question

Pavlov believed that his work on the conditioned reflex discovered the physiological mechanism for what for centuries had been called ________ by philosophers and psychologists.

answer

associationism

question

Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson:

answer

the popularity of cognitive psychology

question

In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of:

answer

generalization

question

Watson believed that, along with structure and some basic reflexes, humans inherit three emotional responses. Which of the following in one of the three inherited emotions?

answer

love

question

Pavlov speculated that much human abnormal behavior was caused by

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a breakdown of inhibitory processes in the brain

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Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe:

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the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment

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For Watson, the goal of psychology was to:

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predict and control behavior

question

What was Watson's final position on the mind-body problem?

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physical monism

question

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work:

answer

in physiology

question

Concerning the treatment of children, Watson and Watson's advice was to:

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treat then as small adults

question

____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type.

answer

Radical behaviorism

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According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it:

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is reinforcing to the punisher

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Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that

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unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless

question

What was Guthrie's one rule for breaking undesirable habits?

answer

Observe the stimuli that elicit the behavior and perform another act in the presence of those stimuli

question

Skinner's basic methodology was to allow an animal to respond freely in an experimental chamber and note the effect of ____________ on ____________ .

answer

reinforcement; response rate

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The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that:

answer

animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is a incentive to do so

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____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism.

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neobehaviorism

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Tolman believed that

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learning occurs independently of reinforcement

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According to Skinner, a reinforcer was anything that:

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changed the rate with which a response was made

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For Skinner, "mental events" are:

answer

certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels

question

in all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same?

answer

change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior

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Which of the following have contemporary psychologists found to be true?

answer

Overt behavior can be, and should be, used to index cognitive events

question

The Skinnerian version of behavior therapy:

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assumes that abnormal behavior is learned in the same way as any normal behavior

question

Which of the following is true of Franz Mesmer?

answer

He believed that redistributing a person's magnetic force field could restore one's health

question

Kraepelin's catalog of mental illnesses:

answer

is the predecessor to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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The ________ model of mental illness assumes that all disease is the result of the malfunctioning of some aspect of the body, mainly the brain.

answer

medical

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The ________ model of mental illness assumes that abnormal behavior is caused by such things as grief, conflict, and frustration.

answer

psychological

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Benjamin Rush argued that:

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people with mental illness should experience fresh air

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Through the centuries, mental illness has always been defined:

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relative to the experiences of an average person

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Primitive man viewed illness as a result of evil forces or spirits entering the body. This led to attempts to rid the body of those spirits or evil forces by various means including:

answer

trepanation and bleeding the patient

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During the Renaissance, abnormal behavior was generally taken as a sign of:

answer

sinfulness and witchcraft

question

As a treatment for the mentally ill, Pinel approved of ___________ and argued effectively against the use of _______________.

answer

bathing and mild purgatives; the use of punishment and exorcism

question

According to Szasz, the typical diagnosis of mental illness most often reflects a (n) ____.

answer

a social judgment

question

Which of the following best describes Charcot's explanation of hysteria?

answer

Traumatic experience causes certain ideas to become dissociated from consciousness where they become strong enough to cause hysterical symptoms

question

Roger's approach to psychotherapy was considered revolutionary for all of the following reasons except:

answer

it required therapists to accept the medical model of mental illness

question

According to Rogers, what is said to exist when the relevant people in a child's life give him or her love and acceptance under some circumstances but not under others (only if one acts or thinks in certain ways):

answer

conditions of worth

question

In general, phenomenology refers to any methodology that studies:

answer

conscious experience as it occurs without attempting to reduce it to its component parts

question

Traditionally, the beginning of existential psychology is marked with the writings of:

answer

both Kierkegaard and Nietzche

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In order for psychology to qualify as humanistic, it must:

answer

emphasize the uniqueness of humans

question

Third-force psychology contrasts with most other types of psychology because:

answer

it proposes that the most important cause of behavior is subjective reality

question

According to Kelly, the goal of psychotherapy is to help the client:

answer

view things differently

question

Which of the following presents Maslow's hierarchy of needs in proper order?

answer

physiological, safety, belonging and love, esteem, self-actualization

question

According to May, exercising one's freedom means all of the following except:

answer

experiencing guilt

question

May refers to the fact that humans are both the objects and subjects of experience as the:

answer

human dilemma

question

According to Rogers, using the ________ as a guide for living one's life causes a person to approach and maintain experiences that are in accordance with the actualizing tendency but to terminate or avoid those that are not.

answer

organismic valuing process

question

In 3 sentences summarize what you feel are Roger's most important contributions to humanistic psychology and /or psychology in general.

answer

. I think Carl Roger's theory for positive regard was a very important contribution to psychology. Positive regard is basically accepting affirmation, love and positive feelings from close relationships in a child's life and shows the importance of that. Tagging along with that, Roger's conditions of worth which is when a child acts according to what their closest people they should act and value what they should value.

question

According to Charcot, who could be hypnotized? What was his theory in relationship to hysteria and hypnotic phenomena? What did Freud take from Charcot's theory?

answer

Charcot believed that only people suffering from hysteria could be hypnotized. His theory of hysteria and hypnotic phenomena was that they both has the same "annihilation of ego." This combined biology or the inherited potential for hysteria and psychology. Freud agreed with Charcot and believed that ideas could stay in the unconscious parts of the mind where they could produce actual bodily symptoms.

question

In 3 full sentences list what contributions Pinel or Dix made to the treatment of the mentally ill?

answer

Pinel segregated different types of mental illness patients, encouraged occupational therapy, favored bathing and mild purgatives as physical treatments, and made the argument against using punishment or exorcism. Under Pinel's leadership many of the insane inmates during that time were released. He did the same thing at a women's insane asylum in Europe.

question

What did Skinner believe about punishment? To whom was punishment reinforcing? What should be done to curb inappropriate behavior in children according to Skinner?

answer

Skinner did not believe that punishment would stop bad behavior. He thought that reinforcement however could. Skinner believed that children's bad behavior could be dealt with by ignoring it. He said that if a child is getting attention for something they did wrong they will continue to do it. He also believed that punishment was reinforcing that punisher.

question

Explain, fully, what led to Pavlov's discovery of the conditioned reflex? Why was he reluctant to study conditioned reflexes for a long time?

answer

After Pavlov's research on digestion he discovered the conditioned reflex. He used a dog and had them given meat at the same time every day. Eventually the dog could just smell the meat powder or hear the footsteps of the person who usually gave him food and would start to salivate due to associative principles. Pavlov did not want to study conditioned reflex for a long time because of their subjective nature

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