Ex: gypsy music
question
George Gordon Byron
answer
-poet -incorporated his life experiences into poems -Byronic hero: shows the world how it really is, not idealizing a perfect world; a lot of qualities represent himself; the character embodiment of the entire romantic era. Some characteristics include: 1. troubled past 2. "dark" attributes, mysterious 3. emotional conflicts 4. intellectually superior
question
Frederic Chopin
answer
-composer and pianist -wrote pieces exclusively for piano -creation of instrumental ballads (took characteristics of poetic ballads and ballads set to music to create strictly instrumental ballads) -Romantic theme: 1. conveyed emotion and feeling through his music
question
Eugene Delacroix
answer
-painter -Formed a bridge between classical and impressionist painting, utilized color and color contrast, swinging brushstrokes and vivid colors (to portray violence, movement, and extreme expression of emotions) -Romantic themes: 1. Able to see brush strokes 2. not blending everything together 3. depict what is actually happening 4. unreasonable, imaginative 5. heroism as a theme -Influence on impressionism: belief that color and subject of a painting were intrinsically linked (this became a key foundation of impressionism) -most famous work: Liberty leading the people
question
Caspar David Friedrich
answer
-painter of people alone in nature -allegorical paintings → interpreted to find hidden meaning -brings religion into his paintings
question
Francisco Goya
answer
-spanish painter -paintings reflected inner feelings -Romantic elements: 1. colors (tonality, shading) 2. realism (ex: portrayed royalty as they were, did not flatter or insult them) 3. disease (more experimental art) 4. war 5. depression/dark realism
question
John Keats
answer
-poet -His poems exemplified his views of life, especially organized religion (he was against it) -his writings didn't become popular until after death -Romantic themes: 1. embraced the power of imagination and freedom of individual expressions 2. asserting self with directness and intensity 3. speaks about human suffering
question
Felix Mendelssohn
answer
-german composer -inspired by external events, mostly pleasant and reminiscent -made Leipzig a major musical city -wanted people to find meaning in his music -most famous piece: Wedding March
question
Les Miserables
answer
-characters: 1. Fantine- dedicated life to daughter, evokes pity 2. Eponine- joins the rebellions so she can heroically die with lover → represents the romantic idea that people do things that just don't make sense. -Romantic themes: 1. Rebellion (rash response to some unfortunate events) 2. Faith in god (reliance on faith instead of reason) 3. Self sacrifice -Musicals: convey emotions, immerses audience into the experience
question
Mary Shelley
answer
-author of Frankenstein -ghost story challenge between Mary, Percy, and Lord Byron → Mary dreamt the story of Frankenstein -Romantic style: 1. horror (invokes strong emotions) 2. rejects the rational and scientific thinking of the Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution 3. danger of unchecked scientific exploration
question
Fernando Sor
answer
-spanish composer -focused on ballet, opera, and guitar -developed his own system of musical notation -his parents intended for him to be a soldier → went to France with army, where he began composing music -importance: introduced the guitar to modern music
question
Franz Schubert
answer
-composer -known for vivid, real, adventurous images that his music provided -poetic musician (turn music notes into poetry) -Romantic themes: 1. more intense personal expression of emotion, intuition, and imagination 2. emphasis on lyrical, songlike melodies 3. wider range of pitch, more dense 4. rich variety of pieces (ranging from short piano pieces to huge, lengthy musical canvases) 5. wider range of instruments
question
early conservatives
answer
Burke, Matternich, de Maistre -disapproved of French Revolution because it destroyed everything -valued authority and tradition -wanted traditions, followed church ideals, wanted unity and nationalism, wanted community
question
early liberals
answer
Mill -wanted revolution to continue -in favor of freedom and a constitutional government that protects freedom
question
European Imperialism
answer
-Expansion of European nations and acquiring colonies became part of European power struggle -Based on rapid progress in science, technology, economic skills, political organization -European nations populated the world and used their resources for their own countries gain→now a global competition for power among European empires and frantic race to occupy unclaimed parts of the world - Britain emerged as colonial giant -Result: world fallen under European or western domination - Imperialists imposed their western culture on all other cultures
question
Frankenstein themes
answer
1. Dangerous Knowledge -Frankenstein's brutal search for knowledge turns out to be very dangerous and detrimental 2. Sublime Nature -Championed by romanticism -The sublime natural world is a source of unrestrained emotional experience for the individual, and offers characters a possibility of spiritual renewal 3. Monstrosity -The Monster became a monster due to how he was treated and perceived -Is Frankenstein a monster? 4. Secrecy -Frankenstein considers science to be a secret to discover -Frankenstein chooses to keep his secret, while the Monster is forced into secrecy 5. Texts -The texts mentioned and reference serve as material manifestations of the character's emotions, experiences, and attitudes
question
Frankenstein motifs
answer
1. Passive Women -Passive women suffer calmly, and then die -Caroline Beaufort, Justine, Elizabeth -Mary Shelley may have put the female characters in their situations to direct the reader's attention to the obsessive and destructive behavior of Frankenstein and the Monster 2. Abortion -Frankenstein and the Monster both regret the Monster's creation -Frankenstein destroys the female monster before bringing her to life
question
Frankenstein symbols
answer
1. Light and Fire -Light is knowledge, discovery, and enlightenment
