History Midterm Notecards – Flashcards
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Historians today use the term "Renaissance" to refer to:
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A period in intellectual and cultural history, marked by a "rebirth" of interest in the study of classical learning
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The development of printing in the 15th century...
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Pertained at first predominantly to theological works such as Bibles (printed to look exactly like handwritten manuscripts)
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Why did the Renaissance originate in Italy?
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Because of trade with places other than Europe, during the later Middle Ages Italy was the wealthiest urban society in the West
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The de'Medici family emerged first as a family working in the field of _______, but made their fortunes as _______ and __________.
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Medicine Bankers and Merchants
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Petrarch criticized late medieval scholasticism because he felt it:
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Concentrated more on abstract speculation than on virtuous living
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To be a student of "Renaissance Humanism" in the early 15th century, one nedded to...
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Study the literature of both Ancient Rome and Greece
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15th century Florentine artists like ________________ began to...
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Leonardo Da Vinci Study nature and paint realistic anatomy and perspective
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Sfumato/Chiaroscuro (Definition)
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Blending light and dark to make less realistic, but more "real" image
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DaVinci was very well-traveled. What does this symbolize?
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"Renaissance Men" often had to travel to find patrons
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The achievements of the Italian Renaissance were mostly the products of the ______. (ELITE, OR POOR)
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Elite
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Three Estates
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Fight, Pray, Work
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Was the estate system still "going strong" in the 14th century?
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Strong in England, but was complicated by people who didnt belong in estates (i.e. traveling musicians)
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What was the prime cause of violence and instability in Medieval society?
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Half of population = 21 or younger
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A woman's status was defined by __________.
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Their marital status
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Women's status (as a group) was determined by _______.
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The bible which said that women = root of all sin and evil because of Eve
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In 1305, the Pope moved his residence from _______ to ______. This was unpopular because _________.
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Rome to Avignon Unpopular because Pope was controlled by French king
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Unpopularity of "Avignon Papacy" leads to _________.
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Great Schism
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Great Schism (definition)
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England makes a new pope (Italian) and he is against the Pope in Avignon
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Most Europeans have a (good/bad) concept of the European world
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Good
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Most Europeans have a (good/bad) concept of the non-European world
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Bad
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The great plague caused Europe's economy to (raise/lower) wages for peasant survivors because of...
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Raise Because of the scarcity of labor and lowered cost for food
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The Jacqueire and English Peasants' Revolts resulted in...
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Continued suppression of peasant wages
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What was the name of the book that laid out calvinism beliefs?
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Institutes of the Christian Religion. By: John Calvin
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Why did the 100 Years war occur?
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Close interrelation of competing French and English families lead to both claiming French crown
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The success of english ______ showed that (noble/peasant) were the most important part of a successful army
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Archers showed that peasants
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Peace of Augsburg
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States that the religion of the king is the religion of the region (only accepts Catholicism and/or Lutherism) -> Indirect cause of 30 yrs. war
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How did the Mongol conquests affect Europeans?
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It established commercial links between Europe and Far East along the Silk Road
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Why was the Ottoman Empire constantly at war?
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It relied on enslaved prisoners, and could only be sustained through raiding and conquest
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The economy of 15th century Europe was affected by...
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Silver shortages, which lead to a scarcity of hard currency for trade with the East
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Why did the spice trade shift from Venice to Portugal in the early 16th century?
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Because they were good navigators, they defeated an Ottoman fleet and blockaded them, they seized control of Malacca (spice center), they sailed far away to get spices
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The Caribbean and Portuguese ________ plantations were both worked by _______________.
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Sugar plantations Enslaved African laborers
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In the year 1500, the social and economic prospects of Europe were (on the rise/on the decline/the same) because...
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On the rise because of commercial expansion and a new religious enthusiasm among the laity
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Luther's doctrine:
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Justification by faith alone
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Luther's doctrine meant that:
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Humans are saved by their faith in God's grace, not by the good works they do
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The name of Luther's formal hearing of the princes of the Holy Roman Empire
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Diet of Worms
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Why did rich people find Lutheranism appealing?
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Because they could use reforms to oppose other people (including emperor and Pope)
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When the German peasants revolted in 1525 because of Luther's idea, this revolt shows that Lutheranism...
