Honors Chemistry EOC Review – Flashcards
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If a compound is made from a metal and a non-metal, its bonding will be
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ionic
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If a compound is made from two non-metals, its bonding will be
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covalent
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Octet Rule
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States that atoms will lose, gain, or share electrons in order to achieve a full outer shell
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What type of bond forms between metals and non-metals?
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Ionic bond
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What type of bond is formed between two non-metals?
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Covalent bonds
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Polar covalent bond
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form when the electronegativity difference between two bonding atoms is between 0.4 and 1.7
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nonpolar covalent bond
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forms when 2 atoms of some element bond together
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where is majority of an atom's mass located?
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the nucleus
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What makes up the majority of the volume of an atom?
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electron cloud
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isotope
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are atoms with equal numbers of protons,, but differ in their neutron numbers
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number of neutrons=mass numbers -
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atomic number
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atomic number
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equal to the number of protons in nucleus of an atom
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mass number
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equal to an atoms number of protons and neutrons added together
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atomic mass
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average of isotopes
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Cations
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are positive ions and form when a neutral atom loses electrons
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Anions
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are negative ions and form when a neutral atom gains electrons
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are cations smaller or larger than their parent ions?
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smaller
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are anions smaller or larger then their parent ions?
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larger
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Democritus
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was first to propose idea of atoms
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John Dalton
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model of atom was solids sphere that was uniform throughout
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Dalton's Atomic Theory
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1. all matter composed of very small particles called atoms 2. atoms of given element are identical in size, mass, and other properties 3. atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed 4.atoms of different elements combine 5. atoms combined
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J.J. Thomson
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discovered the electron & developed the plum pudding model of the atom
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Ernest Rutherford
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Gold foil experiment showed atom is mostly empty space with small dense, nucleus
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Neils Bohr
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made bohr model of atom that placed electrons in "planet-like" around the nucleus of an atom
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Quantum mechanical model
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it has electrons in "clouds" (orbitals) around the nucleus of an atom
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What is the most electronegative element?
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fluorine
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The horizontal rows on the periodic table are called
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periods
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The vertical columns on the periodic table are called
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Groups (families)
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What type of elements are found on the left of "staircase" on the periodic table?
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metals
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What type of elements are found above the "staircase" on the periodic table?
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non-metals
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What type of elements border the "staircase" on the periodic table?
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metalloids
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Why are noble gases stable?
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because they have the maximum number of valence electrons their outer shell can hold (8 electrons)
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What is electronegativity?
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is a measure of an element's attraction for electrons and it increase as you go towards fluorine.
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What is the difference between an atom and an ion?
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ion-has a charge atom- no charge
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7 diatomic elements
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nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, iodine, bromine
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what type of bond is characterized by a sea of free flowing electrons?
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metallic bonds
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hydrogen bonds
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form when hydrogen bonds to the elements N,O, or F and gives the compound unusually high melting and boiling points
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dipole-dipole forces
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are attractive forces between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule
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London dispersion forces
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temporary attractive forces that results when the electrons in 2 adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles
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Van der Waals forces
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weak attractive forces between atoms or nonpolar molecules caused by temporary change in dipole movement
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What is the weakest intermolecular force?
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London dispersion forces
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in a combustion reaction, what must react with the hydrocarbon?
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oxygen
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what are products of a combustion reaction?
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CO2 and H2O
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Oxidation
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is the loss of electrons by an atom or ion. The oxidation # increase as a result
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Reduction
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is the gain of electrons by an atom or ion. The oxidation # decreases as a result
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one mole=
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6.02 x 10^23 particles = gram formula mass (sum of all atomic masses)
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Law of conservation of mass
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that the mass of reactants is always equal to the mass of products in a chemical reaction
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Acids
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taste sour turns litmus paper red pH less than < 7 Reacts with metals to form H2 gas
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Bases
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Taste bitter turns litmus paper blue slippery feel pH great than > 7 conducts electricity
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What do acids and bases make in neutralization reactions?
