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Direct Current (DC)

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electricity where the electrons are flowing in one direction only. *battery where electrons flow from a positive terminal to a negative terminal.

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Alternating Current (AC)

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electricity changes direction in a back and forth cycle.

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Frequency

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the back and forth cycle of an Alternating Current. Measured in Hertz.

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Heinrich Hertz

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German physicist who studied electromagnetic radiation.

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Insulator

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atoms that tightly hold their electrons in their orbitals, they restrict the flow of electrons and are considered to have resistance. *plastics, wood, paper and glass.

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Conductors

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atoms that easily give up their electrons, the free electrons will move from one atom to another transferring energy through matter. *Silver, copper, aluminmum, gold, water.

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Super Conductors

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only things on earth with no electrical resistance.

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Volts

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electricial POTENTIAL difference.

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Potential Energy

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level of energy that COULD be used if it were needed. a household socket has the potential energy of 120 volts but doesn't use those all at once.

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Watts

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Electrical power. *amount of power an appliance uses when on. Watts are equal to amps times volts.

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OHMS

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electrical resistance. *the difficulty electrons have getting through a circuit.

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Amperes (amps)

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the flow of electrons in a circuit. *same as counting the electrons as they whiz by.

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Coulombs

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the quality of electrical charge is measured by.

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Dry cell batteries

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what we buy everyday.

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Wet cell batteries

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car batteries and lead storage batteries.

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lodestone

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naturally occurring magnetic rock.

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Alnico

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the most commonly used alloy, which contains aluminum, nickel, cobalt and iron.

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Polarized magnet

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magnet whose magnetic field is stronger at it's ends or poles. used in magnets.

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Curie Point

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the temperature at which some materials lose their magnetism.

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Light

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visible part of the electromagnetic sectrum. It is made up of very tiny particles, called photons and can be refracted into seven bands of colored light.

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ROY G. BIV

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Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet.

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Electromagnetic Spectrum

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Radio Waves - big spread out waves. Infrared Waves - slightly smaller waves. Visible Light - closer together. Ultra Violet - even closer, Xrays - almost touching Gamma - touching, tiny

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Waves

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rhythmic disturbances that carry energy through matter or space.

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Wavelength

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is the distance from the top of one crest to the top of the next.

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Frequency

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is the number of wave crests that pass one place in one second. measured in Hertz.

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Radio Waves

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the frequencies used for microwaves, television and radio.

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Infrared waves

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the waves that produce heat.

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Visible light

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ROY G. BIV.

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Ultraviolet waves

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why we wear sunscreen and sunglasses. allows body to produce vitamin D and used in hospitals to sterilize instruments. can produce skin cancer. ozone blocks out most ultraviolet radiation.

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X-Rays

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high energy and cause many substances to become fluorescent.

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Gamma rays

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emit the lowest wavelength electromagnetic radiation. they have three types of radiation; alpha, beta and gamma

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Alpha

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weakest form and can be stopped by paper.

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Beta

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stronger and can be stopped by tinfoil.

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Gamma

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strongest and can be stopped by lead.

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Colors of light

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Red, blue, green

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Colors of paint

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Red blue yellow.

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Earth's Crust is made up of:

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oxygen - 46.6% silicon - 27.7% aluminum - 8.1% iron- 5% calcium - 3.6% other - 9%

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Continents are. . .

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Asia - 29.7% of earth's land Africa - 20.4% of earth's land North America - 16.3% of earth's land South America - 12% of earth's land Antarctica - 8% of earth's land Europe - 7 % of earth's land Australia - 5.2 % of earth's land

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Oceans are. . .

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Pacific - 18,925 avg. depth in feet. Atlantic - 11,730 avg. depth in feet. Indian - 12,598 avg. depth in feet. Arctic - 3,407 avg. depth in feet.

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Earth's longest river

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The Nile. 4145 miles long in northeast africa. the amazon in south america comes in second at 4000 miles long.

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Longitude

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runs vertically, north and south on the globe and are numbered. the 0 degree line of longitude is known as the prime meridian also called the Greenwich meridian because it goes through Greenwich, England (where the system was invented) numbered in degrees because the circular shape of the earth. no greater longitude than 180.

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Latitude

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Horizontal lines, run east and west around the earth. numbered, beginning at the equator and ending at each of the poles. no greater latitude than 90.

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Circumference of Earth

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25,000 miles

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Diameter of Earth

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8,000 Miles.

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Distance from Earth to Moon

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240,000 miles.

