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Jawaharlal Nehru

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Indian statesman He succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister

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[1971] Pakistan Civil War

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West and East Pakistan were separated by 1,000 miles of India, culture, language, history, economics, and ethnic background and united only by Islam The more populous East felt ignored by the more powerful West the West's failure to quickly transfer international aid to the East following a 1970 cyclone prompted demonstrations and calls for cessession

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Ferdinand Marcos

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Philippine politician he was elected president of the Philippines in 1965, but soon became an authoritarian dictator He imposed martial law, arrested his political opponents, and stole millions from his country's treasury.

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Suharto

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President of Indonesia from 1967 to 1998 he seized power in Indonesia from Sukarno in a coup d'état His authoritarian and corrupt rule eventually led to his oust

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Negritude Movement

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movement that encouraged Africans to value their heritage and culture

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Kwame Nkrumah

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Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana He developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues

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1956 Suez Crisis

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Arab-Israeli Conflict this crisis unfolded in 1956 when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, provoking a joint intervention of British, French, and Israeli forces

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Six-Day War of 1967

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Convinced that the Arabs were about to attack, the Israelis struck airfields in Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, and Syria. Safe from air attack, Israeli ground forces struck like lightning on three fronts. Israel defeated the Arab states in what became known as the Six-Day War, because it was over in 6 days. Israel lost 800 troops in the fighting, which Arab losses exceeded 15,000

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PLO

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Palestinian Liberation Organization formed in 1964 with the purpose of creating a homeland for Palestinians in Israel

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Anwar Sadat

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Egyptian statesman who (as president of Egypt) negotiated a peace treaty with Menachem Begin (then prime minister of Israel)

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Camp David Accords

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The first signed agreement between Israel and an Arab country, in which Egyptian president Anwar Sadat recognized Israel as a legitimate state and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin agreed to return the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt.

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Hamas

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a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon

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NAFTA

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a trade agreement between Canada, the United States and Mexico that encourages free trade between these North American countries.

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apartheid

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a social policy or racial segregation involving political and economic and legal discrimination against non-whites the former official policy in South Africa

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Mikhail Gorbachev

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Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

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glasnost

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policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s and provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

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perestroika

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a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

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Boris Yeltsin

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The first President of the Russian Federation from 1991 to 1999 was a traumatic period in Russian history—a period marked by widespread corruption, economic collapse, and enormous political and social problems. "SHOCK THERAPY came to power on a wave of high expectations endorsed radical economic reforms in early 1992 which were widely blamed for devastating the living standards of most of the Russian population.

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the August Coup

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8 hard line communists acted to seize power the day before the "Union Treaty" was to be signed this treaty would have given more self-rule to the republic and ended domination by Moscow. was carried out by these 8 in order to prevent the abandonment of the Soviet Union Gorbachev disavowed them and Yeltsin rallied the Russian legislature in his defense An assault of military force never came, and the coup failed in 4 days.

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CIS

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an alliance made up of states that had been Soviet Socialist Republics in the Soviet Union prior to its dissolution in Dec 1991

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"shock therapy"

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policies in formerly communist countries that call for an emergency switch to a capitalist economy

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Solidarity

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Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression it began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

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Slobodan Milosevic

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President of Serbia from 1989 to 1997 and of Yugoslavia 1997 to 2000 A key figure in the ethnic conflicts in the Balkans in the 1900's.

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Ethnic cleansing

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the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

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Deng Xiaoping

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Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong

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Four Modernizations

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Deng Xiaoping's plan to change China after the disaster of Cultural Revolution. Improve- agriculture, science/technology, defense and industry (AIDST)

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Tiananmen Square

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Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

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Yalta Conference

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1945 Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin met in Yalta to discuss the division of Germany into zones of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces

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containment

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1946-1947 Truman's policy to block Soviet influence and to stop the expansion of communism included forming alliances and helping weak countries resist Soviet advances

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Marshall Plan

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1947 The U.S.'s plan to give aid to needy European countries it would provide food, machinery, and other materials to rebuild Western Europe Congress gave out $12.5 billion dollars in aid

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Berlin Airlift

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1948 The U.S., France, and Britain withdraw their forces from Germany and allow their occupation zones to form one nation the Soviets responded by holding West Berlin hostage American and British officials flew food and supplies into West Berlin for eleven months just to prove a point to the Soviets (opposite of appeasement)

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Cold War

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1949 a struggle over political differences carried on by means short of military action or war superpowers used spying, propaganda, diplomacy, and secret operations in their dealings with each other

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NATO

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1949 North Atlantic Treaty Organization ten western European nations joined with the United States and Canada to form a defensive military alliance in fear of Soviet aggression any attack on a member would be met with armed force from all member nations

