question

Sequence of failed paradigms

answer

Scholars refer to the history of the field as a " ___ ___ ___ _____"

question

Replacement of one paradigm by another

answer

What did Kuhn mean by a scientific revolution?

question

Thomas Kuhn

answer

___ ____ advanced the notion of paradigms.

question

When it is no longer characterized by competing schools of thought. AKA when the majority of scientists agree on theoretical and methodological issues.

answer

When is the advanced stage in the development of a science reached?

question

paradigm

answer

A ____ is an accepted way of thinking within a scientific discipline that provides essential questions and answers

question

paradigm

answer

A model or pattern

question

Stage of development of a science when it is still divided into schools of thought

answer

Preparadigmatic

question

A Group of psychologists who become associated ideologically and sometimes geographically with the leader of a movement. Members share, typically, a theoretical or systematic orientation and investigate similar problems.

answer

School of thought

question

Willhelm Wundt

answer

The direction of the new psychology in the last quarter of the 19th century was influenced by __ ___.

question

their insights are likely to die in obscurity

answer

When scientists propose ideas that are too far out of phase with accepted intellectual and cultural thought, what is likely to happen?

question

await its time

answer

A discovery must often ____ ___ ____

question

Naturalistic Theory

answer

"The times make the person" is the belief of what theory?

question

Personalistic Theory

answer

"The person makes the times" is the belief of what theory?

question

Personalistic

answer

The ____ theory of scientific history focuses on the achievements and contributions of specific individuals.

question

Personalistic Approach, Naturalistic Approach

answer

Two ways to view the historical development of scientific psychology are the _____ ______ and the _____ ______

question

Kenneth Clark

answer

First black APA president

question

Francis Sumner

answer

First black student to earn a PhD in Psychology

question

Mary Whiton Calkins

answer

Who was the APAs first female president?

question

True

answer

In 1893, APA became the first scientific society to admit women. T or F?

question

Germany

answer

Where did experimental psychology begin?

question

Austria

answer

Where did psychoanalysis begin?

question

When many prominent researchers and theorists fled the Nazi menace in 1930's and most settled in US

answer

What marked the final phase of psychologys relocation from Europe to the US?

question

agression

answer

After witnessing the carnage of World War I, Freud proposed ___ as a significant motivating force for the human personality

question

Economic opportunity, the World wars, prejudice and discrimination

answer

What are the contextual forces in psychology?

question

got lower salaries and rarely tenure or promotions

answer

Women rarely got into graduate school or faculty and when they did they....?

question

Married

answer

Schools refused to hire what type of women?

question

20

answer

By the beginning of the 20th century, _____ women had earned doctoral degrees in psychology.

question

How useful psychology could be

answer

What did the world wars, influence prove to the world?

question

Personnel selection, psychological testing, engineering psychology

answer

World War I and World War II excelarated the growth of applied psychology by extending its influence into areas such as ____ ___, ___ ____, and ____ ____.

question

Between 1890 & 1918. Because public school enrollment increased 700%

answer

When and why was there a shift of emphasis from experimentation to teaching and learning?

question

Prove to college administrators and state legislators that psychology could be useful in solving social educational and industrial problems

answer

What did psychologists have to do to get their departments to improve?

question

psychologists, labs

answer

By 1900, there were three times as many ____ with doctoral degrees as there were ____ to employ them.

question

Psychology laboratories, psychologists

answer

Toward the end of the 90th century, the number of ___ _____ in the US was rising steadily but so was the number of _____ competing for jobs.

question

Increasing opportunities emerged to apply their knowledge and techniques to solving real world problems

answer

Largely because of economic forces in the early 20th century, what happened for psychologists?

question

False, it IS.

answer

Psychology is not affected by external forces that shape its nature and direction. T or F?

question

finished, complete

answer

History cannot be considered _____ or ____.

question

They show that primarily our understanding of history is dynamic

answer

What do the problems of bias, much like Skinner and Freud and Jung?

question

Remember that ;)

answer

The data of history also may be affected by the actions of the participants themselves in recounting pivotal events. Remember.

