History Ch 6-8 – Flashcards
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@After the Seven Years War, the Earl of Bute decided to keep several thousand British troops in America,
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maintain the peace between the colonists and the Indians.
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@The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to
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prevent colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
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@In 1764, in an effort to generate income for England, George Grenville initiated the
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Sugar Act.
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@An important difference between the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act was that the latter
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was an internal tax that few colonists could escape.
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@George Grenville claimed that Americans had "virtual representation" because
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the members of the House of Commons represented all British subjects, wherever they were.
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@The Virginia Resolves, authored by Patrick Henry of Virginia, were a response to the
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Stamp Act
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@American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of
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burning an effigy of a stamp collector, breaking windows, and ransacking an official's home.
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@In response to the colonial reaction to the Stamp Act, the British government
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repealed the act but reaffirmed parliamentary power by passing the Declaratory Act
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@The Declaratory Act showed Britain's refusal to compromise on Parliament's power to tax because it
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asserted Parliament's right to legislate for the colonies "in all cases whatsoever."
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@As chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend
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favored imposing taxes that would help pay off England's war debt and make the colonists pay the cost of maintaining British troops in America.
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@In 1767, Charles Townshend enacted the Revenue Act, which
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placed new duties on imported items such as tea, glass, lead, paper, and painters' colors.
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@The Revenue Act of 1767
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directed that some of the revenue generated from its application be used to pay the salaries of royal governors.
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@Many women demonstrated their patriotism during the anti-British boycott by
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producing homespun cloth.
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@Which of the following statements best characterizes the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770?
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It was over in minutes, and the British regiments were then moved to an island in the harbor for their protection.
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@John Adams, cousin of Samuel Adams, represented British captain Thomas Preston and his soldiers who were involved in the Boston Massacre to
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show that the Boston leaders were defenders of British liberty and law.
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@The Gaspée incident of 1772 caused many towns in Massachusetts and in other colonies to set up a communications network of standing committees known as
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"committees of correspondence."
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@According to the British, the major purpose of the Tea Act of 1773 was to
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boost sales for Britain's East India Company.
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@Dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to
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generate increased revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges—a reminder of Parliament's taxation and legislative powers
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@The Coercive Acts, passed by Parliament to punish Massachusetts, included
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a law closing Boston harbor until the destroyed tea was paid for.
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@The First Continental Congress
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denied Parliament's right to tax and legislate for the colonies but acknowledged its authority to regulate their trade.
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@General Gage planned a surprise attack on an ammunition storage site in Concord
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because he was ordered to quell the dissenters before they became more organized.
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@The first shot at Lexington was fired by
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an unknown person.
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@Following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation
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promising freedom to defecting, able-bodied slaves who would fight for the British.
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@The Daughters of Liberty urged women to participate in public affairs and protest the Townshend duties by
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participating in nonconsumption agreements.
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@About a month after the skirmishes at Lexington and Concord, delegates from all of the colonies met to discuss their course of action at the
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Second Continental Congress
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@The initial goal of the Second Continental Congress was to
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raise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England.
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@In 1775, most of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they
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worried about the loss of Britain's military support, the effect on their economies, and political stability.
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@Continental dollars were
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merely paper backed by no precious metals.
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@The battle of Bunker Hill
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was a costly victory for the British.
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@When George Washington took control of the Continental army, he found
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enthusiastic but undisciplined troops.
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@The Olive Branch Petition of July 1775
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affirmed loyalty to the monarch, blamed Parliament for all the troubles, and asked that American colonial assemblies be recognized as individual parliaments.
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@Revisions to the Declaration of Independence included those made by GA and SC, which removed
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the issue of slavery
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@One of the main obstacles the British army faced in the Revolutionary War was
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the logistics of supplying an army with food and supplies across three thousand miles of water.
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@The British goal in fighting the war in America was to
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regain colonial allegiance, not to destroy the colonies.
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@In order to raise the necessary troops for the Continental army, the congress
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offered a bonus for enlistment and land grants to those who committed for the war's duration.
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@Women served in the Continental army by
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performing domestic tasks and nursing the wounded.
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@As manpower needs in the Continental army increased,
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free blacks were welcomed into service in the northern states.
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@The American strategy in the war with Britain was to
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turn back the British and defeat their invading armies.