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Warsaw Pact

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1955 the Soviet Union saw NATO as a threat and formed its' own alliance with East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania East Germany built a wall to separate East and West Berlin to keep away members of NATO

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guerilla war

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using sabotage war tactics

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Nationalist China

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1949 the Communists had taken over mainland China China split into two nations, mainland and Taiwan the existence of two Chinas and the conflicting international loyalties they inspired intensified the Cold War

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People's Republic of China

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1949 the government set up by the Communists in mainland China this victory fueled anti-Communist feelings

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Great Leap Forward

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1958 Mao Zedong's plan for large collective farms was a giant step backwards poor planning and inefficient backyard industries hampered growth the program was ended in 1961 after crop failures caused a famine that killed about 20 million people

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collective farms

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1958 part of the Great Leap Forward large communes peasants worked the land together in a strictly controlled life they ate in communal dining rooms, slept in communal dormitories, and raised children in communal nurseries they owned nothing the peasants had no incentive to work hard when the state profited from their labor

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Red Guards

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1966 Mao Zedong's plan to revive the Communist revolution in China he urged Chinese young people to "learn revolution by making revolution millions of high school and college students responded by leaving the classrooms and forming militia units

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Cultural Revolution

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1966 led by the Red Guards its goal was to establish a society of peasants and workers in which all were equal colleges and schools were shutdown in order to stop intellectual and artistic activities created much chaos and Mao eventually shut it down

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Ho Chi Minh

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Vietnam a young Vietnamese nationalist, turned to the Communists for help in his struggle his Indochinese Communist party led revolts and strikes against the French

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Dien Bien Phu

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the French suffered a major military defeat here and they surrendered to Ho Chi Minh

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domino theory

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the idea that if a nation falls under Communist control, nearby nations will also fall under Communist control

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Ngo Dinh Diem

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Anti-Communist government under the leadership of this man In Vietnam, in the south the United States and France set this up Ruled the south as a dictator

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Vietnamization

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President Nixon's strategy for ending US involvement in the Vietnam War, involving a gradual withdrawal of American troops and replacement of them with South Vietnamese forces

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Khmer Rouge

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a group of Communist rebels who seized power in Cambodia in 1975

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KGB

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the Soviet Union intelligence agency that gained influence in the Third world they engaged in various covert activities, ranging from spying to assassination attempts

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Fidel Castro

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a young lawyer who led a Cuban revolution that overthrew Batista (dictator) at first many people praised him for bringing social reforms to Cuba and improving the economy he was a harsh dictator by suspending elections, jailing or executing his opponents and tightly controlling the press nationalized economy

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Ayatollah Ruhollah-Khomeini

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the leader of a religious opposition, were against western influences he lived in exile spurred by his tape recorded messages, Iranians rioted in every major city, the shah fled

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Nikita Kruschev

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after Stalin died, he became the dominant Soviet leader they started a policy called destalinization, purging the country of Stalin's memory he called for "peaceful competition with capitalist states. caused protests brinkmanship

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Leonid Brezhnev

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replaced Khrushchev and quickly adopted repressive domestic policies the party enforced laws to limit such basic human rights as freedom of speech and worship clamped down on those who dared to protest his policies.

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detente

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a policy of reducing Cold War tensions that was adopted by the United States during the presidency of Richard Nixon

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SALT I

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the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks a series of meetings in the 1970's, in which leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union agreed to limit their nations' stocks of nuclear weapons

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Weimar Republic

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1919 Germany's new democratic government namd after the city where the national assembly met had serious weakness: Germany lackd a strong democratic tradition post-war Germany had several political parties and many minor ones millions of Germans them for the country's defeat and postwar humiliation caused by the Treaty of Versailles

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Dawes Plan

answer

1924 Germany recovered from inflation thanks to the work of an international committee provided for a $200 million loan from American banks to stabilize German currency and strengthen its economy this also set more realistic schedule for Germany's reparations payments

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Kellog-Briand Pact

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1928 a peace pact between the U.S. Secretary of State and France's Briand almost every country in the world, including the Soviet Union signed they pledged to "renounce war as an instrument of national policy" this treaty had no enforcer or armed forces

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Fascism

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rose in Europe post-WWI a militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader believed in an extreme form of nationalism, that a nation must struggle, authoritarian leader, and that each class has its place and function same as communism except that all people are NOT equal