question

To translate is to betray

answer

Traditore, an italian proverb, means what?

question

In Freuds free association, association actually is Einfall in German meaning an intrusion or an invasion

answer

What does Einfall mean?

question

To protect some of his clients and their families and possibly even Freud and his family.

answer

Why wont some of Freuds documents be available until the late 21st century?

question

Freuds idea was not to describe a simple linking of ideas but rather to denote something from the unconscious mind that is uncontrollably intruding into or invading conscious thoughts

answer

How does Einfall change what free assocation is?

question

Hard to tell if it was true representation of Kohler or slanted one way by the scholar who made them public, favorable or unfavorable

answer

What was wrong with Kohlers publication by a scholar?

question

Founded Gestalt Psychology

answer

Wolfgang Kohler

question

To "form the image preferred by Jungs family and disciples

answer

Why did Jungs assistant write his autobiography and alter it?

question

Developed psychophysics

answer

Gustav Fechner

question

Study of learning and memory

answer

Hermann Ebbinghaus

question

founder of the behaviorism school of thought. Before he died he burned all of his entire unpublished record of his life and career.

answer

John B Watson

question

Scientists can reconstruct or replicate events later so the data can be verified. They also have a measure of control over the situation. Data of history cannot be reconstructed or replicated since it occurred in the past and historians may not have recorded the particulars/details.

answer

Whats the difference between science and the data of history?

question

Approach, Techniques

answer

It is the ____ taken and the ____ employed that distinguish the older discipline of philosophy from modern psychology.

question

newest

answer

Psychology is among the oldest of all scholarly disciplines as well as one of the ____

question

speculating, intuiting, generalizing. their own experience

answer

Until the last quarter of the 19th century, philosophers studied human nature by ____, _____, and ___ based on ____ _____ _____.

question

Recognize relationships among ideas, theories, and research efforts. Understand how different pieces of the psychology puzzle come together to form a coherent picture

answer

What will the course help you to do?

question

By studying its origins and development we can see clearly the nature of psychology today. Many psychologists agree the influence of the past helps shape the present.

answer

How do you benefit from studying the history of psychology?

question

Were. Are now.

answer

The current state of a person can be explained by his or her history. The way we ____ can tell us something about the way we ___ ____.

question

Integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology.

answer

Studying psychology history is the most systematic way to what?

question

Remember,:)

answer

There is no single form, approach or definition of psychology on which all psychologists agree. Remember that

question

Remember :)

answer

The only framework that binds these diverse areas and approaches and gives them a coherent context, is their history - the evolution over time of psychology as an independent discipline. Remember.

question

1932

answer

In what year did the Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences begin publication?

question

history

answer

Psychology is marked by diversity and divisiveness. The one aspect of the discipline that provides cohesiveness and a common ground for discourse is its:

question

experimentation

answer

The hallmark of psychology's separation from philosophy was its reliance on:

question

altered and/or deleted some of Jung's writings to present him in a manner suiting his family and followers.

answer

An "autobiography" of Jung was evidently written not by Jung but by an assistant who:

question

free association

answer

Freud's idea "Einfall" was translated to English into the term ________ which means something other than what Freud implied in the original German.

question

personalistic

answer

The viewpoint that whatever discovery was about to happen today, Freud would discover it would be an argument for which of the following theories?

question

his findings challenged the prevailing view in stimulus-response (S-R) learning theory

answer

In the 1970s, the publication of the research of John Garcia was significantly delayed because:

question

scientific revolution

answer

In Kuhn's philosophy of science, when Einstein's theory of relativity replaced Galilean-Newtonian physics, a(n) ________ occurred.

question

We are drawn to believe in things.

answer

What does the title by Charles Peirce, The Fixation of Belief, mean?

question

Doubt, Belief

answer

____ is unpleasant, _____ is satisfying.

question

A struggle to attain a state of belief.

answer

Whats inquiry?

question

Remember.

answer

Doubt is uncomfortable, we want to know what to believe.

