History Chap 8 Reformation – Flashcards
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Reformation
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movement to reform the Catholic Church; led to the creation of Protestantism
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Indulgence
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a pardon from the Catholic Church for a person's sins
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Denomination
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an organized branch of Christianity
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Martin Luther
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a young monk who challenged the Roman Catholic church
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Desiderius Erasmus
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Leader of Christian humanism He was a scholar and clergyman
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John Wycliffe
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An English priest who preached that Christians needed only to recognize Jesus Christ as a power above them, not the pope.
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William Tyndale
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Believed people needed an English translation of the Bible
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What change did Erasmus want to make to the Bible?
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He wanted to translate the Bible into the vernacular
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How did the Catholic Church react to Luther's actions?
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1. Pope excommunicated Luther 2. No longer member of church 3. No longer receive the sacraments
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Why was the Church selling indulgences? What was the effect?
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It was selling indulgences to raise money for repairs to the church of St Peter in Rome It angered Martin Luther and led to revolts and a breakaway denomination called Lutheranism
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What were some of the areas that made up the Holy Roman Empire?
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1) Netherlands 2) Austria 3) Bohemia 4) Swiss Confederation 5) Papal States N A B S P
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Why might it have been difficult for one ruler to control the Holy Roman Empire?
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Because it was made up of hundreds of small kingdoms
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What agreement did Charles make to end the fighting with the German rulers?
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Agreement was to allow each German ruler to decide whether his kingdom was Catholic or Lutheran
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What were indulgences, and why did they become controversial?
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An indulgence reduced the punishment for a sin It became controversial when the Church began to sell indulgences
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What were the three main ideas of Lutheranism?
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1. Faith in Jesus, not good works, brings Salvation 2. Bible is the final source of truth about God, not a church or its priests 3. Church was made up of all its believers, not just the clergy
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How did Erasmus use humanism to shape Christian idea? How did he use religious works to spread the ideas of humanism?
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He believed people needed to be good in their everyday lives, not enough to just attend religious activities He wanted everyday people be able to read the bible
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How did the Catholic Church lose power in Europe? Why?
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Protestantism succeeded in part because Europe's kings realized they could increase their power by supporting Lutheranism against the Catholic Church They could retain lands in their kingdoms held by the Catholic Church They could keep money collected from taxes
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How did Germany's peasants react to Luther's teachings, and what was Luther's response?
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They revolted against the nobles Luther stressed to the peasants that God has set the government above hem and they must obey it
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What major ideas or events influenced Martin Luther's view of the Catholic Church? How did his ideas change the Church?
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Selling of indulgences angered him His ideas lead to the creation of a new denomination called Lutheranism
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John Calvin
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1)He was a Theologian who lived in Paris and later moved to Geneva and followed Luther's teachings. 2)His main idea was God's will is absolute and decides everything in the world in advance (predestination) 3)Other idea was kings nor bishops could control the Church. This idea became an important democratic principle and developed into federalism
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Henry VIII
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1)King of England 2)He had the Act of Supremacy passed and that allowed the king and not the pope to be the Head of the Church in England 3)Church of England came to be known the Anglican Church
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Mary I
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1)Daughter of Hnery VIII and Catherine 2) Wanted England to be Catholic
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Elizabeth I
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1) Half sister of Mary I 2) Protestant 3) One of the greatest rulers in English history
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theology
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the study of religion and God
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predestination
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belief that no matter what a person doesm the outcome of his or her life is already planned by God
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annul
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to cancel
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How did Calvin's ideas differ from those of Luther?
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Calvin believed in predestination, Luther did not
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Why did Henry VIII imprison many people in the Tower of London?
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Because they disagreed with him
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Why did Henry VIII create the Anglican Church?
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To control the church and be the head of the Church
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What were John Calvin's basic beliefs about God's will?
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1. It is absolute 2. Everything is decided in advance
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What prompted Henry VIII to create his own church?
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Because he was excommunicated from the Church after he tried to annul his marriage to Catherine
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How did people react to the idea of predestination? How did people who believed in the idea behave?