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water and a salt
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How many covalent bonds does carbon typically form?
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4 covalent bonds
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used as alternative fuel
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alcohols
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have solvent like properties
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keytones
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responsible for the aroma of many fruits
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esters
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have strong odors
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aldehydes
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law of conservation of energy state
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energy cannot be created or destroyed, it any changes form
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Kinetic energy
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energy of motion
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potential energy
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is energy of position or composition
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entropy
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can be considered a measure of the disorder of randomness of the particles
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When particles become more ordered
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it's a result of a decrease in entropy
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when particles become less ordered
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it's a result of an increase in entropy
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Gas to liquid
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condensation
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liquid to solid
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freezing
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gas to solid
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deposition
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solid to liquid
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melting
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liquid to gas
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vaporization
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solid to gas
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sublimation
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Raising the temperature of any equilibrium system always
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favors the endothermic reaction
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Raising the temperature will cause the equilibrium of the system to
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favor the forward reaction
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Closed system & open system
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open system- both energy and matter can be exchanged between system and surroundings closed system- only energy, no matter, can be exchanged
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dynamic equilibrium
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a state of balance between continuing processes
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The measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles is called
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temperature
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an increase in temperature is a result of an
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increase in molecular motion
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a decrease in temperature is a result of a
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decrease in molecular motion
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What does STP mean?
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Standard temperature pressure
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According to Boyle's Law, as the pressure on a gas increases, the volume
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decreases proportionally
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According to Gay-Lussac's Law, as the pressure on a gas increase
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the temperature increases
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According to Charles's Law, as the temperature of a gas increases,
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the volume increases
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Combined Gas Law
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the relationship between the pressure, volume, and temperature of a fixed amount of gas
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Avogardro's Law State
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equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of particles
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Ideal gas law
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the law that states the mathematical relationship of pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), the gas constant (R), and the number of moles of a gas (n)
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exothermic reaction
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release heat and diagram shows a decrease in potential energy
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endothermic reaction
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absorb heat and diagram shows an increase in potential energy
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gravitational force
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is weak, but very long ranged. It is always attractive and acts between any two pieces of matter in the Universe since mass is it's source
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electromagnetic force
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causes electric and magnetic effects such as the repulsion between like electrical charges or the interaction of bar magnets. It is long-ranged, but much weaker than the strong force
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Weak nuclear force
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is responsible for radioactive decay and neutrino interactions. It is very short range, and very weak
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Strong nuclear force
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is very strong, but very short-ranged. It acts only over ranges of order 10^-13 centimeters and is responsible for holding the nuclei of atoms together
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Fission reactions
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split heavy nuclei into smaller ones
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Fusion reactions
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occur when light nuclei combine to form a heavy nucleus and a lot of energy
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An increase in temperature would be depicted by a
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positive slope
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what is a plateau?
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indicates increase in potential energy as the phase change occurs
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Specific heat
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the amount of heat for unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree celsius
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what type of bond holds hydrogen and oxygen together in a water molecule?
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polar-covalent bonds
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What type of bond connects one water molecule to another?
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hydrogen bonding
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what is the boiling point of water
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100 degree Celsius
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what is the melting point of water?
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0 degree Celsius
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What property of water prevents large bodies of water from freezing solid in the water?
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specific heat
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adhesion
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is the force of attraction between different things
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cohesion
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is the force of attraction between like things
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Law
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describes, can never become a theory-describes relationships among phenomena under a specified set of conditions
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Theory
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explains, a law becomes a theory
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when naming acids, when do you use ending -ic
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if anion is -ate, it's replaced with -ic
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when naming acids, when do you use the ending -ous
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it anion end in -ite, it's replaced with -ous
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Percent composition
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=mass due to specific component/ total molar mass of compound X 100
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Synthesis Reaction
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A+X --> AX
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Decomposition Reaction
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AX --> A+X
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Single-displacement Reaction
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A + BX --> AX + B
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Double-displacement reaction
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AX + BY --> AY + BX