question

The SCIENTIFIC study of INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR and MENTAL PROCESSES.

answer

Definition of Psychology

question

Tenacity, Authority, A priori method, science,

answer

What are methods of fixing belief?

question

If you are comfortable with a certain way of thinking about things you will stick with it even if all evidence is against it.

answer

What is tenacity?

question

It will be unable to hold its ground in practice. The social impulse is against it. It's a social problem. Really because its arrogant and self centered.

answer

Why can't tenacity fix belief?

question

Where social groups determine what you're going to believe. "Then let all men who reject the established belief be terrified into silence" - ridiculed or worse for thinking differently.

answer

What is authority?

question

common sense

answer

What does a priori mean?

question

Systems of this sort have not usually rested upon any observed facts.

answer

Why wont a priori fix belief?

question

It's based on what people in position think.

answer

Why wont authority fix belief?

question

At least youre trying to use some sense of reality outside of opinion.

answer

Why is science good for fixing belief?

question

Experience, reason

answer

Science is based on our _____ and our _____

question

Based on intuition, authority, and revelation. (Little tenacity)

answer

What is mysticism according to Donald Jensen?

question

Authority

answer

Whats the chief mean of upholding correct theological and political doctrines?

question

A system of psychology concerned with the mind as it is used in an organism's adaptation to its environment

answer

Functionalism

question

Watson's science of behavior, which dealt solely with observable behavioral acts that could be described in objective terms

answer

Behaviorism

question

A system of psychology that focuses largely on learning and perception, suggesting that combining sensory elements produces new patterns with properties that did not exist in the individual elements

answer

Gestalt Psychology

question

Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and system of psychotherapy.

answer

Psychoanalysis

question

A system of psychology that emphasizes the study of conscious experience and the wholeness of human nature

answer

Humanistic Psychology

question

A system of psychology that focuses on the process of knowing, on how the mind actively organizes experiences

answer

Cognitive Psychology

question

E.B. Titchener's system of psychology, which dealt with conscious experience as dependent on experiencing persons.

answer

Structuralism

question

The view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the ideas of unique individuals

answer

Personalistic Theory

question

The view that progress and change in scientific history are attributable to the Zeitgeist, which makes a culture receptive to some ideas but not to others.

answer

Naturalistic Theory

question

The intellectual and cultural climate or spirit of the times

answer

Zeitgeist

question

The principles, methods, and philosophical issues of historical research.

answer

Historiography

question

Mechanism

answer

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry.

question

Determinism

answer

The doctrine that acts are determined by past events

question

Reductionism

answer

The doctrine that explains phenomena on one level (such as complex ideas) in terms of phenomena on another level (such as simple ideas)

question

Empiricism

answer

The pursuit of knowledge through the observation of nature and the attribution of all knowledge to experience

question

Mind- body problem

answer

The question of the distinction between mental and physical qualities

question

Reflex action theory

answer

The idea that an external object (a stimulus) can bring about an involuntary response.

question

They are produced by the direct application of an external stimulus

answer

Derived Ideas

question

Arise from the mind or consciousness, independent of sensory experiences or external stimuli

answer

Innate Ideas

question

Positivism

answer

The doctrine that recognizes only natural phenomena or facts that are objectively observable

question

Materialism

answer

The doctrine that considers the facts of the universe to be sufficiently explained in physical terms by the existence and nature of matter

question

Elemental ideas that arise from sensation and reflection

answer

Simple Ideas

question

Derived ideas that are compounded of simple ideas and thus can be analyzed or reduced to their simpler components

answer

Complex ideas

question

Association

answer

The notion that knowledge results from linking or associating simple ideas to form complex ideas

question

Characteristics such as size and shape that exist in an object whether or not we perceive them

answer

Primary qualities

question

Characteristics such as color and odor that exist in our perception of the object

answer

Secondary qualities

question

Mentalism

answer

The doctrine that all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena and dependent on the perceiving or experiencing person

question

The notion that the more alike two ideas are, the more readily the will be associated

answer

Resemblance

question

Contiguity

answer

The notion that the more closely linked two ideas are in time or place, the more readily they will be associated

question

The notion that the more frequently two ideas occur together, the more readily they will be associated

answer

Repetition

question

Creative synthesis

answer

The notion that complex ideas formed from simple ideas take on new qualities; the combination of the mental elements creates something greater than or different from the sum of the original elements

question

It was the 18th century and such a contraption had rarely been seen. The fascination with it came from the new admiration for all kinds of machines that were being invented

answer

Why was the defecating duck such a big deal?