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Tides

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caused by the pull of the moon's gravity on Earth. As the Earth rotates within the pull of the moon's gravity, the water is pulled toward the moon. This causes the water to build up on the shores as they come closest to the moon. The water pulls away from the shore as they move away from the moon.

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Spring tides

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very high tides, occur on the full and new moon.

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Neap tides

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very low tides occur on the 1st and 3rd quarters of the moon phase.

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Cenozoic Era

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Quaternary and Tertiary periods - 12,000 to 11 million years ago. The age of mammals (and humans) Marked by mountain building, volcanism and the ice ages.

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Mesozoic Era

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Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic periods - 135 - 220 million years ago. Start and end of the dinosaurs. Vertebrates and reptiles appreard. Creation of the Rocky Mountains.

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Paleozoic Era

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Permian, Carboniferous, Mississippian, Devonian, Silurian, Ordovician, Cambrian Periods - 270 - 600 million years ago. Marked by great development of insect life an dlife in the sea. Coal deposits form in swamps, appalachian mountain range appeared.

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Precambrian Era

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Precambrian Period - 4,500 million years ago. Little i sknown about this era. Most of the rocks of the Precambrian era are igneous and metamorphic, so they contain no fossils. Probably simple organisms such as algae, molds and bacteria first appeared.

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Carbon Dating

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geological dating for rocks, can be used to date only organic material.

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3 Main Rocks

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- Igneous - formed from magma. - Sedimentary - forms from fragments of rock as they sink to the bottom of the sea where they form into layers. - Metamorphic - formed when sedimentary or igneous rock is changed by heat and pressure beneath the surface of the earth. forms bands in the rock.

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Coccoids

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antient decayed marine plants in which oil is made from.

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Natural gas

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methane, propane and butane.

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coal

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formed from plants of the carboniferous period.

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Seismograph

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measures earthquakes using the richter scale. the FOCUS is the point inside the earth where the earthquake is centered. the EPICENTER is above the focus on the surface of the Earth.

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Measure of weather

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Temperature, Air Pressure, Humidity, Wind speed, wind direction, percipitation.

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Levels of the Atmosphere

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Troposphere - closest to earth, 6 miles above the surface, contains gases that we breathe, most of earth's weather occurs here. Stratosphere - 6 miles to 30 miles from the Earth. Jet's fly in the stratosphere to avoid clouds and weather in the troposhere. contains the ozone layer. shield to protect the earth. Ionosphere - outtermost layer. contains electrically charged particles that reflect radio waves, allowing all of us to gorge ourselves on MTV, HBO and other TV.

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Gases in Atmosphere

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Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% water vapor - 0-4% argon - .9% carbon dioxide - .03% other - .001%

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Stratus

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low clouds- wider than they are high, block out much of the suns light resulting in overcast skies.

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Cumulus

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middle clouds - big puffy whilte clouds

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Nimbus

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rain clouds in lower altitudes.

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Cirrus

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high clouds, thin wispy streaks across the sky.

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Protons

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positively charged sub-atomic particles. Protons exist in the nucleus of an atom. Their weight is one atomic mass unit or 1amu. same number of protons as electrons.

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Neutrons

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Neutral charged sub atomic particles. also exisit in an atom nucleus. weight of 1amu.

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Electrons

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negatively charged sub atomic particles. float around in an electron cloud in orbits around the atoms nucleus. much lighter than protons or neutron, amu much less than one.

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AMU

answer

atomic mass unit.

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Atomic Number

answer

Carbon 6 - atomic # C - element symbol 12 atomic mass #

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Periods

answer

horizontal rows or moving left to right on periodic table.

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Groups

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verticle coloumns or moving up and down on periodic table.

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Valance

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how readily an element will give up it's electrons and acquire a positive or negative charge.

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Inert elements

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cannot ordinarily react with other elements since these elements neither tend to give up or take on additional electrons.

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Fission

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atomic nuclei are being split

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Fusion

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atomic nuclei are being combined.

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Ions

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positively or negatively charged atoms.

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cations

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atoms that give a positive charge

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anions

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negative charged atoms.

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Isotopes

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atoms that have the same atomic number but a different atomic mass. This means you have an element that has the same number of protons but contains a different number of neutrons than a pure form of the element.

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Ionic Bonds

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an atom will give up or take on one of more electrons from another atoms. the atom giving up an electron will the positively charged and the atom taking on the electron will be negatively charged.

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Covalent bonds

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when atoms share electron pairs.