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Lutheranism had an alliance with state power because he denounced the revolt and sided with the nobles
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Anabaptists believed that only _________ should be baptized
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Adults, NOT children because then you are consenting to baptism
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The difference between Zwinglianism and Lutheranism:
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Zwinglians believed in the sacrament of Communion (i.e. Eucharist)
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________'s doctrine of Predestination states:
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Calvin's doctrine states that even before you are born, God determines your destiny and their are signs throughout life that show your destiny... CANT CHANGE IT
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________'s doctrine of Predestination made for a faith that was ______ with respect to _______ _______ and ___________.
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Calvin Authoritarian with respect to personal conduct and morality
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The 17th century is sometimes referred to as the period of ____________ __________.
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Commercial Revolution
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An increase in currency (Spanish Bullion) helped...
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Increase purchasing power for the wealthy
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Improvements in banking and finance allowed people to...
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Allowed private merchants and governments to borrow money easily
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Improvements in long-distance shipping of bulk cargoes which allowed...
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Allowed food to be shipped from the countryside to urban centers
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Why was the 17th century not a period of prosperity for most Europeans?
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Because agriculture, still the main part of European economy, was still too inefficient to produce enough food for all of Europe
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What is the true "Women's work" beginning in the 17th century?
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Domestic service
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Price Revolution is similar to ________.
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Inflation
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Inflation definition
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The rapid influx of currency into Europe, coupled with an increase in Europe's population, created a dramatic increase in the cost of goods and services
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Idea of Mercantilism:
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Wealth is limited, therefore nations should aggressively protect their own trade interests
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According to Dunn, a goal of English and French Mercantilists was...
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Combining "Dutch business enterprise" with "Spanish centralized power"
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Peace of Augsburg stated:
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"Whose realm, his religion"
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After Suleiman died in 1566, the Sultans in the Ottoman empire suffered from...
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Instead of being powerful military leaders, they began to spend time with politics of their own courts and harems in Constantinople
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2 problems faced by Poland and Russia in 17th century were...
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1) Conflict between noble classes 2) Powerful monarchs like Ivan IV who could centralize power in the country but at expense of nobles' own power
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What was the main cause of the 30 years war?
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Because Ferdinand II (not in control) was imposing Catholicism on Bohemia and the Bohemian protestants got angry
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Why was the 30 years war so long and horrible?
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War was fought by mercenary armies who were often paid by what they could plunder so they wanted to keep fighting
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What were the advantages of being a Les Intendantes?
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Lucrative wealth/money and high reputation
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What King served as the image of absolutism?
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Henry IV
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What is absolutism?
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When there is one ruler who rules society
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How did Marie deMedici come to power?
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Henry IV died and his son was too young to take over so she helped out (took over temporarily)
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What is the Fronde?
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A series of rebellions against cardinal Mazarin
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Who instituted Les Intendantes?
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Cardinal Richelieu
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Why did James I have problems with parliament?
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Because he kept asking Parliament for money
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Why is cardinal Mazarin not popular?
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Because he is Italian -- absolutism was tied to the idea of national identity... start of nationalism
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What is the difference between French and English interactions with parliament?
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French = can ignore/not summon parliament English = parliament cant go away because people have to vote
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Why was Luis XIV so successful?
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Because he was able to appease the nobles with Versailles, but also give upper Bourgeoisie (upper-middle class) a voice
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How did Charles II recreate religious conflict in England?
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He was secretly a devout catholic, but pretended to like Anglicanism
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What was the result of the "Charles II religious conflict"?
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Two separate parties were produced 1) Wigs = criticized Charles II 2) Tories = supported him
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What was James' II main downfall?
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He tried to convert England to Catholicism (Tories and Wigs allied against him)
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What is the Glorious Revolution? (In a nutshell)
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Transformation of England from a Absolutist monarchy to a constitutionalist monarchy
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What is the name of the guy who attempted to turn France into a mercantilist society?
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John Baptist Colbert
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Why was the 30 years war a "meaningless" conflict?
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Because the end result was basically the same as the beginning... nothing was produced
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What was the Habsburgs main motive in establishing the Danubian monarchy?
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To divide and conquer as much land as they could without bothering to create unity between states
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Why was Brandenburg-Prussia a weak state in 1640? (4)
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1) Fighting of 30 years war ruined huge areas of the country 2) The Junkers were harsh to peasants 3) The Junkers were uneager to grant power to a king 4) The territory was spread around Eastern Germany
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What is the Edict of Nantes?
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Something Henry IV established that provided tolerance for all religions (ends up getting revoked)