question

Mechanical Clock

answer

It was the ____ _____ that would have the greatest impact on scientific thought

question

The principles embodied by those humming, clunking machines, and the mechanical figures and clocks that first appeared in the 17th century, influenced the direction of the new psychology.

answer

Why is mechanism necessary in understanding the history of psychology?

question

The intellectual soil that nourished the new psychology

answer

What was the Zeitgeist of the 17th-19th centuries?

question

The image of the universe as a great machine

answer

Mechanism is...

question

The clock

answer

What did Daniel Boorstin refer to as the "mother of machines"?

question

We can predict the changes that will occur in the operation of the clock- as well as the universe because we understand the order and regularity with which its parts function

answer

How does the clock metaphor for the universe encompass the idea of determinism?

question

The workings of machines such as clocks could be understood by reducing them to their basic components. Similarly, we could understand the physical universe by analyzing or reducing it to its simplest parts - its molecules and atoms

answer

How is a clock related to reductionism?

question

reductionism

answer

Eventually _____ would com to characterize every science, including the new psychology.

question

Sophisticated mechanical contraptions that were built to imitate human movement and action built when technology was refined and this contraption was often offered for popular entertainment

answer

Automata

question

The defecating duck and animated flute player

answer

Two of the most complex and spectacular European automata were what?

question

computers

answer

Charles Babbage formulated the basic principles that drive modern ____

question

Like a "general purpose digital computing machine" which could be programmed through the use of punch cards. Though never built due to lack of funds.

answer

What was the "analytical engine" that Babbage turned his attention to after the calculator type machine?

question

The pursuit of knowledge through observation and experimentation

answer

Empiricism

question

DesCartes

answer

Why inaugurated the era of modern psychology?

question

The transition to the modern era of science, and he applied the idea of the clockwork mechanism to the human body

answer

What did DesCartes symbolize?

question

practical concerns

answer

DesCartes was keenly interested in applying scientific knowledge to ___ ____

question

before

answer

DesCartes anticipated the notion of conditioning in dogs, some 200 years ____ Pavlov refined the concept.

question

Mind Body Problem

answer

What was DesCartes most important work for the development of modern psychology?

question

Mind, body; Body, Mind

answer

In DesCartes theory of mind body interaction, the ____ influences the ____ but the ____ exerts a greater influence on the ___ than previously supposed.

question

body

answer

Because of DesCartes, functions previously attributed to the mind were now considered functions of the ____

question

Physical- psychological

answer

DesCartes introduced an approach to the long standing mind body problem that focused attention on a ___ ___ duality

question

Pipes, Engines, Springs

answer

DesCartes compared the bodys nerves to the ____ through which the water passed and the bodys muscles and tendons to ___ and _____

question

DesCartes

answer

Who discovered reflex action theory?

question

The Reflex Action Theory

answer

Precursor of Modern Behavioral Stimulus Response psychology was

question

non material

answer

According to DesCartes, the mind is ____

question

Pineal body or conarium

answer

Whats the only structure of the brain thats single and unitary? (not divided and duplicated in each hemisphere)

question

derived, innate

answer

DesCartes suggested the mind produces 2 kinds of ideas ___ and ____

question

God, the self, perfection, and infinity

answer

Among the innate ideas DesCartes identified are ____, ____, ___, and ___.

question

science, facts that are objectively observable and note debatable

answer

Comte's positivistic approach referred to a system based exclusively on what?

question

Positivism, materialism, empiricism

answer

_____, _____, & ____ became the philosophical foundations of the new science of psychology

question

Empiricism

answer

Which of the 3 philosophical foundations of thew new science of psychology played the biggest role?

