history medicine facts year 11 (PREHISTORIC-20TH CENTURY) – Flashcards

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what does prehistory mean?
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the time before written records
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roughly when did prehistory come to an end?
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3000 B.C
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what type of evidence is our main source of evidence for prehistoric medicine?
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bones
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Because we have so little evidence of prehistory, which three modern day peoples or tribes have we studied because they have kept many traditional beliefs?
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1. Aborigines of Australia 2. the Dyak tribe of Borneo (Indonesia) 3. the Azande tribe of sudan and zaire (Africa)
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these three tribes believe that spirits and gods controlled medicine. what do we call this approach?
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supernatural
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according to the aborigines which implement could inflict illness on a person?
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the pointing bone
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name two ways in which a pointing bone could make someone ill?
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1. it could pull out or extract your own spirit 2. it could replace your own spirit with an evil spirit.
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who would be summoned to deal with a pointing bone related illness (prehistory)?
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medicine men
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give three treatments how a medicine man would cure you.
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1. sing you into a trance. 2. locate and massage the illness 3. capture the spirit in a quartz crystal.
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what is the name of the prehistoric operation to remove evil spirits by drilling holes in the head?
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Trephining
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which approach to medicine is just to do with the normal workings of the body?
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natural
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name three herbs used by prehistoric people.
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violets, chickweed leaves, eucalyptus leaves.
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how were open cuts treated in prehistoric medicine?
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covered with a pad of clay or animal fat.
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how were broken bones dealt with in prehistoric medicine?
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incased in a mud or clay cast.
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what was the main treatment for fevers in prehistoric medicine?
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standing over the fumes of a carefully prepared fire.
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most Egyptian medicine was based on what type of ideas?
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supernatural
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who was the most important Egyptian God of healing?
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Thoth
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name five Egyptian Gods/Goddesses.
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Bes, Sekhmet, Tawret, Osiris, Horus.
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name four supernatural approaches used in Ancient Egypt.
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Temple priests, shrines, spells, amulets.
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what was the main natural theory behind the reason for illness/disease in Ancient Egypt.
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theory of blockages.
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the theory of blockages was based on what part of Egyptian lifestyle?
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irrigation channels
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what were the three cures for a blockage caused by undigested food (Egyptian)
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bleeding, purging, vomiting.
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why was the theory of blockages accepted by so many people?
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it was natural.
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why did the Egyptians have such extensive knowledge of anatomy?
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there obsession with the afterlife encouraged them to embalm dead bodies which lead them into contact with organs.
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give five examples of organs named by the Egyptians.
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heart, liver, lungs, spleen, intestines.
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name four aspects of physiology that Egyptians were aware of.
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breathing, the nervous system, the pulse, digestion.
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religion motivated the Egyptians to be advanced in what other area of medicine?
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personal hygiene
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give two examples of approaches to personal hygiene in Ancient Egypt.
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washing twice a day, shaving body to avoid lice.
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name four Egyptian natural herbs.
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cinnamon, malachite, frankincense, pepper.
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why did Egyptians have so many herbs?
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trade with countries such as India, china and Mesopotamia.
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give two examples of communication methods which allowed Egyptians to record medical information.
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papyrus, hieroglyphics.
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why did the communication methods in Egypt only have a short term impact?
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later civilizations were unable to translate them.
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which three natural steps did Egyptian doctors follow with their patients?
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examination, diagnosis, treatment.
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surgery in Ancient Egypt was very skilled, they were able to remove which 3 types of external growths.
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cysts, tumors, cataracts.
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natural Egyptian treatment that lasted until the discovery of the germ theory?
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bleeding
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Greek God of medicine
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Apollo
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Greek god of healing
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Asclepios
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first things to do when your arrive at an Asclepion
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make an offering/bathe
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in what part of the Acslepion temple would you sleep/dream/and be healed?
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the abaton.
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grateful people at an Asclepion left their thanks in the form of an inscription on what?
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votive stones
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name two natural features of an Asclepion
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gymnasium/stadium
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main reason why the Greeks made so much progress with natural medicine.
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Hippocrates (father of medicine)
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name Hippocrates` 4 main natural ideas
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four humours theory, programme for health, clinical observation, Hippocratic oath.
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why was the incorrect four humours theory accepted?
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the natural idea fitted in perfectly with the previous greek idea of the elements.
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why did the greek doctor Asclepliades reject the four humours theory 300 years later?
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he claimed the body was made up of atoms not humours.
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once Asclepiades had rejected the four humours theory what did this mean for Hippocrates` ideas?
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they were rejected and abandoned until the time of galen in the roman era.
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which preventative method by Hippocrates was meant to keep the humours in balance?
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programme for health
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what four processes made up Hippocrates idea of clinical observation?
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diagnosis, prognosis, observation, treatment.
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which of Hippocrates ideas set out a code of professional conduct for doctors?