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@The British strategy in the war in America was to
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recapture the thirteen colonies in a divide-and-conquer approach, with loyalist help.
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@The American goal of capturing Montreal and Quebec early in the war
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showed that the Americans were not just reacting to the British invasion of Massachusetts.
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@In one of the early battles of the war, the battle of Long Island,
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British troops led by General Howe forced the Americans to retreat to Manhattan Island.
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@The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans
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crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton.
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@The most visible and dedicated loyalists (also called Tories by their enemies) were
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local judges, customs officers, wealthy merchants, and urban lawyers.
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@During the Revolutionary War, Indian tribes
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first hoped to stay neutral, but many ended up fighting on the British side.
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@Treasonable acts, as defined by state laws in 1775 and 1776, included
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joining the British army or supplying it with food or ammunition.
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@During the Revolution, the Continental Congress and various states issued paper money, which resulted in
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devaluation of the money and escalating prices.
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@Well into the Revolutionary War, the Continental Congress was forced to procure supplies and labor and to pay soldiers by
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offering land grant certificates and issuing certificates of debt.
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@When British troops under General Howe captured Philadelphia in September 1777, the British government
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proposed a negotiated settlement that did not include American independence
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@Relationships between Americans and Indians during the Revolutionary War were increasingly characterized by
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hostility and violent anti-Indian campaigns.
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@After the American victory at Saratoga, France allied with the Americans because it
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saw an opportunity to defeat England, France's archrival.
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@In the final phases of the Revolutionary War, the British
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attempted to recapture the southern colonies and place loyalists in power.
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@After Gates's defeat and Arnold's treason,
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England's southern campaign faced small bands of American guerrillas fighting a series of fierce battles in the southern backcountry.
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@After Cornwallis achieved the upper hand in Virginia, the picture changed dramatically because
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the French gave military support to Washington.
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@The most decisive factor in ending the Revolutionary War at Yorktown was
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the French forces taking control of the Chesapeake, thus commanding the bay and the coasts of Virginia and North Carolina.
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@By the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1783,
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the king acknowledged that the United States were "free Sovereign and independent States."
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@The British lost the Revolutionary War partly because
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of America's alliance with France, which provided artillery and ammunition, fresh troops, and naval support.
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@Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked
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an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes.
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@Under the Articles of Confederation,
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each state had a single vote in Congress.
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@The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their
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claims to western lands.
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@Most of the new states spelled out their citizens rights and liberties in written contracts because
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the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.
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@A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was
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the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed.
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@In devising their new constitutions, most states
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reduced the powers of the governor.
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@Virginia's constitution was the first to
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include a bill of rights.
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@Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should
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include property ownership because property owners had independence of mind.
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@Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because
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they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves.
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@In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in
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most northern states.
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@Factors leading to the postwar depression that began in the mid-1780s included
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huge state and federal war debts, private debt, and rapid expenditure.
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@Robert Morris proposed to increase the revenue of the confederation government by
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passing a 5 percent import tax (called an impost).
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@The Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.
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@Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of
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increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.
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@The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was
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the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed.
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@The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was
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how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states.
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@At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the
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Virginia Plan.
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@The major objection to the Virginia Plan by the smaller states at the Constitutional Convention was
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that the representation of the states in both houses of the congress would be based on population.
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@The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention
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called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote.
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@The Constitutional Convention deadlocked over the issue of
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representation.
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@As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed
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on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.
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@At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation?
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Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause
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@In a new distinction between democracy and republicanism, the delegates to the Constitutional Convention
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gave a direct voice to the people only in the House.
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@Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified
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by ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.
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@The Constitution most clearly shifted the balance of power in favor of
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national over state governments.
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@Pro-Constitution forces called themselves
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Federalists
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The first state to ratify the Constitution was
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Delaware
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@Antifederalists were united mainly by
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their desire to block the Constitution.
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@The authors of The Federalist essays originally wrote them
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as newspaper articles detailing the failures of the Articles of Confederation.
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@In essay number 10 of The Federalist, James Madison maintained that the constitutional government would
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prevent any one faction from subverting the freedom of other groups.
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@The core of Antifederalists opposition to the Constitution centered on
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fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties.
