history medicine facts year 11 (PREHISTORIC-20TH CENTURY) – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
what does prehistory mean?
answer
the time before written records
question
roughly when did prehistory come to an end?
answer
3000 B.C
question
what type of evidence is our main source of evidence for prehistoric medicine?
answer
bones
question
Because we have so little evidence of prehistory, which three modern day peoples or tribes have we studied because they have kept many traditional beliefs?
answer
1. Aborigines of Australia 2. the Dyak tribe of Borneo (Indonesia) 3. the Azande tribe of sudan and zaire (Africa)
question
these three tribes believe that spirits and gods controlled medicine. what do we call this approach?
answer
supernatural
question
according to the aborigines which implement could inflict illness on a person?
answer
the pointing bone
question
name two ways in which a pointing bone could make someone ill?
answer
1. it could pull out or extract your own spirit 2. it could replace your own spirit with an evil spirit.
question
who would be summoned to deal with a pointing bone related illness (prehistory)?
answer
medicine men
question
give three treatments how a medicine man would cure you.
answer
1. sing you into a trance. 2. locate and massage the illness 3. capture the spirit in a quartz crystal.
question
what is the name of the prehistoric operation to remove evil spirits by drilling holes in the head?
answer
Trephining
question
which approach to medicine is just to do with the normal workings of the body?
answer
natural
question
name three herbs used by prehistoric people.
answer
violets, chickweed leaves, eucalyptus leaves.
question
how were open cuts treated in prehistoric medicine?
answer
covered with a pad of clay or animal fat.
question
how were broken bones dealt with in prehistoric medicine?
answer
incased in a mud or clay cast.
question
what was the main treatment for fevers in prehistoric medicine?
answer
standing over the fumes of a carefully prepared fire.
question
most Egyptian medicine was based on what type of ideas?
answer
supernatural
question
who was the most important Egyptian God of healing?
answer
Thoth
question
name five Egyptian Gods/Goddesses.
answer
Bes, Sekhmet, Tawret, Osiris, Horus.
question
name four supernatural approaches used in Ancient Egypt.
answer
Temple priests, shrines, spells, amulets.
question
what was the main natural theory behind the reason for illness/disease in Ancient Egypt.
answer
theory of blockages.
question
the theory of blockages was based on what part of Egyptian lifestyle?
answer
irrigation channels
question
what were the three cures for a blockage caused by undigested food (Egyptian)
answer
bleeding, purging, vomiting.
question
why was the theory of blockages accepted by so many people?
answer
it was natural.
question
why did the Egyptians have such extensive knowledge of anatomy?
answer
there obsession with the afterlife encouraged them to embalm dead bodies which lead them into contact with organs.
question
give five examples of organs named by the Egyptians.
answer
heart, liver, lungs, spleen, intestines.
question
name four aspects of physiology that Egyptians were aware of.
answer
breathing, the nervous system, the pulse, digestion.
question
religion motivated the Egyptians to be advanced in what other area of medicine?
answer
personal hygiene
question
give two examples of approaches to personal hygiene in Ancient Egypt.
answer
washing twice a day, shaving body to avoid lice.
question
name four Egyptian natural herbs.
answer
cinnamon, malachite, frankincense, pepper.
question
why did Egyptians have so many herbs?
answer
trade with countries such as India, china and Mesopotamia.
question
give two examples of communication methods which allowed Egyptians to record medical information.
answer
papyrus, hieroglyphics.
question
why did the communication methods in Egypt only have a short term impact?
answer
later civilizations were unable to translate them.
question
which three natural steps did Egyptian doctors follow with their patients?
answer
examination, diagnosis, treatment.
question
surgery in Ancient Egypt was very skilled, they were able to remove which 3 types of external growths.
answer
cysts, tumors, cataracts.
question
natural Egyptian treatment that lasted until the discovery of the germ theory?
answer
bleeding
question
Greek God of medicine
answer
Apollo
question
Greek god of healing
answer
Asclepios
question
first things to do when your arrive at an Asclepion
answer
make an offering/bathe
question
in what part of the Acslepion temple would you sleep/dream/and be healed?
answer
the abaton.
question
grateful people at an Asclepion left their thanks in the form of an inscription on what?
answer
votive stones
question
name two natural features of an Asclepion
answer
gymnasium/stadium
question
main reason why the Greeks made so much progress with natural medicine.
answer
Hippocrates (father of medicine)
question
name Hippocrates` 4 main natural ideas
answer
four humours theory, programme for health, clinical observation, Hippocratic oath.
question
why was the incorrect four humours theory accepted?
answer
the natural idea fitted in perfectly with the previous greek idea of the elements.
question
why did the greek doctor Asclepliades reject the four humours theory 300 years later?
answer
he claimed the body was made up of atoms not humours.
question
once Asclepiades had rejected the four humours theory what did this mean for Hippocrates` ideas?
answer
they were rejected and abandoned until the time of galen in the roman era.
question
which preventative method by Hippocrates was meant to keep the humours in balance?
answer
programme for health
question
what four processes made up Hippocrates idea of clinical observation?
answer
diagnosis, prognosis, observation, treatment.
question
which of Hippocrates ideas set out a code of professional conduct for doctors?