question

An essay concerning human understanding by John Locke

answer

What book marks the formal beginning of British empiricism and who wrote it?

question

experience

answer

Locke believed the mind acquired knowledge through _____

question

sensation, reflection

answer

Locke recognized two kinds of experiences one deriving from ____ and the other from _____

question

Locke

answer

Who came up with the theory of association?

question

Impressions, ideas

answer

Hume distinguished between two kinds of mental contents: ____ and _____

question

Impressions, Impressions

answer

____ are the the basic elements of mental life. ____ are like sensations and perceptions

question

Ideas

answer

______ are the mental experiences we have in the absence of any immediately present stimulating object, the modern equivalent in psychology today is "image"

question

David Hartley

answer

Who wrote the first systematic treatise on association?

question

contiguity

answer

Hartleys fundamental law of association is _____

question

Memory, reasoning, emotion, voluntary

answer

Through contiguity, Hartley attempted to explain the processes of ____, ______, and _____ and involuntary action

question

repitition

answer

Hartley proposed that _____ of sensations and ideas is necessary for associations to be formed

question

physiological

answer

Not only did Hartley attempt to explain psychological processes in light of mechanical principles, but he also tried to similarly explain their underlying ____ processes

question

James Mill

answer

Who's major work suggests that the mind should be reduced to its elementary components?

question

James Mill

answer

___ ____ believed that the mind had no creative function because association is a passive and automatic process

question

1. The primary role of the process of sensation 2. The analysis of conscious experience into elements 3. The synthesis of elements into complex mental experiences through the process of association 4. The focus on conscious processes

answer

What are the principles of empiricism?

question

mechanism

answer

The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and capable of explanation by the laws of physics and chemistry is:

question

D. Effects are predictable and measureable

answer

Which of the following ideas has psychology borrowed from natural physics? a. The laws of association. b. The paradigm of the source or identity of "cause." c. The nature of human beings is basically good, moving toward self-actualization. d. Effects are predictable and measurable. e. The deductive method of logic.

question

experimental and quantitative methods could be applied to the study of human nature.

answer

Philosophers and scientists joined in agreement that:

question

experience

answer

Empiricism attributes all knowledge to:

question

DesCartes

answer

In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science?

question

thought

answer

Descartes argued that all processes are functions of the body except:

question

reflex action

answer

Descartes is often called the author of the theory of:

question

pineal body

answer

Descartes posited that the mind-body interaction occurred in the:

question

innate

answer

Descartes theorized that we are born with knowledge of the axioms of geometry. Thus, these axioms are ________ ideas.

question

materialists

answer

Those who argue today that behavior is no more than the action of chemicals and electrical events in the brain might be labeled "modern ________."

question

True

answer

A basic principle of 17th century physics was that every physical effect is predictable and measurable. T or F

question

False

answer

The doctrine that challenged theological authority as a source of knowledge was determinism. T or F

question

False

answer

Descartes' contemporaries believed that neither humans nor animals had souls. T or F

question

False

answer

Comte's main contribution to psychology was the doctrine of materialism. T or F

question

False

answer

The first idea of the tabula rasa was John Locke's. T or F

question

T

answer

The authors of your textbook argue that the formal study of the history of psychology is the most systematic way to integrate the areas and issues that constitute modern psychology. T or F

question

T

answer

It can be argued that psychology today studies and debates some of the same questions as those that concerned the philosophers of ancient Greece. T or F

question

T

answer

The terms id, ego, and superego were improperly translated from German. T or F

question

T

answer

Instances of simultaneous discoveries of theory support the naturalistic concept of scientific history. T or F

question

T

answer

A new school of thought may overcome its opposition not because the opposing points of view become convinced to accept the new thinking, but because adherents of the old school of thought die off. T or F

question

Extirpation

answer

A technique for determining the function of a given part of an animal's brain by removing or destroying it and observing the resulting behavior changes

