History Systems Ch 14 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
Just as with Wundt's experimental psychology, within ____ years of its founding, Freud's system was splintering.
answer
20
question
The essential difference between those who are classified as dissenters and those who are classified as carrying on in the Freudian tradition is that the dissenters ____.
answer
developed their own theories during Freud's lifetime
question
Which of the following psychotheorists is NOT considered a neo-Freudian?
answer
a. Adler b. Jung c. Anna Freud d. Horney ***e. None of the choices are correct; they are all considered neo-Freudian.
question
The ego psychologists emphasized the influence of ____ while de-emphasizing the role of ____.
answer
social forces; biological forces
question
The ego psychologists amended Freud's original position by emphasizing that the ____.
answer
ego can carry out some functions independently of the id
question
Anna Freud's pioneering work was ____.
answer
on child analysis
question
Play therapy, a standard technique of contemporary psychotherapy with children, was introduced by ____.
answer
Anna Freud
question
Anna Freud's most important revision of orthodox psychoanalysis ____.
answer
was to clarify the defense mechanisms
question
Which branch of psychoanalysis did Anna Freud found?
answer
ego psychology
question
In order to achieve their goal of making psychoanalysis a part of scientific psychology, the ego psychologists ____.
answer
a. modified psychoanalytic psychotherapy b. operationally defined Freud's constructs c. pursued the experimental study of psychoanalytic hypotheses ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.
question
Freud used the word "object" to refer to any ____.
answer
person, object, or activity that can satisfy an instinct
question
Object relations theorists emphasize the ____ influences on personality
answer
social and environmental
question
In contrast to Freud, object relations theorists believe that personality is formed ____.
answer
during the first 6 months of life
question
According to object relations theorists, the most critical developmental issue for the child is ____.
answer
to break free from the primary object (the mother) in order to establish a strong sense of self and develop relations with other objects (people)
question
Melanie Klein described the mother-infant relationship in ____.
answer
social-cognitive terms
question
Klein suggested that the ____ is the first part-object for the child.
answer
mother's breast
question
If a part-object satisfies an id instinct, it is judged by the baby to be ____.
answer
good
question
Upon birth, the infant relates to ____ objects. When the infant's world expands, they then relate to ____ objects. Eventually the infant will relate to ____ objects.
answer
part; whole; all
question
For Klein, the adult personality is rooted in the nature of the mother-child relationship in the first ____ of life.
answer
six months
question
Klein's theory believes that the initial social interaction between mother and child ____.
answer
a. will affect the child's personality later in life b. will be generalized to all relationships in the child's life c. is important for child development ***d. All of the above. e. None of the above.
question
Freud wanted ____ to take over the psychoanalytic school.
answer
Jung
question
Like Freud, Jung's theory ____.
answer
was autobiographical
question
Which of the following is NOT one of the archetypes common to all humans?
answer
warrior
question
One of Jung's main criticisms is that ____.
answer
his theory has flawed methods
question
Jung's theoretical system is known as ____.
answer
analytical psychology
question
For Jung, dream analysis was ____.
answer
a lifelong practice for resolving personal crises
question
While Jung was writing ____, he anticipated the break with Freud.
answer
The Psychology of the Unconscious
question
Freud selected Jung to be the first president of the International Psychoanalytic Association because ____.
answer
Jung was not Jewish
question
Like Freud, Jung ____.
answer
experienced a profound and lengthy emotional crisis at about age 40
question
For Jung, the Oedipus complex was ____.
answer
irrelevant
question
For Jung, sexuality was ____.
answer
one of several needs that required satisfaction
question
Jung proposed that libido ______.
answer
is a generalized life force
question
Jung proposed that personality is shaped by ____.
answer
a. childhood experiences b. experiences which occur throughout one's life c. one's goals, expectations, and ambitions d. the past ***e. All of the choices are correct.
question
Jung's concept of the personal unconscious ____.
answer
contains individual experiences that have been suppressed or forgotten
question
Jung described patterns of emotions and memories with common themes in the personal unconscious as ____.
answer
complexes
question
For Jung, a preoccupation with an idea that influences behavior is evidence of ____.
answer
a complex
question
According to Jung, our individual storehouse of repressed memories, impulses, and wishes is the ____.
answer
personal unconscious
question
According to Jung, in our ____, we retain experiences of our ancestors, animal and human.
answer
collective unconscious
question
Darwin's theory of evolution is best reflected in the Jungian concept of ____.
answer
collective unconscious
question
Within the personal unconscious, patterns of emotions and memories with common themes are called ____.
answer
complexes
question
In Jung's system, the experiences that form the basis of personality are part of the ____.
answer
collective unconscious
question
For Jung, innate determinants of one's mental life are the ____.
answer
archetypes
question
The ____ is/are often experienced in the form of emotions associated with significant life events or reaction to extreme danger.
answer
archetypes
question
The most animalistic aspect of one's personality, according to Jung, is the ____.
answer
shadow
question
For Jung, the ____ archetype is the source of spontaneity and creativity.
answer
shadow
question
In Jung's system, the self is ____.
answer
a drive toward self-actualization
question
Jung called the two basic attitudes within the person ____.
answer
introversion and extraversion
question
For Jung, the ways in which we orient ourselves to both the external (objective) and internal (subjective) world are found in the ____.
answer
psychological types
question
For the most part, Jung's ideas have not influenced the field of ____.
answer
psychology
question
A component of the Zeitgeist at the beginning of the 20th century that influenced some dissenters within psychoanalysis was the ____.
answer
recognition of the influence of social forces
question
Alfred Adler and Karen Horney claimed that human behavior is determined by ____.