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Benito Mussolini

answer

1922 Italy a newspaper editor and politician who promised to rescue Italy by reviving its economy, giving Italy strong leadership, and rebuilding its armed forces founded the Fascist Party in 1919 his public criticism of Italy's government gained him rapid support played on the fear of a workers' revolt, he began to win support from the middle class, the aristocracy, and industrial leader was put in charge of the Italian government by King Victor Emmanuel III because of widespread violence, uprisings, and a Fascist march never had total control seen in the USSR or Nazi Germany

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Adolf Hitler

answer

post-WWI Germany jailed during his first attempt to seize Munich on behalf of the Nazi Party wrote Mien Kampf which included an explanation of his Fascist views he really caught on after the Great Depression broke out, the Germans turned to him hoping for security and firm leadership conservative leaders mistakenly thought they could use him for their purposes, leading him to be appointed chancellor turned Germany into a totalitarian state (including uses of SS, Gestapo, censoring, propaganda, and total control) used Jews as a scapegoat for Germany's post-WWI problems

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Nazism

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post-WWI Germany began around 1919, but caught attention around 1932 believed that Germany had to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and combat communism policies formed a German brand of fascism swastika was symbol has private milita - storm troopers of Brown Shirts led by Hitler

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lebensraum

answer

Hitler declared that Germany was overcrowded and needed more living space in his Mein Kampf this included his promise to get that space by conquering eastern Europe and Russia

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appeasement

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the act of giving in to an aggressor to keep peace used by Britain and France when Czechoslovakia pleaded for help when facing German invasion

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Francisco Franco

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1936 the leader of the rebels (the Nationalists) in the Spanish Civil War favored a Fascist-style governmentGer

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isolationism

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the belief that political ties to other countries should be avoided supporters of this argued that entry into WWI had been a costly error America supported this, and passed three Neutrality Acts (banning loans and the sale of arms to nations at war)

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Anschluss

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a union between Austria and Germany, which was outlawed by the Treaty of Versailles Germany ignored this and in 1937 teamed up with Austria to annex it

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Munich Conference

answer

1938 Mussolini proposed a meeting of Germany, France, Britain and Italy in Munich, Germany this meeting was proposed to discuss Germany's absorption of a part of Czechoslovakia the Czechs were not invited another example of appeasement, the countries gave in to Hitler's demand in order to keep the peace

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blitzkrieg

answer

1939 German military strategy which involved using fast-moving airplanes and tanks, followed by massive infantry forces to take enemy defenders by surprise and quickly overwhelm them first successfully used in Poland

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Winston Churchill

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WWII the British prime minister declared that his nation would never give in roused people with passionate speeches

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Battle of Guadalcanal

answer

1942 Allie seizing of a new Japanese air base on the island of Guadalcanal. There was little trouble for the Allies in seizing the actual air base, however this turned into a savage struggle between the Allies and Japan for control of the island. This battle lasted six months. FIRST ISLAND HOPPING

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island hopping

answer

American strategy to attack Pacific islands held by the Japanese. each successfully captured island brought the Americans closer to invading Japanese mainland.

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the Holocaust

answer

WWII the systematic mass slaughter of Jews and other groups judged inferior by the Nazis resulted from Nazis claims that all non-Aryan peoples, particularly Jewish people, were inferior

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genocide

answer

the systematic killing of an entire people the Final Solution is an example of this

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Battle of Stalingrad

answer

1942 German invasion of Soviet Russia, against Treaty with Stalin battle between Germany and the Soviet Union The Germans performed nightly bomb raids, which ruined much of the city When winter begain in Russia, the Soviets launched a counterattack The Russian winter led the Germans to surrender after the Soviets cut off their supply line

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D-Day

answer

1944 Allie invasion of the coast of Normandy in Nazi controlled France the biggest battle of WWII the Allies set up a dummy army to confuse the Axis powers, so this invasion was a complete surprise this invasion ended with the liberation of Paris

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Battle of the Bulge

answer

1944 the last major German offensive in WWII the German tanks broke through weak American defense lines, but the Allies eventually pushed them back the Germans were forced to retreat

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demilitarization

answer

a reduction in a country's ability to wage war, achieved by disbanding its armed forces and prohibiting it from acquiring weapons.