question

Posthumous examination of brain structures to detect damaged areas assumed to be responsible for behavioral conditions that existed before the person died

answer

Clinical Method

question

A technique for exploring the cerebral cortex with weak electric current to observe motor responses

answer

Electrical stimulation

question

Two point threshold

answer

The threshold at which two points of stimulation can be distinguished as such

question

Just noticeable difference

answer

The smallest difference that can be detected between two physical stimuli

question

The point of sensitivity below which no sensations can be detected and above which sensations can be experienced

answer

Absolute threshold

question

Differential threshold

answer

The point of sensitivity at which the least amount of change in a stimulus gives rise to a change in sensation

question

The scientific study of the relations between mental and physical processes

answer

Psychophysics

question

Johannes Muller

answer

Who advocated the use of the experimental method?

question

experimentally

answer

Physiology became an ____ oriented discipline during the 1830's

question

specific energies of nerves

answer

Muller is also noteworthy in physiology and psychology for his theory of the ___ ____ or ____

question

characteristic

answer

Muller proposed that the stimulation of a particular nerve always leads to a ____ sensation, because each sensory nerve has its own specific energy

question

Marshall Hall

answer

Who observed that decapitated animals would continue to move for some time when he stimulated various nerve endings?

question

Different levels of behavior arise from different parts of the brain and nervous system

answer

What did Marshall Hall conclude based on his research of decapitated animals?

question

He destroyed parts of the brain and spinal cord in pigeons and observed the consequences. He discovered parts of the brain that control mental processes, visual and auditory reflexes, coordination, and heartbeat respiration and other vital functions

answer

Who was Pierre Flourens?

question

Extirpation

answer

In ___ the researcher attempts to determine the function of a given part of the brain by removing or destroying it and observing the resulting changes in the animals behavior

question

1. The Clinical Method 2. The Electrical Stimulation Technique

answer

What were the two mid nineteenth century discoveries of experimental approaches to brain research?

question

Paul Broca

answer

Who developed the clinical method?

question

Brocas Area

answer

What is the speech center of the brain called?

question

Clinical Method

answer

The __ ____ provides the opportunity to examine the damaged area of the brain, the area assumed to be responsible for a behavior condition that existed while the patient was still alive

question

The electrical stimulation technique

answer

What did Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig discover?

question

Gall

answer

____ confirmed the existence of both white and gray matter in the brain, the nerve fibers connecting each side of the brain to the opposite side of the spinal cord and the fibers connecting both halves of the brain

question

larger, smaller

answer

Galls studies on animals showed the tendency for species with ___ brains to display more intelligent behavior than species with _____ brains

question

Gall

answer

Who founded the movement of cranioscopy?

question

Phrenology

answer

What was cranioscopy later known as?

question

Proposed the shape of a persons skull revealed his/her intellectual and emotional characteristics

answer

Whats phrenology?

question

They rejected him and lost respect

answer

How did people react to Galls phrenology?

question

That all phenomena could be accounted for by the principles of physics

answer

What was the proposition that scientists in the mechanistic spirit age were all committed to?

question

Helmholtz, Weber, Fechner, and Wundt

answer

What 4 scientists can be credited with the initial applications of the experimental method to the mind the subject matter of the new psychology?

question

The speed of neural impulse and research on vision and hearing

answer

What are Helmholtz's major contributions to psychology?

question

Ernst Weber

answer

Who discovered the two point threshold?

question

The distance between two points that must be spanned before subjects report feeling two distinct sensations

answer

What was Webers experimental determination of the accuracy of the two point discrimination of the skin?

question

Weber

answer

____'s research led to the formulation of psychology's first quantitative law

question

Sameness, Disparity

answer

In the "just noticeable difference," small differences between the weights resulted in judgments of _____, large differences result in judgments of ____ between the weights

question

Weber

answer

_____'s research showed that there is not a direct correspondence between a physical stimulus and our perception of it

question

1. We can determine whether a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or not 2. We can measure the stimulus intensity at which subjects report that the sensation first occurs (this is the absolute threshold)

answer

What two ways did Fechner propose to measure sensations?