answer
interpersonal relationships to which the individual has been exposed, particularly in childhood
question
As he himself acknowledged, Adler's childhood experiences are a direct reflection of his concept of ____.
answer
inferiority
question
Child guidance clinics in the Vienna school system were established by ____.
answer
Adler
question
One of Adler's criticisms of psychoanalysis was of its focus on ____.
answer
a. sexual factors in personality development b. unconscious determinants of behavior c. biological instincts ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.
question
Adler held that behavior is determined primarily by ____.
answer
social factors
question
Like Jung but unlike Freud, Adler thought that ____ could influence present behavior.
answer
future goals
question
In Adler's system, a motivating force in behavior based on actual or perceived defects is(are) ____.
answer
inferiority feelings
question
Inferiority feelings, according to Adler, develop in ____.
answer
everyone
question
"Striving for superiority," in Adler's system, ____.
answer
is universal and takes a unique form in each of us
question
For Adler, ____ involves the behaviors used to compensate for feelings of inferiority.
answer
style of life
question
Adler's concept of the creative power of the self reflects his rejection of ____.
answer
determinism
question
Which of the following statements is NOT true of Adler's theory?
answer
Adler speculated that basic personality types involving introversion and extraversion are formed early in life.
question
Freud criticized Adler's system as ____.
answer
being too simple
question
Which aspect of Adler's system has led to the most research?
answer
birth order
question
The core of Horney's system reflects ____.
answer
her unsatisfactory relationship with her parents
question
In Horney's system, the central idea is ____.
answer
basic anxiety
question
When the child responds to anxiety arising from parental actions by using unchanging behavioral strategies, he/she is exhibiting ____.
answer
a neurotic need
question
Horney called a false picture of oneself ____.
answer
the idealized self-image
question
When Hillary Rodham Clinton remarked that not all women are content to stay home and bake cookies, she was restating a position stated earlier by ____.
answer
Karen Horney
question
In general, the designation "third force" applies to ____.
answer
humanistic psychology
question
The component(s) of the Zeitgeist of the 1960s in the United States that were manifested in humanistic psychology was(were) ____.
answer
a. rebellion against the older order b. a focus on personal fulfillment c. an emphasis on the present d. None of the choices are correct. ***e. All of the choices are correct.
question
The humanistic psychologists insisted on the study of ____.
answer
neglected aspects of human nature
question
The spiritual father of humanistic psychology is considered to be ____.
answer
Maslow
question
Maslow renounced behaviorism because it ____.
answer
was not relevant for enduring human issues
question
For Maslow, the major motivating force is ____.
answer
self-actualization
question
To become self-actualized, one must first satisfy basic needs in the ____.
answer
hierarchy of needs in humans
question
The majority of Maslow's research was ____.
answer
on describing the attributes of those he deemed self-actualized
question
In the selection from Motivation and Personality, Maslow describes the ____ of self-actualizing people.
answer
continued freshness of appreciation
question
Maslow called the intensification of experiences felt with emotions such as wonder and awe ____.
answer
a peak experience
question
The feeling of identification with mankind is reflected in Maslow's concept of ____.
answer
social interest
question
Maslow's data and research methodology have been criticized because of a(n) ____.
answer
a. use of subjective criteria b. small sample of subjects c. ambiguous and inconsistent use of terms ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.
question
Maslow ____ with the criticism that his research ____.
answer
agreed; lacked scientific vigor
question
Most research on Maslow's theory has ____.
answer
supported some characteristics of self-actualizers and provided some support for the order of needs in the hierarchy of needs.
question
Rogers's approach is ____.
answer
person-centered
question
The view that individuals must guide their lives by their own interpretation of events rather than by the beliefs of others is a fundamental principle of whose system?
answer
Rogers
question
Roger's clinical experience during the time he was developing his theory was with ____.
answer
college students
question
The basic human motivation in Rogers's system is ____.
answer
the drive to actualize the self
question
In Rogers's formulation, the urge toward self-actualization is ____.
answer
a. innate b. influenced by learning c. influenced by childhood experience ***d. All of the choices are correct. e. None of the choices are correct.
question
Rogers called the unconditional love of a mother for her infant ____.
answer
positive regard
question
The consequence of conditional positive regard is ____.
answer
learning that some behaviors will bring rejection
question
It is the judgment of humanistic psychologists themselves that they ____.
answer
did not become a formal school of thought
question
Which of the following appears to have interfered with humanistic psychology's becoming part of the mainstream of psychological thought?
answer
Its adherents were in private practice, not training graduate students, and were less likely to engage in systematic research and publication.
question
One of the strongest influence the humanistic systems exerted on psychology was the ____.
answer
restoration of the study of consciousness to psychology
question
The humanistic theme that psychologists should study the best as well as the worst of human characteristics was reinstated by ____.
answer
positive psychology
question
The positive psychology movement was initiated by ____.
answer
Seligman
question
The question, "How has it happened that the social sciences view...human strengths and virtues...while weakness and negative motivations...are viewed as authentic?" was asked by ____.
answer
Seligman
question
The 1998 call for positive psychology has ____.
answer
resulted in a strong increase in number of publications dealing with positive emotions
question
In the research on the characteristics of happy people, the happiest people ____.
answer
are more successful and productive
question
According to Schultz and Schultz, positive psychology "may represent the most enduring legacy of ____."
answer
humanistic psychology
question
The major difference between positive psychology and both humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis is that positive psychologists tend to use ____ while the other two approaches tend to use ____.
answer
rigorous experimental methods; subjective case histories