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militarism

answer

1914 the policy of glorifying military power and keeping an army prepared for war all the Great Powers, except for Britain

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total war

answer

a war in which all a country's resources are devoted to the war effort

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propaganda

answer

ideas spread to influence public opinion for or against something used by governments along with censoring

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Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

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1918 caused by Russia's revolution announced Russia's withdrawal from the war signed by Germany and Russia Russia lost a lot of land

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armistice

answer

an agreement to stop fighting 1918 between France and Germany ended WWI

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self-determination

answer

allowing people to decide for themselves under what government they wish to live

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Treaty of Versailles

answer

1919 between Germany and the Allied powers treaty created a League of Nations punished Germany Germany lost territory and had military restrictions declared Germany must pay reparations to the Allies declared German colonies in Africa mandates under the League of Nations this directly led to WWII

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League of Nations

answer

1919 created by the Treaty of Versailles under the instruction of Woodrow Wilson was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

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Czar Nicholas II

answer

1894 last Czar of Russia continued the tradition of Russian autocracy, which blinded him to the changing conditions of his time to industrialize Russia he financed the buildup of Russian industries, sought foreign investors and raised taxes boosted the growth of the steel industry this industrialization led to horrible situations similar to Great Britain during it's industrialization this industrialization led directly to his downfall

question

Vladimir Lenin

answer

1903 the leader of the Bolshevik party had an engaging personality and was an excellent organizer was ruthless

question

Russian Civil War

answer

1918 due to the humiliating terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk there was widespread anger among many Russian they objected to the Bolsheviks and their policies and their murder of the royal family Red Army (Bolsheviks) vs. White Army (Russian People) White Army was composed of those who supported the return to rule by the czar, people who wanted democratic government, and socialists who opposed Lenin's style of socialism (ONLY thing uniting the White Army was their HATE FOR THE BOLSHEVIKS) Red Army led by Leon Trotsky Red Army was victorious

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New Economic Policy

answer

1921 Lenin temporarily puts aside his plan for a state-controlled economy he instead resorts to a small-scale version of capitalism reforms under this policy allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops instead of turning them over to the government the government kept control of major industries, but let small businesses operate under private ownership government encouraged foreign investment

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Joseph Stalin

answer

1922-1928 When Lenin suffered a stroke, this man was eventually in complete control of the Communist party while Lenin was unsure of his stability; his cold, hard, and impersonal personality helped his ruthless climb to head of government by 1928 he was in complete control of the Community Party he stood posed to wield absolute power as a dictator

question

totalitarianism

answer

a government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life Stalinist Russia

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Five-Year Plans

answer

an outline for the development of the Soviet Union's economy set impossibly high quotas to increase the output of steel, coal, oil, and electricity in order to do so, the government limited production of consumer goods as a result, people faced severe shortages of housing, food, clothing, and other necessary goods most targets fell short, however the Soviets made substantial gains

question

Mao Zedong

answer

1921 an assistant librarian at Beijing University was among the founders of the Chinese Communist Party one of the greatest revolutionary leaders believed that peasants would be the true revolutionaries

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Jiang Jieshi

answer

1925 after Sun Yixian died, he became the head of the Kuomintang many of his followers were bankers and businesspeople had promised democracy and political rights, yet his government became less democratic and more corrupt nearly succeeded in wiping out the Chinese Communist Party in 1928 he became the president of the Nationalist Republic of China

question

the Long March

answer

1933 Chinese Civil War when Jiang Jieshi and his Red Army surrounded the Communist fighting base, the leaders fled on a 6,000 mile journey thousands died from hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds the survivors of this journey settled in caves were they gained new followers

question

Rowlatt Acts

answer

1919 the British passed these in India in order to curb radical nationalist acts of violence against Britain allowed the government to jail protesters without trial for as long as two years

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Amritsar Massacre

answer

1919 in protest to the Rowlatt Acts a huge festival in which Hindus and Muslims intended to fast and pray and listen to political speeches this alarmed the British, as they were concerned about an alliance between the Hindus and the Muslims the British attacked the protestors this sparked an explosion of anger across India

question

Mustafa Kemal

answer

1922 a brilliant commander successfully led Turkish nationalists in fighting back the Greeks and the British in 1923 he became the President of the Republic of Turkey he aimed to transform Turkey into a modern nation by : 1) separating the laws of Islam and the laws of the government 2) abolishing religious courts and creating a new legal system based on European law 3) granted women's rights 4) launched an industrialization program

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Kaiser Wilhelm II

answer

forced Bismark to resign didn't want to share power wanted to show of Germany army began making a large navy & let the treaty with Russia expire and thus, the Triple Entente was born

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

answer

leader of the Muslim League and first president of Pakistan.

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nationalism

answer

an excessive pride or devotion to the culture, people, and history of a country not a devotion to the government caused most of the revolutions in our history

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coalition government

answer

when small political parties join together to form a majority in the government

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brinkmanship

answer

the willingness to go to the brink of war to force an opponent to back down example: United States and Soviet Russia

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federal system

answer

form of government in which powers are divided between the national government and the state or provincial government

question

mujahedeen

answer

in Afghanistan, holy warriors who banded together to fight the Soviet-supported government in the late 1970s

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