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@Property qualifications for voters and candidates in the new states disfranchised 25 to 50 percent of all adult white males
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disfranchised 25 to 50 percent of all adult white males
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While Robert Morris's tax proposal didn't take effect and the Bank of North America did not resuscitate the economy in the 1780s, the confederation still had the potential to obtain wealth through
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sale of the huge territory ceded by Virginia, which in 1784 became the national domain
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The two men who were instrumental in calling for the Philadelphia meeting in May 1787 to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation were
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Madison and Hamilton
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Two-thirds of the Constitutional Convention's delegates were
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Lawyers
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The Stamp Act Congress, held in New York in 1765,
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protested the "state of slavery" imposed by the Stamp Act and, by extension, the enslavement of blacks in the South.
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Slaves were aware of the colonies' evolving political struggle with England; some slaves tried to promote their bid for freedom by
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stashing away ammunition for a planned uprising.
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What made Robert Shurtleff of Massachusetts an atypical member of the Continental Army?
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his actual sex (He was a women disguised as a man)
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The delegates to the Second Continental Congress chose George Washington as commander in chief because
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picking a southerner would show England that there was widespread commitment to war beyond New England.
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Revisions to the Declaration of Independence included those made by Georgia and South Carolina, which removed
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the issue of slavery.
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Washington was elected president unanimously and gained the admiration of many Americans primarily because
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he seemed to personify the eighteenth-century ideal of the disinterested republican political leader.
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Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?
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Alexander Hamilton
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In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the
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first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights.
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American cotton production underwent a real boom in the late 1790s because of
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market conditions and the invention of the cotton gin.
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To restore faith in the credit of the federal government, Hamilton proposed
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that the federal government assume the unpaid war debts of the states
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The main purpose of the moderate tariff that Hamilton proposed in his Report on Manufactures was to
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protect and foster domestic manufacturing.
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The Whiskey Rebellion
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was a protest by grain farmers against the excise tax on whiskey.
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To meet the interest payments on the national debt under his consolidation ("assumption") plan, Alexander Hamilton convinced Congress to pass
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a 25 percent excise tax on whiskey.
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In 1794, General Anthony Wayne's defeat of the Indians at Fallen Timbers resulted in
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the Treaty of Greenville.
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Which of the following goods offered to the Indians under the Treaty of Greenville was the most detrimental to the tribes?
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liquor
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What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?
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He issued a Neutrality Proclamation.
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How did the Haitian Revolution of 1791-1804 affect white Americans?
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They became fearful that the rebellion might spread to American shores.
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The first signs of distinct rival U.S. political groups appeared
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during Washington's second term.
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In the election of 1796, a procedural flaw resulted in the election of political rivals as president and vice president; this flaw was
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corrected by passage of the Twelfth Amendment in 1804
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In the 1796 presidential election, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson
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ended up being president and vice president.
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In the fall of 1797, in order to avert a war with France, President Adams
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sent three men to negotiate peace with France.
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X, Y, and Z were the code names for
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three unnamed French agents sent by Talleyrand to meet with American commissioners.
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In the election of 1800,
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party lines were drawn between Republicans and Federalists.
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The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions put forth the novel idea that
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states have the right to judge the constitutionality of federal laws and can nullify laws that infringe on liberties as defined in the Bill of Rights.
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According to Thomas Jefferson, the source of true freedom in America was the
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virtuous, independent farmer who owned and worked his land both for himself and for the market.
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In his last weeks as president in 1801, John Adams appointed his famous "midnight judges" as a way to
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leave as many Federalists as possible in government positions as political counterweights to the incoming Republican administration.
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The most lasting effect of Marbury v. Madison (1803) was
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the Supreme Court's claim to the right of judicial review.
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The exploration of the Spanish and Indian territory west of the Mississippi River by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark was successful in
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establishing good relations with many Indian tribes and collecting valuable information on the peoples, plants, animals, and geography of the region.
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The Embargo Act of 1807 affected the United States by
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bringing U.S. exporting to a standstill, increasing unemployment, and seriously reducing government revenues.
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Women in early nineteenth-century Washington, D.C., played an important role in political circles
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by influencing patronage, writing letters of recommendation, and shaping personal connections.
