History Industrial Revolution – Flashcards

•Power •Labor •Capital •Markets/Transportation •Inventions/Innovations •Natural Resources

Coal! Iron Ore!!

population growth, an agricultural revolution, increased trade, and an interest in innovation.

MASS PRODUCTION through the division of labor New MACHINES and mechanization Increase in the manufacture of IRON ELECTRICITY and the TELEGRAPH

political structure, transportation infrastructure, inventiveness, and society open to talented and enterprising people.

In the eighteenth century, the economies of continental Europe we hampered by high transportation costs, misguided government regulations, and rigid social structure. War discouraged businessmen from investing in factories and machinery therefore no industrialization could be completed.

1) Mass production through the division of labor 2) New machines and mechanization 3) A great increase in the manufacture of iron 4) The steam engine 5) The electric telegraph

The spinning Jenny, which mechanically drew out the cotton fibers and twisted them into thread. The water frame, which produced thread strong enough to be used without linen. The mule, produced a strong thread with thin enough to be used to make a better type of cotton cloth called muslin. Also power looms. Later, Eli Whitney created the cotton gin, a device that separated seedpods from the fiber and made cotton growing economical.

Abraham Darby discovered that coke (coal from which the impurities have been cooked out) could be used in place of charcoal. The resulting metal was of lower quality than charcoal-smelted iron but much cheaper to produce, for coal was plentiful. The use of coke and new machines made iron cheap and abundant. The availability of cheap iron made the mass production of objects such as guns, hardware, and tools appealing.

First machine to transform fossil fuel into mechanical energy. Replaced animal, wind, and waterpower. The invention of the steam engine sparked many later inventions like the sun-and-planet gear which turned the back and forth action of the piston into rotary motion. This allowed steam engines to power machinery in flour and cotton mills, pottery manufacturers, and other industries. No limit to the amount of coal in the ground and steam generated energy seemed to be an inexhaustible source of power.

The most dramatic environmental changes were brought about by industrialization occurred in the towns. Never before had tows grown so fast. Yet, industrial cities grew much too fast, and much of the growth occurred in the poorest neighborhoods. As poor migrants streamed in from the countryside, developers built cheap, shoddy row houses.

North Americans transformed their environment faster than Europeans because they saw nature as an obstacle to be overcome and dominated. The Canadian and American governments seized land from the Indians and made it available at low cost to white farmers and logging companies. The cultivation of cotton in the south was especially harmful because planters cut down forests, grew cotton until it depleted the soil, and then moved west.

Most industrial jobs were unskilled, repetitive and boring. Workdays were long, there were few breaks, and foremen watched constantly. Industrial accidents were common. After gas lighting was invented, people could work longer hours and past sunset.

Mills and factories could operate on two eight- to ten-hour shifts instead of one long dawn-to-dusk shift. Businesses stayed open late. Theaters gave evening performances. People could now walk the streets safely at night. It also contributed to the increase in adult education, as people were now able to go to classes at night after work. Sales of books soared because people stayed up reading and migrants moved to the city for the light.

Industrialization had a major impact on women and family life. Women who could not afford servants had always worked, but mostly with the family. Early into industrialization, most young women who sought paid employment became domestic servants in spite of the low wage, drudgery, and risk of sexual abuse by male employers. Into the industrialization women took factory jobs. Husbands and wives increasingly worked in different places. Parents thought children should contribute to upkeep, brought them to work. Employers preferred children workers because they were cheaper, docile, and smaller than adults. They worked long hours and were beaten if they made mistakes or fell asleep.

• Increased prestige for men in society: more worked outside of house, could rise in power and responsibility • Middle class women: not needed to work, restricted to domestic duties as "their domain" of influence

Crowded cities created BIG problems! TB, Cholera, rickets...raw sewage everywhere... New vaccines developed (vs. smallpox) By 1848, British Government starts to address the problems "Public Health Act" Regular garbage collections starts! Yea! More professionals trained in health care! Yea!

While the cotton boom enriched planters, merchants, and manufacturers, African Americans paid for it with their freedom. Slavery was seen as a necessary part of the industrial revolution. As the cotton industry expanded, so did the amount of slaves. 60% of the slaves worked in the cotton plantations. Many slaves also worked on the sugar plantations of the West Indies. Slavery was not "a peculiar institution" as white American Southerners put it, but a consequence of biological differences or biblical injunctions, but part of the Industrial Revolution.