answer
Hippocratic oath
question
in the long term which time periods are particularly influenced by Hippocrates theories?
answer
rome, middle ages, renaissance
question
why was Hippocrates influence on future time periods harmful?
answer
because his theories were rarely questioned and wrong ideas continued to dominate such as the four humours.
question
which Greek city helped medical progress?
answer
Alexandria
question
how many books were kept in Alexandrias famous library?
answer
700,000
question
which physician at Alexandria used vivisection to prove the importance of the brain?
answer
herophilus
question
who stated that blood moved?
answer
erasistratus
question
why did Alexandria only have a short term impact?
answer
it was destroyed in 391 A.D
question
who was the roman goddess of health?
answer
salus
question
why did the romans adopt the greek asclepios ad their god of healing?
answer
they turned to aslcepios for help when the plague hit rome in 295 B.C, the romans were pragmatic and there was evidence that the healing at Alsclepios as shown by many votive stones.
question
reason why the romans made progress with natural ideas
answer
they had greek ideas to build on by the father of medicine Hippocrates, Galen was an exceptional doctor who carried out pioneering work in anatomy ad physiology.
question
main barrier to Galens work
answer
not allowed to dissect humans
question
four animals vivisected by galen
answer
piggies, apes, cows, dogs
question
galen made mistakes when describing which four human features of the body?
answer
the jaw, chest bone, hip bone and liver.
question
which aspect of physiology did galen make great progress with?
answer
the nervous system
question
galen developed Hippocrates four humours theory into which new approach?
answer
the use of opposites
question
other than the four humours theory, which greek idea did galen develop?
answer
clinical observation
question
why were galens ideas accepted in the middle ages?
answer
he talked of one god or creator which fitted in well which fitted in well with the monotheistic beliefs
question
why did the medieval obsession with galen somehow act as a barrier?
answer
galen had made some errors but nobody dared to question him.
question
what motivated the romans to build their famous public health system?
answer
to keep their army healthy which would keep the roman empire strong, empirical observation (they connected bad water with disease)
question
what enabled the romans to build such a complicated public health system?
answer
advanced engineering and construction skills
question
bridges that carried fresh water from mountain springs to cities in the roman PHS were called...
answer
aqueducts
question
what were the five features of the roman PHS?
answer
conduits, latrines, public baths, aqueducts
question
did the roman public health system have a long term impact?
answer
no it was abandoned due to the collapse of rome in 476 A.D.
question
the middle ages began after what event
answer
the fall of rome 476 A.D (5th century A.D
question
name and dates for the first part of the middle ages period
answer
early middle ages or dark ages (476-1100 A.D)
question
name and years for the final part of the middle ages
answer
later middle ages (1100-1500)
question
there was a decline in medical knowledge in the middle ages, what is the word for this?
answer
regression
question
three ways in which the Christian church kept rational medicine alive, especially during the dark ages
answer
-in monasteries, Hippocrates and Galens texts were copied -monasteries sometimes had a separate hospital for the public and an infirmary for the monks themselves. -unlike in the filthy towns, monasteries had higher standards of hygiene eg water pipes/drains/wash houses
question
what was the attitude of the government and town councils to public health in the middle ages?
answer
laissez-faire
question
two ways in which the Christian church acted as a barrier to medical progress in the middle ages
answer
-it preached that only god could cure disease eg the black death -human dissection was banned=little had knowledge of anatomy
question
year and century when the black death arrived
answer
1348, 14th century
question
people who punished themselves by whipping in the hope that god would not give them the black death in the middle ages
answer
flagellants
question
which religion other than Christianity had a major influence over medicine in the middle ages
answer
islam
question
8th/9th century Arab doctor who wrote 237 books on greek and roman medicine
answer
Rhazes
question
10th/11th century Arab doctor who combined Hippocrates` and Galen`s work in his text "the canon of medicine"
answer
Avicenna
question
two ways in which Islamic medicine prevented progress in the middle ages
answer
-muslims believed that God controlled medicine -human dissection was banned
question
doctors medical reference book in the middle ages
answer
vademecum
question
2 types of chart contained in the vademecum
answer
urine and zodiac
question
4 main natural treatments prescribed by doctors in the middle ages
answer
bleeding ,purging ,vomiting, sweet smelling substances to combat miasma
question
who might carry out an occasional private dissection in the later middle ages?
answer
lecturer and demonstrator
question
what does the French word renaissance mean?
answer
the "re-birth" of the almost forgotten ancient greek and roman ideas
question
4th reason why the renaissance began in the 15th century
answer
-spirit of enquiry (a revived passion for ancient ideas) -decline in religious objections to human dissection -renaissance art -new technology
question
what was the name and year of Vesalius` first book?
answer
tabulae sex, 1538
question
what was the name and year of Vesalius` second book?
answer
Fabric of the human body 1543
question
two reasons why Vesalius` ideas were rejected
answer
-he criticized galen the divine -his method of bleeding (same side as illness)
question
2 examples of Vesalius` long term importance
answer
-influenced 19th century internal surgery, following the discovery of chloroform (1847) -challenged the 1300 year dependence on Galen
question
title, year and century of Pares book
answer
works on surgery, 1575, 16th century
