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1.Why did Archaic cultures in the Southwest adopt agriculture?

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A) The supply of wild plant food was highly unreliable.

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2.The Archaic Indians in the Great Basin inhabited a region with

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A) great environmental diversity.

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3.Evidence indicates that before 1492, Native Americans

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B) practiced human sacrifice.

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4.Archaeological evidence indicates that the California Chumash culture was characterized by

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D) a notable amount of conflict among villages.

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5.Why did nomadic peoples shun the use of pottery?

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C) Pots were too heavy to carry around

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6.What was a similarity among the many tribes that inhabited North America at the dawn of European colonization?

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B) Their cultures had developed in relation to their local natural environments.

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7.Why did Hohokam settlements utilize irrigation canals?

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B) Canals allowed planting and harvesting crops twice a year.

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8.What was the main source of food for Archaic peoples inhabiting the Great Basin?

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A) Plants

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9.The Mexica used an extensive tribute system to redistribute wealth from

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D) the poor to the rich.

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10.Although experts debate the exact time people began migrating to North America, the first migrants probably arrived A) less than 5,000 years ago.

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C) around 15,000 BP.

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11.What do the artifacts that have survived from the Paleo-Indian era suggest about the first Americans?

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B) They specialized in hunting big mammals.

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12.What is a prudent estimate of the population of Native Americans in North America at the time of Columbus's arrival in the New World?

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B) 4 million

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13.How do historians study the past?

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D) They study artifacts but mainly concentrate on written documents to determine the attitudes of a people.

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14.Ancient Southwestern Indians became experts in the conservation of

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C) water.

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15.Experts believe that the Cahokians used woodhenges for

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C) celestial observations.

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16.How did agriculture change Archaic cultures?

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D) It encouraged the gradual establishment of permanent settlements.

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17.What feature characterized the settlements of the Mogollon culture?

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B) Pit houses

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18.How did the Wisconsin glaciation allow hunters to reach the Western Hemisphere?

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A) The Wisconsin glaciation created the wide land bridge of Beringia.

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19.The distinction between the study of humans by archaeologists and the study of humans by historians is often denoted by the

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B) invention of writing.

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20.Eastern Woodland peoples around the time of Columbus's arrival in 1492 clustered into which three major groups?

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C) Algonquian, Iroquoian, and Muskogean peoples

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21.Burial mounds and chiefdoms are associated with which ancient Americans?

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D) Woodland peoples

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22.How do modern archaeologists study ancient peoples?

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D) Modern archaeologists combine a variety of approaches.

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23.How did Native Americans relate to the natural environment?

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B) They changed the environment in a variety of ways that served their own interests.

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24.The Anasazi culture disappeared due to

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B) a drought that lasted more than fifty years.

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25.What environmental factor shaped the cultures of the Archaic peoples of the Eastern Woodland?

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A) Forests

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26.What caused much of the warfare among Archaic Northwest peoples?

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C) Conflicts over access to good fishing sites

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27.Which group held the most exalted position in Mexican society?

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A) Warriors

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28.Scholars speculate that Hopewell culture declined because

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B) farming and new weapons made central authority unnecessary.

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29.Though ancient Americans lacked writing skills, they

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B) used other kinds of symbolic representation.

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30.In AD 1492, the empire of the Mexica

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B) possessed land roughly equal to that of Spain.

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31.What does the term Archaic describe?

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B) Hunting and gathering cultures that descended from Paleo-Indians

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32.The League of Five Nations, which remained powerful well into the eighteenth century, was formed as

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B) a confederation of the Iroquoian tribes for the purposes of war and diplomacy.

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33.About 11,000 years ago, the Paleo-Indians faced a major crisis because

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D) the large animals they hunted had difficulty adapting to a warming climate.

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34.Why did native peoples in California remain hunters and gatherers for hundreds of years after Europeans arrived in the Western Hemisphere?

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C) Both land and ocean provided an abundant food supply.

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35.When did Paleo-Indians reach the southern tip of South America and complete their expansion into the Western Hemisphere?

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D) One thousand years after they first migrated to the Western Hemisphere

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36.When did corn become a food crop for Southwestern cultures?

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D) 3500 BP

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37.Spanish conquerors exploited which weakness of the Mexican empire?

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C) The empire's subjects did not see the Mexica as legitimate or fair rulers.

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38.When Europeans arrived in 1492, Native American cultures were

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B) so varied that they defy easy and simple description.

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39.Which of the following is an accurate description of Archaic Indians?

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D) Archaic Indians hunted smaller game with traps, nets, and hooks.

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40.Multistory cliff dwellings and pueblos are residential structure associated with the

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A) Anasazi culture.

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41.Archaic Indians who hunted the bison herds of the Great Plains were

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D) nomads who moved constantly with their prey.

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42.What does the analysis of artifacts in burial mounds reveal about the Hopewell chiefdom?

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D) Burial was reserved for the most important members of society.

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43.Why do archaeologists believe that the first ancient Woodland mound builders were organized into chiefdoms?

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D) The complexity of the mounds suggests that one chief commanded labor from others.

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44.Early Woodland Indians obtained food by

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C) hunting deer.

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45.Although the two regions had roughly the same population in 1492, the population density of North America was

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C) much less than that of England.

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46.How did the diet and culture of Woodland peoples change around 4000 BP?

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C) Woodland cultures adopted limited forms of plant growing.

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47.How did archaeologists determine that Folsom hunters and giant bison were contemporaries?

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C) They discovered a Folsom point lodged between the ribs of a giant bison.

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48.How did Native American cultures adapt to the extinction of big game?

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A) Paleo-Indians began foraging wild plant foods.

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49.What was the reason for the early, prolonged absence of humans in the Western Hemisphere?

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A) North and South America had become detached from the continent of Pangaea.

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50.The Athapascan tribes—mainly Apache and Navajo—were

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D) skillful warriors who preyed on the sedentary pueblo Indians.

Archaeological Evidence of Archaic Period

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