The real beneficiaries of the early Industrial Revolution were the middle class. In the late eighteenth century a new group arose: entrepreneurs whose money came from manufacturing. Most were the sons of middling shopkeepers, craftsmen, or farmers. Their enterprises were usually self-financed, because little capital was needed to start a cotton spinning or machine building business. A generation later, some newly rich industrialists bought their way into society.

Middle class women could work until they got married but then were consigned to caring for the home and children. Working-class women formed a majority of the workers in the textile industries and in domestic service, they also needed to keep homes and raise children. With industrialization came a "cult of domesticity" to justify removing middle-class women from contact with the business world. Instead they became responsible for the home, servants, education of children, and the family's social life.

The combination of cotton cloth and sewing machines revolutionized clothing. A shirt that took fourteen and a half hours to sew by hand could be made in an hour. Manual labor decreased incredibly. Now the poor could afford more clothes. Better-off homemakers subscribed to fashion magazines, bought patterns, and made blouses and dresses, which would once have been too tedious to sew by hand.

• New Bourgeoisie Luxuries • Poverty in overcrowded cities

Electricity, steel, chemical industries, railroads, steamships, telegraph, textile mills, nitroglycerin and dynamite and submarine telegraphs cables. They revolutionized everyday life and transformed the economy. Electricity increases production and makes safer cities.

Increase of trade, technology, and cultural exchanges: ideas Japan -> isolated culture at first Germany -> was not organized into one country. No centralized system U.S. -> labor shortage

People choose to migrate to industrialized countries to get work. Industrialized countries needed resources that non-industrialized countries had. The non-industrialized countries were also more vulnerable to changes in price and demand for many of them produced raw materials that could be replaced by synthetic substitutes.

Europeans: In Ireland there was a potato famine, many moved to the U.S. The Russian Jews and miners were escaping massacre and pogroms. They went to the U.S. and South America. Italians moved due to severe poverty. Also cultural ties between Great Britain and English-speaking countries overseas. Asia: Japanese and Chinese people migrated to California and Hawaii for agriculture. Chinese went to the U.S. to build railroads from west to east. Japanese and Filipinos also migrated to Latin America.

They grew much bigger in terms of population. Newly built railroads allowed people to live outside of the city and commute to work. New Urban technologies and the growing powers and responsibilities of governments transformed city life for all but the poorest residents. The most important change was the installation of pipes to bring in clean water and carry away sewage. Fist gas lighting and then electric installation made cities safer at night. Police protection Firemen Sanitation and garbage removal Building and health inspection Schools Parks New neighborhoods!

• New job opportunities • Faster, cheaper transportation • Markets grew larger, increasing demand • More sales meant more factories, more production Population movement

believes that the workers should get more money than the business owners. Starts with simple communism. This is how humans first lived together - in small tribes. "Simple" means 'not very complex' e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that everything was shared amongst the tribe - food, jobs, and belongings. No- one owned land. Eventually a group comes to power - this leads to Feudalism...Feudalism: A king or emperor rules over all people. He gives land and privileges to nobles who rule the people for them. The people are kept uneducated and told that God chose the ruler to rule. As trade develops, some people get richer. This leads to Capitalism. Capitalism: The business owners or capitalists get richer while the workers do all the hard work. Capitalists get more power to serve their own interests. Capitalism creates a huge working- class of people who soon get angry at the way they are treated. They organize in unions and demand changes. This will lead to a revolution and Socialism...Socialism: Rulers, kings, churches, capitalists are forced out of power. The state takes control of the country to produce things for everyone. Nothing is made for profit, all people benefit from education and health. These ideas spread across the world to create Communism.. Communism: the people provide everything. Money becomes a thing of the past. No police. Share. All human activity is to benefit each other allowing all people to live life to the fullest.

Both ask the question: Why should those who provide the money (capital) receive all the profits, and those who provide the labor receive none of the profits? It is labor, after all, that turns raw materials (including cash) into something with greater value.

Socialism from each according to his abilities to each according to his production. The government owns most industries, but some private ownership. Private property should not be abolished, but public should CONTROL use of property and make necessities available to all. change will come gradually, through democracy; no violence needed. Communism Communism: From each according to his abilities, to each according his needs. The proletariat (workers) own the "means of productions" (the industries) and all profit is shared equally. No more private property, violence may be necessary to make change. Individual rights not so important, given the challenge of poverty.

Women had little time for politics and were not welcome in male-dominated trade unions or radical political parties, though there were a few female radicals. It was never easy to reconcile the demands of workers and those of women. Women did not have the same rights as men nor did they have the right to vote.