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Binomial nomenclature

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Identifying an organism by its genus and species name

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mercantilism

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popular economic philosophy in which British colonies were the moneymakers for the mother country; they put restrictions on how the colonies could spend their money

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Act of Toleration

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granted freedom of worship to nonconformists

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stono rebellion

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slave rebellion in South Carolina; largest slave uprising

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enlightenment

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intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition

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john locke

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laid much of the groundwork for enlightenment; English philosopher

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George Whitfield

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founded the Methodist movement; popular preacher in Great Awakening

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Phillis Wheatley

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kidnapped and taken on slave ship, African American poet

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Albany Plan of Union

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plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown; a representative from each colony

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jumonville affair

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was the opening battle of the French and Indian War fought on May 28, 1754 near what is present-day Hopwood and Uniontown in Fayette County, Pennsylvania.

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proclamation line

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forbid American colonists from colonizing regions west of the Appalachian Mountains

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Pontiac's Uprising

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Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.

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Stamp Act

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It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament; the first sign of colonial unity and organized resistance.

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virtual representation

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he idea that the british parliament members virtually represented british colonists by speaking for all instead of just the district they were from

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stamp act congress

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A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act in 1765

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declaratory act

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Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act. It reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.

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sons of liberty

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A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept; leaders include sam adams and paul revere

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boston massacre

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In March 1770, a crowd of colonists protested against British customs agents and the presence of British troops in Boston. Violence flared and five colonists were killed.

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intolerable acts

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acts instituted by the British as punishment for the Boston Tea Party; closed Boston Harbor until debt could be repaid, dissolved all town meetings in MA, and appointed British as all government officials

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olive branch petition

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On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies)

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common sense

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exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals. Historians have cited the publication of this pamphlet as the event that finally sparked the Revolutionary War.

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loyalists

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The group of American colonist that remain loyal to the king during and after the American Revolution. When the British lost the war many left the United States.

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Dunmore's Proclamation

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Virginia's royal governor offered to free any slaves and indentured servants who would leave their patriot masters to join the British forces; hoped to augment the British army and disrupt the economy; about 1000 slaves rallied to accept his offer

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continental army

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Militia consisting of rebels/troops from the American Colonies to fight British militia

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marquis de lafayette

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French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.

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battle of yorktown

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resulted in a major shift of public opinion in Britain about the war=British knew they wouldn't win the war

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republican motherhood

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An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

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shay's rebellion

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a rebellion by debtor farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War Captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors' began in 1786 and contributed to the demise of the Articles of Confederation.

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northwest ordinance

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defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory. He ordinance forbade slavery in the territory but allowed citizens to vote on the legality of slavery once statehood had been established

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three-fifths compromise

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Determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation. The compromise granted disproportionate political power to Southern slave states.

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antifederalists

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Opposed a strong central government, skeptical about undemocratic tendencies in the Constitution, insisted on Bill of Rights; included Thomas Jefferson and James Monroe

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loose interpretations

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posits that the government of the United States hold all powers that are not specifically denied to it by the Constitution

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first party system

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two national parties competing for control of the presidency, Congress, and the states: the Federalist Party, created largely by Alexander Hamilton, and the rival Democratic-Republican Party formed by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

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alien and sedition act

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Alien Act made it more difficult for foreigners to become US citizens (5 year to 14 year waiting requirement)Sedition Act made it illegal to criticize the government

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embargo act

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1807 forbidding all exportation of goods from the United States. Britian and France had been continuously harassing the U.S. and siezing U.S. ship's and men. The U.S. was not prepared to fight in a war, so Jefferson hoped to weaken Britain and France

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bladensburg races

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occurred after the Battle when the American forces were haphazardly retreating from the incoming British through the streets of Washington D.C.; was the full Bladensburg out retreat of American Forces during the War of 1812

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hartford convention

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to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. Many of these complaints were manifestation of their fears of being overpowered by states in the south and west

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