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1) The worked hard 2) Behaved well 3) Obeyed all the laws
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Trent
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a town near Rome
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Navarre
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Kingdom in southern France
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Paris
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Capital of France
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Geneva
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A Protestant city in Switzerland
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London
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Capital of England
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Wittenberg
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A town in Germany where Martin Luther taught
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Ignatius of Loyola
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Founded the Jesuits
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Huguenot
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French Protestants were known as the Huguenots
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King Ferdinand
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King of Spain
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Queen Isabella
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Queen of Spain
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Maimonides
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Famous Jewish scholar in Spain
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Francis Xavier
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First Jesuit missionary to Japan
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seminary
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school for training and educating priests and ministers
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heresy
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belief that differs from or contradicts the accepted teachings of a religion
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divine right
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a belief in early Europe that a king's authority to rule was granted by God, not the people
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Which areas of Europe became dominantly Calvinist?
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1) Scotland 2) Switzerland
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What happened to Spanish Muslims after Ferdinand and Isabella took power?
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They asked people to convert to Catholicism or leave the country
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What was the Council of Trent, and what did it accomplish?
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1. Made Catholic beliefs clear 2. Setup strict policies for how bishops and priests should behave
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Why was the Edict of Nantes important?
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It made Catholicism the official religion of France but gave the Huguenots the right to worship freely
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What were the Catholic Church policies to counter Reformation?
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1. Set up strict policies as to how bishops and priests should behave 2. Made Catholic beliefs clear
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How did the Reformaton affect the world outside Europe?
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Catholic Church sent missionaries overseas
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How did the religious wars and conflicts affect France and Spain?
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Strengthened France and weakened Spain
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How were Muslims and Jews treated in Spian during the golden age? How were they treated after Catholics took control?
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They wee treated well during the Golden age and built universities and encouraged learning. They expanded and helped advance scientific knowledge. When the Catholics took over - they were asked to convert to Catholicism or leave Spain.
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What happened when Martin Luther tried to reform the Catholic Church?
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1) New denomination - Lutheranism formed 2) Peasant revolt against nobles
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How did some political leaders try to strengthen their power?
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By supporting Lutheranism and repossessing lands held b Catholic Church
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How were John Calvin's religious ideas spread to North America?
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Calvinists in England fled to America
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Why did Henry VIII separate himself and England from the Catholic Church?
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He wanted the king to be the head of the church
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Where did major religious conflicts occur between Catholics and Protestants?
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1) France 2) Bohemia
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How did the Reformation affect the power of the Catholic Church?
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Catholic church weaknened
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What two things led Luther to challenge the Catholic Church?
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1. He was angered by the conduct of Church leaders 2. He was worried about his own soul
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Who fought the Thirty Years' War? What was the result?
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Fought in Bohemia between Protestant nobles and Catholic king Result: Became a war between kingdoms and France became one of Europe's most powerful countries while Spain weakened
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Why was the excommunication of Henry VIII a powerful message from the Catholic Church? How did Henry react to his excommunication?
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It was a powerful message when the Church could control the head of state Henry reacted by getting parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy wherein the King, not the pope, be the head of the Church of England
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What religious group was predominant in England?
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Anglican
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Martin Luther criticized the Catholic Church for : A. siding with the Protestants B. not supporting the pope C. refusing to pay taxes D. the behavior of its leaders
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D
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During the Spanish Inquisition, which groups were expelled from Spain? A. Jews and Protestants B. peasants and serfs C. Jews and Muslims D. Muslims and Lutherans
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C
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What did Wycliffe and Luther both have in common?
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Both challenged the pope and both had respect for the Bible
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Why did Martin Luther disagree with his faith?
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1. He was angered by the conduct of Church leaders 2. He was worried about his own soul
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What did Martin Luther believe about salvation?
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1. Only faith, and not good works brought salvation 2. Salvation was a gift from God, and one could not earn by doing good works
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What were the Ninety Five Theses?
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95 arguments against selling indulgences
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Why did many German princes support Martin Luther's ideas?
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Because they could impose their own church taxes and keep the money for themselves
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Why was Mary I known as "Bloody Mary"?
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She tried to make England Catholic again, and arrested Protestants ho opposed her. She burnt 300 people at the stake .