question

Psychophysics

answer

Whats the "relationship between the mental and material worlds" called?

question

Muller

answer

Until the work of ________, experimentation was not the preferred method in physiology.

question

4

answer

In his research, Flourens localized specific functions to how many brain areas?

question

Gall

answer

________ produced the theory of cranioscopy.

question

Galvani

answer

The researcher credited with the finding or conclusion that nerve impulses are electrical within the neuron is:

question

Helmholtz

answer

Who devised a theory of color vision as well as conducted research on audition?

question

Weber

answer

Who developed both the two-point threshold and the concept of the just noticeable difference?

question

developed the idea of the pleasure principle

answer

While euphoric and suffering from delusions of grandeur, Fechner:

question

whether or not a stimulus is present or absent, sensed or not sensed.

answer

Fechner proposed two ways to measure the lowest level of a sensation. One was the point of stimulus intensity below which no sensation is reported and above which subjects do experience a sensation; the other was:

question

geometrically

answer

In Fechner's Law, as one variable increases arithmetically, the other variable increases:

question

sensation; stimulation

answer

In the original source material from one of his books, Fechner states that, "________ depends on ________".

question

The scientific study of individual behavior and mental processes

answer

What is psychology?

question

Hermann Ebbinghaus 1908

answer

Who said "Psychology has a long past, yet its history is short?"

question

It has roots all the way back to Aristotle but its really a more recently developed science in the 1800's

answer

What does the quote "Psychology has a long past yet its history is short" mean?

question

False

answer

Because the effect is subject to the laws of measurement, it should be predictable. T or F?

question

predictability

answer

Hawkings said "when we talk about free will, were simply discussing ______"

question

If by free will you mean predictability, theres no conflict between the two

answer

Are free will and determinism incompatable?

question

True

answer

Determinism does not imply predictability

question

DesCartes

answer

Who gave us the term reflex?

question

Study of how societies differ in their acquisition of knowledge

answer

How does Comte define sociology?

question

Locke

answer

Who said the mind was like white paper?

question

A discontinuity of some characteristic of the object

answer

Whats a contour?

question

If a tree falls in the forest and theres nobody around to hear it - does it make a sound?

answer

How would you describe this question- "Is there reality there or does it only exist because we experience it"?

question

Sensory information enters from dorsal side of nervous system and motor output from the ventral side

answer

What does the Bell Magendle Law say?

question

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

answer

What doctrine says "The nature of our sensory experience does not depend on the stimulus but instead the nerves that are stimulated"?

question

They aren't simultaneous

answer

What was important about Helmholtz conduction rate of neural impulse?

question

Gall

answer

____ is known for his mistakes more often than his contributions

question

different

answer

To Muller, different nerves carry ____ types of info

question

psychophysics

answer

The relationship between physical events and mental experience and tries to describe it mathmatically

question

Fechner Day

answer

What was October 22, 1850?

question

October 22, 1850

answer

What date is Fechner Day?

question

Fechner

answer

Who was the founder of psychology?

question

True

answer

The royal astronomer of England, Nevil Maskelyne, discovered the phenomenon that is known as the personal equation. T or F

question

True

answer

The theory of the specific energies of nerves was the work of Johannes Müller. T or F

question

True

answer

Gall's ideas reinforced the growing belief among scientists that it was possible to localize specific brain functions. T or F

question

True

answer

Helmholtz produced the first empirical evidence that thought and movement are successive and not concurrent. T or F

question

False

answer

The unique aspect of Weber's Law was the discovery of the logarithmic relationship between the stimulus and the experience. T or F

question

Wundt

answer

Who observed the Pendulum hitting the bells?

question

As a "mind gauge" he used to measure the mental process of perceiving the two stimuli

answer

What did Wundt use the pendulum for?

question

Wundt

answer

Who was the founder of psychology as a formal academic discipline?

question

Wundt

answer

Who began experimental psychology as science?

