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Land bridge between Asia & America that is now submerged beneath the bering sea.

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Beringia

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The gradual shift from hunting & gathering to cultivating basic food crops that occur world wide from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago. This transition resulted in sedentary living population growth and establishment of permanent villages

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Agricultural revolution

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term given to indians from the northeast region who lived on the atlantic coast and supplemented farming with seasonal hunting and gathering

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Eastern wooded cultures

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sixteenth century spanish adventures, often of noble birth who subdued the native americans and created the spanish empire in the new world

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conquistadores

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Treaty negotiated by the pope in 1494 to resolve completing land claims of Spain and Portugal in the new world. It divided the world along a north-south line in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, granting Spain all lands west of the line and Portugal lands east of the line.

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Treaty of Tordesillas

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An exploitative labor system designed by spanish rulers to reward conquistadores in the new world by granting them local villages and control over native labor

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encomienda system

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apparition of the vigil Mary that has become a symbol of Mexican nationalism

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Vigin of Guadalupe

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Fur trappers in French Canada who lived among the Native Americas

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coureurs de bois

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sixteenth-century religious movement to reform and challenge the spiritual authority of the roman catholic church, associated with figures such as martin Luther and John Calvin

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Protestant Reformation

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Spanish fleet sent to invade English in 1588

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spanish armada

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The most significant factor that allowed charge numbers of nomadic hunters to enter the heart of north america was

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global warming

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which of the following revolutionized early native american cultures?

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The development of agricultures

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Cahokia, a large Indian city in what is nor Illinois, was built by

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the mississippians

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The most advanced native american cultures appeared in which region of North America

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Mexico and Central America

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The aggressive native American people who occupied the valley of Mexico when the spanish arrived were the

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Aztecs

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The atlantic tribal group with whom the English had the most contact was called

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Algonquan

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The tribes of eastern North america defined their place in society through

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kinship

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What Indians desired most, upon encountering Europeans, was

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peaceful trade

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The single greatest factor that caused the destruction of Native Americans after contact with the Europeans was

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Disease

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In the columbian exchange, the old world and the new exchanged

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animal, plant, and microbial life forms

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The first European Nation to to establish contact with sub-saharan Africa was

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Portugal

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The Portuguese explored west Africa searching for

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slaves and gold

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Columbus originally was determined to prove that

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a westward water route to china existed

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The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 resulted in

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Portuguese control of brazil

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The men largely responsible for Spain's conquest of the New World were known as

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los conquistadores

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The conquistador of Mexico was

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Hernan Cortes

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In order to better control the conquistadores in the new world, the Spanish government created

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the encomienda

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Most spanish colonists were

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more racially tolerant than their english counterparts

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From the beginning of colonization, Spain regarded her New world domain as primarily

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a source of precious metal

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Spain became the number one power in the world during the sixteenth century because

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of the vast amounts of gold and silver it imported from the New world

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The First french explorers were

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interested in finding the mythical "northwest passage" to china

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In their relationship with the Native Americans the French

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Tended to cultivate good relations because of their Native Americans' knowledge of fur trapping

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The finical success of the French empire in north america depended upon the

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fur trade

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The frenchman who traveled deep into the North american interior in search of furs were known as

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coureurs de bois

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Geographically, the french claimed and settled

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The Mississippi Valley and Canada

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Whose voyages established English claims in North America?

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John Cabot

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What sixteenth-Century European upheaval had a profound impact upon England's settlement of the new world?

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the reformation

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All of the following provided a basis for the Reformation in England EXCEPT A) popular disaffection for the Catholic Church. B) intense anticlericalism. C) a literate and devout clergy. D) Henry VIIIʹs desire for total control of state and church. E) resentment of paying money to Rome.

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C)a literate and devout clergy.

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The first Bible written in English was published in

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1539

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After the death of Henry VIII,

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militant Protestants pushed for further reforms.

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Elizabeth I was the daughter of Henry VIII and

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Anne Boleyn

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What individual was responsible for starting the Protestant Revolt in Europe?

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Martin Luther

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The most influential early Protestant thinker was

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John Calvin.

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According to the religious philosophy of John Calvin and his followers,god

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controlled who would receive salvation.

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Calvinists in Scotland founded the

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Presbyterian Church.

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The English monarch responsible for consolidating the Protestant Reformation and restoring English nationalism was

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Elizabeth I

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The mission of the Spanish Armada was to

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eliminate Queen Elizabeth I and make England a Catholic country

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The English rehearsed for settlement in the New World by colonizing

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Ireland.

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English settlers in Ireland justified their harsh treatment of the Irish by alleging that they

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had failed to build towns or properly care for the land.

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The first colonization efforts undertaken by the English in the New World were largely the schemes of

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private individuals.

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in the 1580s, the English attempted to make a settlement at

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Roanoke.

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The sponsor of the failed Roanoke colony was

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Walter Raleigh.

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Who developed strong arguments for Englandʹs continued efforts at colonizing the New World, despite early failures?

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Richard Hakluyt

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