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In negotiating the Treaty of Fort Wayne in 1809, William Henry Harrison angered the Shawnee chief Tecumseh by
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negotiating with several Native American chiefs who had no legitimate claims to the land they ceded to the U.S. government
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War Hawks were young congressmen who
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were enthusiastic for expansion, ready to subdue Native Americans standing in the way of white settlement, and eager to declare war on England.
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The war with Great Britain declared by Congress in 1812 was
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passed by a vote that was divided along sectional lines.
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While Andrew Jackson's defeat of the British at New Orleans cemented his status as a military hero, what he did not know at the time was that
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the War of 1812 had been over for two weeks.
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James Tallmadge Jr.'s amendments to the Missouri statehood bill of 1819 were controversial because their ultimate effect would have been to
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make Missouri a free state.
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In the Adams-Onís Treaty, the United States obtained from Spain the territory of
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Florida.
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In 1823, President James Monroe issued what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, a statement that the Americas
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"are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power."
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U.S. involvement in the War of 1812 encouraged economic growth in the
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manufacturing sector, because the embargo and trade stoppages meant that American factories received a temporary respite from competition with the British.
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Tecumseh's most impressive achievement was probably his
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construction of a pan-Indian confederacy.
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As a result of the War of 1812, the Federalist Party
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basically died as a political force, having opposed a war that most Americans chose to view as a nationalistic and patriotic victory over England.
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Henry Clay's American System was a
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package of protective tariffs to promote manufacturing and federal expenditures for internal improvements.
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Tecumseh responded to the many challenges facing Native Americans in the early republic by
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rejecting assimilation and proudly embracing Native American traditions.
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As the presidential election of 1800 played out in the House of Representatives, Federalist Alexander Hamilton supported Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr because
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although Hamilton was no fan of Jefferson, he believed that the corrupt Burr would prove far more dangerous to the republic should he be elected president.
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When Thomas Jefferson referred to his successful bid for the presidency in 1800 as the "revolution of 1800," he meant that
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it represented a thorough yet peaceful repudiation of the monarchical power of the Federalists.
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What "qualm" did Thomas Jefferson have over purchasing the Louisiana Territory?
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He wasn't sure he had constitutional authority to make the purchase.
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The group that suffered the greatest losses in the War of 1812 was the
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Indians.
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The Missouri Compromise of 1820 was successful in the House of Representatives only because
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seventeen northern congressmen voted with their southern colleagues in the interest of sectional political harmony.
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In the early nineteenth century, the Anglo-American view of women was embodied in the legal concept of feme covert, which held that
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a wife's civic or legal existence was completely subsumed by that of her husband.
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A contemporary newspaper dubbed the first term of President James Monroe the "Era of Good Feelings," a designation indicating that
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feelings were that a one-party government would, of course, be harmonious.
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A woman in the early republic who owned and conveyed property, made contracts, and initiated lawsuits was probably
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single.
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Who served as unofficial campaign managers for the five candidates running for the presidency in 1824?
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the candidates' wives
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The presidential election of 1824 was notable because it was the last
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to be decided in the House of Representatives.
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If Andrew Jackson had any doubts that John Quincy Adams became president in 1824 as a result of a "corrupt bargain" with Henry Clay, he became confident that he was right when
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Adams made Clay his secretary of state.
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John Quincy Adams was a one-term president primarily because
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he had not developed the political horse sense necessary to survive in America's rough-and-tumble world of electoral politics.
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During the 1790s, a rift developed between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson partly because
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Hamilton supported the commercial elite and admired the British.
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According to republican ideals of the late eighteenth century, women and mothers were most important in
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Teaching virtuous sons
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Critics opposed the federal government assuming the states' old Revolutionary War debt because
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such action could subordinate the states to federal power
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Which of the following best describes the U.S. government's early policy toward Indians in the Northwest Territory?
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Displace the Indians and clear the way for permanent American settlements in Ohio.
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The Constitution did not include or anticipate
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Political parties
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In an effort to muffle the heated opposition to President Adams's anti-French foreign policy,
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Congress passed the Sedition Act of 1798.
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The basic intent of the two Alien Acts passed by Congress was to
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harass French immigrants already in the United States and discourage others from coming.
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The Sedition Act targeted mainly
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Republican newspaper editors who freely published criticism of the Adams administration.
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Which of the following statements characterized the Federalists in 1800?
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They advocated a strong centralized government.
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In 1800, Republicans could be described as
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sympathetic to French republican ideals.
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