question

promotion

answer

Wundts contribution to the founding of modern psychology stems mostly from his vigorous ____ of the idea of systematic experimentation

question

Independent

answer

Wundts goal was to promote psychology as an ____ science

question

Contributions

answer

What book by Wundt is considered to mark the literary birth of the new science?

question

Cultural Psychology

answer

What psychology dealt with the various stages of human mental development as manifested in language, art, myths, social customs, law and morals?

question

It served to divide the new science of psychology information into Two major parts: The experimental and the social.

answer

What did cultural psychology add to the field of psychology as a whole?

question

analysis, reduction

answer

In Wundts view consciousness included many different parts and could be studied by the method of _____ or _____

question

Voluntarism

answer

____ refers to the power of the will to organize the minds contents into higher level thought processes.

question

Process

answer

In voluntarism Wundt emphasized not the elements themselves but rather the ______ of actively organizing or synthesizing those elements.

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Immediate, Mediate

answer

Wundt says psychologists should be concerned with the study of _______ experience rather than _____ experience.

question

Mediate

answer

____ experience provides us with information or knowledge about something other than the elements of an experience.

question

Immediate

answer

To Wundt ____ experience is unbiased or untainted by any personal interpretations

question

periodic table

answer

Historians have suggested that Wundt may have been striving to develop a ____ ____ of the mind

question

introspection

answer

The examination of one's own mental state is _____

question

INtrospection

answer

Wundt decided that the method of observation must necessarily involve ____

question

internal perception

answer

Wundt called the method of introspection ____ ____

question

Socrates

answer

Who did the method of introspection start with?

question

external

answer

In ____ perception the focus of observation is outside of the observer

question

internal

answer

In ____ perception the focus is within the observer

question

Sensations

answer

____ are aroused whenever a sense organ is stimulated and the resulting impulses reach the brain

question

Sensations

answer

______ can be classified by intensity, duration, and sense modality

question

Sensations and feelings

answer

___ and ____ are simultaneous aspects of immediate experience

question

sensations, feeling

answer

When ___ combine to form a more complex state, a ____ quality will result

question

1. Pleasure/Displeasure 2. Tension/Relaxation 3. Excitement/Depression

answer

What were the 3 independent dimensions of feelings, according to Wundt?

question

Wundt

answer

____ provided psychology with all the trappings of a modern science

question

Wundt

answer

Who was considered the most important psychologist of all time?

question

Ebbinghaus

answer

Who was the first psychologists to investigate learning and memory experimentally?

question

Ebbinghaus

answer

____'s work on learning and forgetting has been judged one of the great instances of original genius in experimental psychology?

question

Ebbinghaus

answer

Who invented "nonsense syllables"?

question

harder

answer

Ebbinghaus concluded that meaningless or unassociated material is approx. 9 times ____ to learn than meaningful material

question

Developing an independent science of psychology

answer

For all their differences the early psychologists were united in what goal?

question

observation, experimentation

answer

According to Brentano the primary method for psychology should be ____ not ______

question

physiological psychology

answer

In 1867, Wundt offered the first course ever given in:

question

2.2 pages a day for over 50 years.

answer

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged:

question

judgments about the size and intensity of physical stimuli.

answer

Wundt's observers used introspection to report:

question

sensations and feelings

answer

According to Wundt, there were two elementary forms of experience, namely:

question

the process of organizing mental elements into a whole.

answer

Wundt's doctrine of apperception refers to:

question

it was not seen as having practical value

answer

Wundtian psychology in Germany was slow to develop because:

question

Ebbinghaus

answer

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong?

question

True

answer

Wilhelm Wundt started the first journal of experimental psychology, Philosophical Studies. T or F

question

True

answer

If you look at a rose and report "The rose is red" then you are describing immediate experience. T or F

question

False

answer

In the Original Source Material, Wundt states that, "the law of psychical resultants expresses a principle that is the opposite of the principle of creative synthesis." T or F

question

False

answer

Wundtian psychology gained independence and distinction from philosophy. T or F

question

True

answer

In terms of the Zeitgeist of 19th-century German universities, the time was right for Wundtian psychology. T or F

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