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pH

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measures how acidic or alkaline a substance is. the scale runs from 0 to 14 with 7 being neutral. Anything above 7 is considered alkaline, anything below is acidic. Human blood has a pH of 7.35, only slightly alkaline.

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DNA

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defined by J.D. Watson and F.H.C. Crick in 1953. It is a double helix (spiral) composed of 2 parllel spiral-side chains made of deoxyribose phosphate. It composes the compounds of genetic inheritance and energy control in cells.

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RNA

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Made by DNA as a chemical messenger. sent to a cell organelle called a ribosome. on the ribosomes rna builds all of the cell's proteins, especially enzymes, which allows the cell to do all the things cells can do.

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Cell Membrane

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the outermost living cel part. made of two layers of phosopholipids with embedded proteins.

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cytoplasm

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protein based contents of cells, includes everything inside the cell membrane.

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Organelles

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parts of the cell that provide specific life based functions.

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

answer

circulation system and protien manufacturer of the cell.

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Ribosomes

answer

located on the rough form of the ER is receives RNA from the nucleus.

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Golgi Complexes

answer

used to activate proteins. they package up material in a cell that needs to be send out of the cell in vacuoles. Golgi complexes produce lysosomes and microbodies and help package or expel cellular wastes. found in gland cells.

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Lysosomes and Microbodies

answer

the cell's digestive system. they eliminate worn out cell parts by digesting them.

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Mitochondria

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power station. produces ATP, a compound related to DNA nd RNA. ATP regulates energy in cells.

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Nucleus and Nucleolus

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the nucleus is the large central body in the cell containing DNA in the form known as chromatin. the DNA provides the majority of genetic instructions for a cell. The nucleolus is in the nucleus and contains RNA.

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Centrioles

answer

make organelles of movement. hair like projections that beat back and forth.

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Mitosis

answer

cell division used for growth, replacement, and repair. Divided into 5 phases.

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Interphase

answer

first phase in mitosis. cell growth occurs here. DNA is completely copies. DNA is called chromatin. This is the only stage where DNA is not called chromosomes. This is the longest phase of a cell's life.

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Prophase

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second phase in mitosis. chromatin converts to chromosomes. the nucleus is replaces with a spindle. chromosomes floating around the cell start to move to the middle.

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Metaphase

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3rd in mitosis. Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.

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Anaphase

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4th in mitosis. chromosomes seperate and move toward the end of the cell.

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Telophase

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last in mitosis. spindles are replaced with nuclei. cell splits, called cytokenesis, into two complete cells. two new cells are formed. beginning interphase again.

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Surface anatomy

answer

study of forms and marking of the body.

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gross anatomy

answer

study of structures you can examine with the naked eye.

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systemic anatomy

answer

study of specific systems.

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regional anatomy.

answer

study of specific body regions such as the chest or abdomen.

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developmental/embryonic anatomy

answer

study of embryonic and early childhood.

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pathological anatomy

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study of disease and structural changes associated with disease.

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Radiographic anatomy

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anatomy using xray ultrasound mri and etc.

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cytology

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study of cells

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histology

answer

study of tissues.

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physiology

answer

study of function of the body and how it works.

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Endocrinology

answer

functional properties of the endocrine systems and its hormones.

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neurophysiology

answer

functional properties of nerve cells.

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cardiophysiology

answer

functional properties of the cardiovascular system.

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respiratory physiology

answer

functional properties of the respiratory system.

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pathophysiology

answer

functional changes associated with disease.

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Cell physiology

answer

function of cells

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immunology

answer

function of the body's defense systems against disease.

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Renal physiology

answer

function of the kidneys.

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Exercise physiology

answer

changes associated with cell and organ functions with muscular activity

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SYSTEMIC PHYSIOLOGY

answer

FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC ORGAN SYSTEMS.

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Carbohydrates

answer

occur as simple sugars. monosaccharides. that can be built into larger disaccharides and the very complex polysaccharides. Carbohydrates yield 4 calories of energy per gram. functions include: fuel. used to produce atp as energy. building. they can form structural components of living organisims.

question

Lipids

answer

diverse oily, waxy, fatty materials with one thing in common all are slippery. Fats yeild 9 calories of energy per gram. functions of lipids include: fat, steroids, chemical content of cell membranes, waxes, certain fat-soluble vitaminds.

question

Amino Acids

answer

basic building blocks of the body. there are 20 essential amino acids used to build all body proteins.

question

Polypeptides

answer

long chains of amino acids that serve as the actual building units of proteins.

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