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Hippocratic oath
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in the long term which time periods are particularly influenced by Hippocrates theories?
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rome, middle ages, renaissance
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why was Hippocrates influence on future time periods harmful?
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because his theories were rarely questioned and wrong ideas continued to dominate such as the four humours.
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which Greek city helped medical progress?
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Alexandria
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how many books were kept in Alexandrias famous library?
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700,000
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which physician at Alexandria used vivisection to prove the importance of the brain?
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herophilus
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who stated that blood moved?
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erasistratus
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why did Alexandria only have a short term impact?
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it was destroyed in 391 A.D
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who was the roman goddess of health?
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salus
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why did the romans adopt the greek asclepios ad their god of healing?
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they turned to aslcepios for help when the plague hit rome in 295 B.C, the romans were pragmatic and there was evidence that the healing at Alsclepios as shown by many votive stones.
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reason why the romans made progress with natural ideas
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they had greek ideas to build on by the father of medicine Hippocrates, Galen was an exceptional doctor who carried out pioneering work in anatomy ad physiology.
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main barrier to Galens work
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not allowed to dissect humans
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four animals vivisected by galen
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piggies, apes, cows, dogs
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galen made mistakes when describing which four human features of the body?
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the jaw, chest bone, hip bone and liver.
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which aspect of physiology did galen make great progress with?
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the nervous system
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galen developed Hippocrates four humours theory into which new approach?
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the use of opposites
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other than the four humours theory, which greek idea did galen develop?
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clinical observation
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why were galens ideas accepted in the middle ages?
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he talked of one god or creator which fitted in well which fitted in well with the monotheistic beliefs
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why did the medieval obsession with galen somehow act as a barrier?
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galen had made some errors but nobody dared to question him.
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what motivated the romans to build their famous public health system?
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to keep their army healthy which would keep the roman empire strong, empirical observation (they connected bad water with disease)
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what enabled the romans to build such a complicated public health system?
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advanced engineering and construction skills
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bridges that carried fresh water from mountain springs to cities in the roman PHS were called...
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aqueducts
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what were the five features of the roman PHS?
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conduits, latrines, public baths, aqueducts
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did the roman public health system have a long term impact?
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no it was abandoned due to the collapse of rome in 476 A.D.
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the middle ages began after what event
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the fall of rome 476 A.D (5th century A.D
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name and dates for the first part of the middle ages period
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early middle ages or dark ages (476-1100 A.D)
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name and years for the final part of the middle ages
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later middle ages (1100-1500)
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there was a decline in medical knowledge in the middle ages, what is the word for this?
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regression
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three ways in which the Christian church kept rational medicine alive, especially during the dark ages
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-in monasteries, Hippocrates and Galens texts were copied -monasteries sometimes had a separate hospital for the public and an infirmary for the monks themselves. -unlike in the filthy towns, monasteries had higher standards of hygiene eg water pipes/drains/wash houses
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what was the attitude of the government and town councils to public health in the middle ages?
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laissez-faire
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two ways in which the Christian church acted as a barrier to medical progress in the middle ages
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-it preached that only god could cure disease eg the black death -human dissection was banned=little had knowledge of anatomy
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year and century when the black death arrived
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1348, 14th century
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people who punished themselves by whipping in the hope that god would not give them the black death in the middle ages
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flagellants
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which religion other than Christianity had a major influence over medicine in the middle ages
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islam
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8th/9th century Arab doctor who wrote 237 books on greek and roman medicine
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Rhazes
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10th/11th century Arab doctor who combined Hippocrates` and Galen`s work in his text "the canon of medicine"
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Avicenna
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two ways in which Islamic medicine prevented progress in the middle ages
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-muslims believed that God controlled medicine -human dissection was banned
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doctors medical reference book in the middle ages
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vademecum
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2 types of chart contained in the vademecum
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urine and zodiac
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4 main natural treatments prescribed by doctors in the middle ages
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bleeding ,purging ,vomiting, sweet smelling substances to combat miasma
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who might carry out an occasional private dissection in the later middle ages?
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lecturer and demonstrator
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what does the French word renaissance mean?
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the "re-birth" of the almost forgotten ancient greek and roman ideas
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4th reason why the renaissance began in the 15th century
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-spirit of enquiry (a revived passion for ancient ideas) -decline in religious objections to human dissection -renaissance art -new technology
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what was the name and year of Vesalius` first book?
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tabulae sex, 1538
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what was the name and year of Vesalius` second book?
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Fabric of the human body 1543
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two reasons why Vesalius` ideas were rejected
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-he criticized galen the divine -his method of bleeding (same side as illness)
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2 examples of Vesalius` long term importance
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-influenced 19th century internal surgery, following the discovery of chloroform (1847) -challenged the 1300 year dependence on Galen
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title, year and century of Pares book
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works on surgery, 1575, 16th century
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